Brain temperature and pH measured by 1H chemical shift imaging of a thulium agent
Identifieur interne : 001061 ( Main/Merge ); précédent : 001060; suivant : 001062Brain temperature and pH measured by 1H chemical shift imaging of a thulium agent
Auteurs : Daniel Coman [États-Unis] ; Hubert K. Trubel [États-Unis, Allemagne] ; Robert E. Rycyna [États-Unis] ; Fahmeed Hyder [États-Unis]Source :
- NMR in Biomedicine [ 0952-3480 ] ; 2009-02.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- MESH :
- analyse : Thulium.
- physiologie : Encéphale, Température du corps.
- Wicri :
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Acquisition time, Algorithms, Animals, Appl physiol, Biomed, Biosensor imaging, Birds method, Blood volume, Body Temperature (physiology), Body temperature, Brain (physiology), Brain temperature, Bruker, Bruker horizontalbore spectrometer, Bruker spectrometer, Chemical exchange saturation transfer, Chemical shift, Chemical shift determination, Chemical shift imaging, Chemical shift measurement, Chemical shifts, Circumventricular organs, Coman, Copyright, Different ambient temperature conditions, Different conditions, Dummy scans, Error analysis, Excellent agreement, Exogenous, Exogenous agent, Extracellular, Extracellular space, Fenestrated vessels, Good agreement, Hyder, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Imaging, Infusion, Inner compartments, Inorganic phosphate, Intracellular, Intracellular proteins, John wiley sons, Lanthanide, Local region, Magn, Magn reson, Magn reson imaging, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (methods), Magnetic resonance spectroscopy, National institutes, Noise amplitude, Other methods, Other resonances, Oxford optronix, Paracest agents, Paramagnetic lanthanide complexes, Phantom, Phantom experiments, Physiol, Physiological parameters, Previous results, Proton, Proton chemical shifts, Proton resonances, Protons, Random noise, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Recent study, Redundant deviation, Relaxation times, Renal ligation, Reproducibility of Results, Reson, Results show, Sagittal sinus, Sensitivity and Specificity, Shift reagent, Similar conditions, Simultaneous temperature, Smallest error, Spectral overlap, Standard deviation, Standard deviations, Surface coil, Temperature dependence, Temperature determination, Temperature dynamics, Temperature mapping, Temperature measurements, Temperature sensitivity, Temperature values, Thermocouple wire, Thermocouple wires, Thermography (methods), Thulium, Thulium (analysis), Thulium sensor, Tmdotp5, Total acquisition time, Trubel, Vital parameters, Vivo, Vivo conditions, Vivo ratio, Vivo results, Vivo studies, Vivo temperature, Vivo tmdotp5, Voxel, Voxel size, Water proton resonance frequency, Water protons, Water resonance, Water signal, Water suppression, Yale university.
- MESH :
- chemical , analysis : Thulium.
- methods : Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Thermography.
- physiology : Body Temperature, Brain.
- Teeft :
- Acquisition time, Algorithms, Animals, Appl physiol, Biomed, Biosensor imaging, Birds method, Blood volume, Body temperature, Brain temperature, Bruker, Bruker horizontalbore spectrometer, Bruker spectrometer, Chemical exchange saturation transfer, Chemical shift, Chemical shift determination, Chemical shift imaging, Chemical shift measurement, Chemical shifts, Circumventricular organs, Coman, Copyright, Different ambient temperature conditions, Different conditions, Dummy scans, Error analysis, Excellent agreement, Exogenous, Exogenous agent, Extracellular, Extracellular space, Fenestrated vessels, Good agreement, Hyder, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Imaging, Infusion, Inner compartments, Inorganic phosphate, Intracellular, Intracellular proteins, John wiley sons, Lanthanide, Local region, Magn, Magn reson, Magn reson imaging, Magnetic resonance spectroscopy, National institutes, Noise amplitude, Other methods, Other resonances, Oxford optronix, Paracest agents, Paramagnetic lanthanide complexes, Phantom, Phantom experiments, Physiol, Physiological parameters, Previous results, Proton, Proton chemical shifts, Proton resonances, Protons, Random noise, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Recent study, Redundant deviation, Relaxation times, Renal ligation, Reproducibility of Results, Reson, Results show, Sagittal sinus, Sensitivity and Specificity, Shift reagent, Similar conditions, Simultaneous temperature, Smallest error, Spectral overlap, Standard deviation, Standard deviations, Surface coil, Temperature dependence, Temperature determination, Temperature dynamics, Temperature mapping, Temperature measurements, Temperature sensitivity, Temperature values, Thermocouple wire, Thermocouple wires, Thulium, Thulium sensor, Tmdotp5, Total acquisition time, Trubel, Vital parameters, Vivo, Vivo conditions, Vivo ratio, Vivo results, Vivo studies, Vivo temperature, Vivo tmdotp5, Voxel, Voxel size, Water proton resonance frequency, Water protons, Water resonance, Water signal, Water suppression, Yale university.
