Prophylactic effects of chitin microparticles on highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus
Identifieur interne : 004C04 ( Main/Curation ); précédent : 004C03; suivant : 004C05Prophylactic effects of chitin microparticles on highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus
Auteurs : Takeshi Ichinohe [Japon] ; Noriyo Nagata [Japon] ; Peter Strong [Royaume-Uni] ; Shin-Ichi Tamura [Japon] ; Hidehiro Takahashi [Japon] ; Ai Ninomiya [Japon] ; Masaki Imai [Japon] ; Takato Odagiri [Japon] ; Masato Tashiro [Japon] ; Hirofumi Sawa [Japon] ; Joe Chiba [Japon] ; Takeshi Kurata [Japon] ; Tetsutaro Sata [Japon] ; Hideki Hasegawa [Japon]Source :
- Journal of Medical Virology [ 0146-6615 ] ; 2007-06.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Administration par voie nasale, Analyse de survie, Animaux, Antiviraux (), Antiviraux (administration et posologie), Antiviraux (immunologie), Cellules tueuses naturelles (immunologie), Chimiokine CXCL10, Chimiokines CXC (analyse), Chimiokines CXC (immunologie), Chitine (), Chitine (administration et posologie), Chitine (immunologie), Femelle, Immunité innée, Immunité muqueuse, Infections à Orthomyxoviridae (), Infections à Orthomyxoviridae (immunologie), Interleukine-6 (analyse), Interleukine-6 (immunologie), Ligand TRAIL (biosynthèse), Modèles animaux de maladie humaine, Muqueuse nasale (), Muqueuse nasale (immunologie), Noeuds lymphatiques (immunologie), Organismes exempts d'organismes pathogènes spécifiques, Souris, Souris de lignée BALB C, Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A (immunologie), Sous-type H5N1 du virus de la grippe A (immunologie).
- MESH :
- administration et posologie : Antiviraux, Chitine.
- analyse : Chimiokines CXC, Interleukine-6.
- biosynthèse : Ligand TRAIL.
- immunologie : Antiviraux, Cellules tueuses naturelles, Chimiokines CXC, Chitine, Infections à Orthomyxoviridae, Interleukine-6, Muqueuse nasale, Noeuds lymphatiques, Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A, Sous-type H5N1 du virus de la grippe A.
- Pascal (Inist)
- MESH :
- Administration par voie nasale, Analyse de survie, Animaux, Antiviraux, Chimiokine CXCL10, Chitine, Femelle, Immunité innée, Immunité muqueuse, Infections à Orthomyxoviridae, Modèles animaux de maladie humaine, Muqueuse nasale, Organismes exempts d'organismes pathogènes spécifiques, Souris, Souris de lignée BALB C.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Administration, Intranasal, Animals, Antiviral Agents (administration & dosage), Antiviral Agents (chemistry), Antiviral Agents (immunology), Avian influenza, Chemokine CXCL10, Chemokines, CXC (analysis), Chemokines, CXC (immunology), Chitin (administration & dosage), Chitin (chemistry), Chitin (immunology), Disease Models, Animal, Female, Immunity, Innate, Immunity, Mucosal, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (immunology), Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype (immunology), Influenzavirus, Interleukin-6 (analysis), Interleukin-6 (immunology), Killer Cells, Natural (immunology), Lymph Nodes (immunology), Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Nasal Mucosa (chemistry), Nasal Mucosa (immunology), Natural immunity, Orthomyxoviridae Infections (immunology), Orthomyxoviridae Infections (prevention & control), Pathogenicity, Prevention, Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms, Survival Analysis, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (biosynthesis).
- MESH :
- chemical , administration & dosage : Antiviral Agents, Chitin.
- chemical , analysis : Chemokines, CXC, Interleukin-6.
- chemical , biosynthesis : TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand.
- chemical , chemistry : Antiviral Agents, Chitin.
- chemical , immunology : Antiviral Agents, Chemokines, CXC, Chitin, Interleukin-6.
- chemistry : Nasal Mucosa.
- immunology : Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype, Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype, Killer Cells, Natural, Lymph Nodes, Nasal Mucosa, Orthomyxoviridae Infections.
- prevention & control : Orthomyxoviridae Infections.