Abstract
Temperature and pH are two of the most important physiological parameters and are believed to be tightly regulated because they are intricately related to energy metabolism in living organisms. Temperature and/or pH data in mammalian brain are scarce, however, mainly because of lack of precise and non‐invasive methods. At 11.7 T, we demonstrate that a thulium‐based macrocyclic complex infused through the bloodstream can be used to obtain temperature and pH maps of rat brain in vivo by 1H chemical shift imaging (CSI) of the sensor itself in conjunction with a multi‐parametric model that depends on several proton resonances of the sensor. Accuracies of temperature and pH determination with the thulium sensor – which has a predominantly extracellular presence – depend on stable signals during the course of the CSI experiment as well as redundancy for temperature and pH sensitivities contained within the observed signals. The thulium‐based method compared well with other methods for temperature (1H MRS of N‐acetylaspartate and water; copper–constantan thermocouple wire) and pH (31P MRS of inorganic phosphate and phosphocreatine) assessment, as established by in vitro and in vivo studies. In vitro studies in phantoms with two compartments of different pH value observed under different ambient temperature conditions generated precise temperature and pH distribution maps. In vivo studies in α‐chloralose‐anesthetized and renal‐ligated rats revealed temperature (33–34°C) and pH (7.3–7.4) distributions in the cerebral cortex that are in agreement with observations by other methods. These results show that the thulium sensor can be used to measure temperature and pH distributions in rat brain in vivo simultaneously and accurately with using biosensor imaging of redundant. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Url:
- https://api.istex.fr/document/2ACF5C37153A539FFA9164F726C043FFDD9D58FE/fulltext/pdf
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2735415
DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1312
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<term>Algorithms</term>
<term>Animals</term>
<term>Appl physiol</term>
<term>Biomed</term>
<term>Biosensor imaging</term>
<term>Birds method</term>
<term>Blood volume</term>
<term>Body Temperature (physiology)</term>
<term>Body temperature</term>
<term>Brain (physiology)</term>
<term>Brain temperature</term>
<term>Bruker</term>
<term>Bruker horizontalbore spectrometer</term>
<term>Bruker spectrometer</term>
<term>Chemical exchange saturation transfer</term>
<term>Chemical shift</term>
<term>Chemical shift determination</term>
<term>Chemical shift imaging</term>
<term>Chemical shift measurement</term>
<term>Chemical shifts</term>
<term>Circumventricular organs</term>
<term>Coman</term>
<term>Copyright</term>
<term>Different ambient temperature conditions</term>
<term>Different conditions</term>
<term>Dummy scans</term>
<term>Error analysis</term>
<term>Excellent agreement</term>
<term>Exogenous</term>
<term>Exogenous agent</term>
<term>Extracellular</term>
<term>Extracellular space</term>
<term>Fenestrated vessels</term>
<term>Good agreement</term>
<term>Hyder</term>
<term>Hydrogen-Ion Concentration</term>
<term>Imaging</term>
<term>Infusion</term>
<term>Inner compartments</term>
<term>Inorganic phosphate</term>
<term>Intracellular</term>
<term>Intracellular proteins</term>
<term>John wiley sons</term>
<term>Lanthanide</term>
<term>Local region</term>
<term>Magn</term>
<term>Magn reson</term>
<term>Magn reson imaging</term>
<term>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (methods)</term>
<term>Magnetic resonance spectroscopy</term>
<term>National institutes</term>
<term>Noise amplitude</term>
<term>Other methods</term>
<term>Other resonances</term>
<term>Oxford optronix</term>
<term>Paracest agents</term>
<term>Paramagnetic lanthanide complexes</term>
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<term>Phantom experiments</term>
<term>Physiol</term>
<term>Physiological parameters</term>
<term>Previous results</term>
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<term>Proton chemical shifts</term>
<term>Proton resonances</term>
<term>Protons</term>
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<term>Rats</term>
<term>Rats, Sprague-Dawley</term>
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<term>Redundant deviation</term>
<term>Relaxation times</term>
<term>Renal ligation</term>
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<term>Results show</term>
<term>Sagittal sinus</term>
<term>Sensitivity and Specificity</term>
<term>Shift reagent</term>
<term>Similar conditions</term>
<term>Simultaneous temperature</term>
<term>Smallest error</term>
<term>Spectral overlap</term>
<term>Standard deviation</term>
<term>Standard deviations</term>
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<term>Temperature dependence</term>
<term>Temperature determination</term>
<term>Temperature dynamics</term>
<term>Temperature mapping</term>
<term>Temperature measurements</term>
<term>Temperature sensitivity</term>
<term>Temperature values</term>
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<term>Vivo studies</term>
<term>Vivo temperature</term>
<term>Vivo tmdotp5</term>
<term>Voxel</term>
<term>Voxel size</term>
<term>Water proton resonance frequency</term>
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<term>Encéphale (physiologie)</term>
<term>Protons</term>
<term>Rat Sprague-Dawley</term>
<term>Rats</term>
<term>Reproductibilité des résultats</term>
<term>Sensibilité et spécificité</term>
<term>Spectroscopie par résonance magnétique ()</term>
<term>Température du corps (physiologie)</term>
<term>Thermographie ()</term>
<term>Thulium (analyse)</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="analyse" xml:lang="fr"><term>Thulium</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy</term>
<term>Thermography</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Encéphale</term>
<term>Température du corps</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Body Temperature</term>
<term>Brain</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Acquisition time</term>
<term>Algorithms</term>
<term>Animals</term>
<term>Appl physiol</term>
<term>Biomed</term>
<term>Biosensor imaging</term>
<term>Birds method</term>
<term>Blood volume</term>
<term>Body temperature</term>
<term>Brain temperature</term>
<term>Bruker</term>
<term>Bruker horizontalbore spectrometer</term>
<term>Bruker spectrometer</term>
<term>Chemical exchange saturation transfer</term>
<term>Chemical shift</term>
<term>Chemical shift determination</term>
<term>Chemical shift imaging</term>
<term>Chemical shift measurement</term>
<term>Chemical shifts</term>
<term>Circumventricular organs</term>
<term>Coman</term>
<term>Copyright</term>
<term>Different ambient temperature conditions</term>
<term>Different conditions</term>
<term>Dummy scans</term>
<term>Error analysis</term>
<term>Excellent agreement</term>
<term>Exogenous</term>
<term>Exogenous agent</term>
<term>Extracellular</term>
<term>Extracellular space</term>
<term>Fenestrated vessels</term>
<term>Good agreement</term>
<term>Hyder</term>
<term>Hydrogen-Ion Concentration</term>
<term>Imaging</term>
<term>Infusion</term>
<term>Inner compartments</term>
<term>Inorganic phosphate</term>
<term>Intracellular</term>
<term>Intracellular proteins</term>
<term>John wiley sons</term>
<term>Lanthanide</term>
<term>Local region</term>
<term>Magn</term>
<term>Magn reson</term>
<term>Magn reson imaging</term>
<term>Magnetic resonance spectroscopy</term>
<term>National institutes</term>
<term>Noise amplitude</term>
<term>Other methods</term>
<term>Other resonances</term>
<term>Oxford optronix</term>
<term>Paracest agents</term>
<term>Paramagnetic lanthanide complexes</term>
<term>Phantom</term>
<term>Phantom experiments</term>
<term>Physiol</term>
<term>Physiological parameters</term>
<term>Previous results</term>
<term>Proton</term>
<term>Proton chemical shifts</term>
<term>Proton resonances</term>
<term>Protons</term>
<term>Random noise</term>
<term>Rats</term>
<term>Rats, Sprague-Dawley</term>
<term>Recent study</term>
<term>Redundant deviation</term>
<term>Relaxation times</term>
<term>Renal ligation</term>
<term>Reproducibility of Results</term>
<term>Reson</term>
<term>Results show</term>
<term>Sagittal sinus</term>
<term>Sensitivity and Specificity</term>
<term>Shift reagent</term>
<term>Similar conditions</term>
<term>Simultaneous temperature</term>
<term>Smallest error</term>
<term>Spectral overlap</term>
<term>Standard deviation</term>
<term>Standard deviations</term>
<term>Surface coil</term>
<term>Temperature dependence</term>
<term>Temperature determination</term>
<term>Temperature dynamics</term>
<term>Temperature mapping</term>
<term>Temperature measurements</term>
<term>Temperature sensitivity</term>
<term>Temperature values</term>
<term>Thermocouple wire</term>
<term>Thermocouple wires</term>
<term>Thulium</term>
<term>Thulium sensor</term>
<term>Tmdotp5</term>
<term>Total acquisition time</term>
<term>Trubel</term>
<term>Vital parameters</term>
<term>Vivo</term>
<term>Vivo conditions</term>
<term>Vivo ratio</term>
<term>Vivo results</term>
<term>Vivo studies</term>
<term>Vivo temperature</term>
<term>Vivo tmdotp5</term>
<term>Voxel</term>
<term>Voxel size</term>
<term>Water proton resonance frequency</term>
<term>Water protons</term>
<term>Water resonance</term>
<term>Water signal</term>
<term>Water suppression</term>
<term>Yale university</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Algorithmes</term>
<term>Animaux</term>
<term>Concentration en ions d'hydrogène</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Temperature and pH are two of the most important physiological parameters and are believed to be tightly regulated because they are intricately related to energy metabolism in living organisms. Temperature and/or pH data in mammalian brain are scarce, however, mainly because of lack of precise and non‐invasive methods. At 11.7 T, we demonstrate that a thulium‐based macrocyclic complex infused through the bloodstream can be used to obtain temperature and pH maps of rat brain in vivo by 1H chemical shift imaging (CSI) of the sensor itself in conjunction with a multi‐parametric model that depends on several proton resonances of the sensor. Accuracies of temperature and pH determination with the thulium sensor – which has a predominantly extracellular presence – depend on stable signals during the course of the CSI experiment as well as redundancy for temperature and pH sensitivities contained within the observed signals. The thulium‐based method compared well with other methods for temperature (1H MRS of N‐acetylaspartate and water; copper–constantan thermocouple wire) and pH (31P MRS of inorganic phosphate and phosphocreatine) assessment, as established by in vitro and in vivo studies. In vitro studies in phantoms with two compartments of different pH value observed under different ambient temperature conditions generated precise temperature and pH distribution maps. In vivo studies in α‐chloralose‐anesthetized and renal‐ligated rats revealed temperature (33–34°C) and pH (7.3–7.4) distributions in the cerebral cortex that are in agreement with observations by other methods. These results show that the thulium sensor can be used to measure temperature and pH distributions in rat brain in vivo simultaneously and accurately with using biosensor imaging of redundant. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</div>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Temperature and pH are two of the most important physiological parameters and are believed to be tightly regulated because they are intricately related to energy metabolism in living organisms. Temperature and/or pH data in mammalian brain are scarce, however, mainly because of lack of precise and non‐invasive methods. At 11.7 T, we demonstrate that a thulium‐based macrocyclic complex infused through the bloodstream can be used to obtain temperature and pH maps of rat brain in vivo by 1H chemical shift imaging (CSI) of the sensor itself in conjunction with a multi‐parametric model that depends on several proton resonances of the sensor. Accuracies of temperature and pH determination with the thulium sensor – which has a predominantly extracellular presence – depend on stable signals during the course of the CSI experiment as well as redundancy for temperature and pH sensitivities contained within the observed signals. The thulium‐based method compared well with other methods for temperature (1H MRS of N‐acetylaspartate and water; copper–constantan thermocouple wire) and pH (31P MRS of inorganic phosphate and phosphocreatine) assessment, as established by in vitro and in vivo studies. In vitro studies in phantoms with two compartments of different pH value observed under different ambient temperature conditions generated precise temperature and pH distribution maps. In vivo studies in α‐chloralose‐anesthetized and renal‐ligated rats revealed temperature (33–34°C) and pH (7.3–7.4) distributions in the cerebral cortex that are in agreement with observations by other methods. These results show that the thulium sensor can be used to measure temperature and pH distributions in rat brain in vivo simultaneously and accurately with using biosensor imaging of redundant. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</div>
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<idno type="wicri:doubleKey">0952-3480:2009:Coman D:brain:temperature:and</idno>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Brain temperature and pH measured by <sup>1</sup>
H chemical shift imaging of a thulium agent</title>
<author><name sortKey="Coman, Daniel" sort="Coman, Daniel" uniqKey="Coman D" first="Daniel" last="Coman">Daniel Coman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1">Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2">Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR), Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR), Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Trubel, Hubert K" sort="Trubel, Hubert K" uniqKey="Trubel H" first="Hubert K." last="Trubel">Hubert K. Trubel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1">Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">University of Witten/Herdecke, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Witten/Herdecke</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rycyna, Robert E" sort="Rycyna, Robert E" uniqKey="Rycyna R" first="Robert E." last="Rycyna">Robert E. Rycyna</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A6">Bruker BioSpin MRI, Billerica, MA 01821, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Bruker BioSpin MRI, Billerica, MA 01821</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hyder, Fahmeed" sort="Hyder, Fahmeed" uniqKey="Hyder F" first="Fahmeed" last="Hyder">Fahmeed Hyder</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A1">Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A2">Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR), Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR), Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A4">Biomedical Engineering Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Biomedical Engineering Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">NMR in biomedicine</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0952-3480</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1099-1492</idno>
<imprint><date when="2009">2009</date>
</imprint>
</series>
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Algorithms</term>
<term>Animals</term>
<term>Body Temperature (physiology)</term>
<term>Brain (physiology)</term>
<term>Hydrogen-Ion Concentration</term>
<term>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (methods)</term>
<term>Protons</term>
<term>Rats</term>
<term>Rats, Sprague-Dawley</term>
<term>Reproducibility of Results</term>
<term>Sensitivity and Specificity</term>
<term>Thermography (methods)</term>
<term>Thulium (analysis)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Algorithmes</term>
<term>Animaux</term>
<term>Concentration en ions d'hydrogène</term>
<term>Encéphale (physiologie)</term>
<term>Protons</term>
<term>Rat Sprague-Dawley</term>
<term>Rats</term>
<term>Reproductibilité des résultats</term>
<term>Sensibilité et spécificité</term>
<term>Spectroscopie par résonance magnétique ()</term>
<term>Température du corps (physiologie)</term>
<term>Thermographie ()</term>
<term>Thulium (analyse)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="analysis" xml:lang="en"><term>Thulium</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" xml:lang="en"><term>Protons</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="analyse" xml:lang="fr"><term>Thulium</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy</term>
<term>Thermography</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Encéphale</term>
<term>Température du corps</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Body Temperature</term>
<term>Brain</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Algorithms</term>
<term>Animals</term>
<term>Hydrogen-Ion Concentration</term>
<term>Rats</term>
<term>Rats, Sprague-Dawley</term>
<term>Reproducibility of Results</term>
<term>Sensitivity and Specificity</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Algorithmes</term>
<term>Animaux</term>
<term>Concentration en ions d'hydrogène</term>
<term>Protons</term>
<term>Rat Sprague-Dawley</term>
<term>Rats</term>
<term>Reproductibilité des résultats</term>
<term>Sensibilité et spécificité</term>
<term>Spectroscopie par résonance magnétique</term>
<term>Thermographie</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P3">Temperature and pH are two of the most important physiological parameters and are believed to be tightly regulated because they are intricately related to energy metabolism in living organisms. Temperature and/or pH data in mammalian brain are scarce, however, mainly due to lack of precise and non-invasive methods. At 11.7T, we demonstrate that a thulium-based macrocyclic complex infused through the blood stream can be used to obtain temperature and pH maps of rat brain <italic>in vivo</italic>
by <sup>1</sup>
H chemical shift imaging (CSI) of the sensor itself in conjunction with a multi-parametric model that depends on several proton resonances of the sensor. Accuracies of temperature and pH determination with the thulium sensor – which has a predominantly extracellular presence – depend on stable signals during the course of the CSI experiment as well as redundancy for temperature and pH sensitivities contained within the observed signals. The thulium-based method compared well with other methods for temperature (<sup>1</sup>
H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of N-acetyl aspartate and water; copper-constantan thermocouple wire) and pH (<sup>31</sup>
P MRS of inorganic phosphate and phosphocreatine) assessment, as established by <italic>in vitro</italic>
and <italic>in vivo</italic>
studies. <italic>In vitro</italic>
studies in phantoms with two compartments of differing pH values observed under different ambient temperature conditions generated precise temperature and pH distribution maps. <italic>In vivo</italic>
studies in α-chloralose anesthetized and renal-ligated rats revealed temperature (33–34 °C) and pH (7.3–7.4) distributions in the cerebral cortex which are in agreement with observations by other methods. These results demonstrate that the thulium sensor can be used to measure temperature and pH distributions in rat brain <italic>in vivo</italic>
simultaneously and accurately with <sup>1</sup>
H CSI.</p>
</div>
</front>
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