- Teeft :
- Adjuvant, Administration, Intranasal, Animals, Biron, Cervical, Cervical lymph node, Chemokine CXCL10, Chitin, Chitin microparticles, Chitin microparticles intranasally, Chitin microparticles pretreatment, Clinical symptoms, Control group, Cytokine, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Frontal lobe, Hasegawa, Hong kong, Ichinohe, Immune response, Immunity, Innate, Immunity, Mucosal, Immunol, Infection, Infectious diseases, Innate immunity, Intranasal, Intranasal administration, Intranasal application, Intranasal pretreatment, Intranasally, Ligand, Lung washes, Lymph, Mice, Mice pretreated, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Microparticles, Mouse, Nasal, Nasal mucosa, Nasal wash, Nasal washes, National institute, Natural killer cells, Necrosis, Nguyen, Node, Open circles, Pretreated, Pretreatment, Prophylactic, Prophylactic effect, Prophylactic effects, Protective effect, Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms, Survival Analysis, Tumor necrosis, Tumor necrosis apoptosisinducing ligand, Tumor necrosis ligand, Unpublished data, Vaccine, Vacuum manifold, Viral, Viral challenge, Viral infection, Virol, Virus, Virus challenge, Virus infection, Virus titer, Virus titers, Wash buffer.
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) is an emerging pathogen with the potential to cause great harm to humans, and there is concern about the potential for a new influenza pandemic. This virus is resistant to the antiviral effects of interferons and tumor necrosis factor‐α. However, the mechanism of interferon‐independent protective innate immunity is not well understood. The prophylactic effects of chitin microparticles as a stimulator of innate mucosal immunity against a recently obtained strain of H5N1 influenza virus infection were examined in mice. Clinical parameters and the survival rate of mice treated by intranasal application of chitin microparticles were significantly improved compared to non‐treated mice after a lethal influenza virus challenge. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the number of natural killer cells that expressed tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) and that had migrated into the cervical lymph node was markedly increased (26‐fold) after intranasal treatment with chitin microparticles. In addition, the level of IL‐6 and interferon‐gamma‐inducible protein‐10 (IP‐10) in the nasal mucosa after H5N1 influenza virus challenge was decreased by prophylactic treatment with chitin microparticles. These results suggest that prophylactic intranasal administration of chitin microparticles enhanced the local accumulation of natural killer cells and suppressed hyper‐induction of cytokines, resulting in an innate immune response to prevent pathogenesis of H5N1 influenza virus. J. Med. Virol. 79: 811–819, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Url:
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20837
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimurayama‐shi, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea>
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimurayama‐shi, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea>
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<wicri:regionArea>Correspondence address: Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases 4‐7‐1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama‐shi, Tokyo 208‐0011</wicri:regionArea>
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Administration, Intranasal</term>
<term>Animals</term>
<term>Antiviral Agents (administration & dosage)</term>
<term>Antiviral Agents (chemistry)</term>
<term>Antiviral Agents (immunology)</term>
<term>Avian influenza</term>
<term>Chemokine CXCL10</term>
<term>Chemokines, CXC (analysis)</term>
<term>Chemokines, CXC (immunology)</term>
<term>Chitin (administration & dosage)</term>
<term>Chitin (chemistry)</term>
<term>Chitin (immunology)</term>
<term>Disease Models, Animal</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Immunity, Innate</term>
<term>Immunity, Mucosal</term>
<term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (immunology)</term>
<term>Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype (immunology)</term>
<term>Influenzavirus</term>
<term>Interleukin-6 (analysis)</term>
<term>Interleukin-6 (immunology)</term>
<term>Killer Cells, Natural (immunology)</term>
<term>Lymph Nodes (immunology)</term>
<term>Mice</term>
<term>Mice, Inbred BALB C</term>
<term>Nasal Mucosa (chemistry)</term>
<term>Nasal Mucosa (immunology)</term>
<term>Natural immunity</term>
<term>Orthomyxoviridae Infections (immunology)</term>
<term>Orthomyxoviridae Infections (prevention & control)</term>
<term>Pathogenicity</term>
<term>Prevention</term>
<term>Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms</term>
<term>Survival Analysis</term>
<term>TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (biosynthesis)</term>
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<term>Analyse de survie</term>
<term>Animaux</term>
<term>Antiviraux ()</term>
<term>Antiviraux (administration et posologie)</term>
<term>Antiviraux (immunologie)</term>
<term>Cellules tueuses naturelles (immunologie)</term>
<term>Chimiokine CXCL10</term>
<term>Chimiokines CXC (analyse)</term>
<term>Chimiokines CXC (immunologie)</term>
<term>Chitine ()</term>
<term>Chitine (administration et posologie)</term>
<term>Chitine (immunologie)</term>
<term>Femelle</term>
<term>Immunité innée</term>
<term>Immunité muqueuse</term>
<term>Infections à Orthomyxoviridae ()</term>
<term>Infections à Orthomyxoviridae (immunologie)</term>
<term>Interleukine-6 (analyse)</term>
<term>Interleukine-6 (immunologie)</term>
<term>Ligand TRAIL (biosynthèse)</term>
<term>Modèles animaux de maladie humaine</term>
<term>Muqueuse nasale ()</term>
<term>Muqueuse nasale (immunologie)</term>
<term>Noeuds lymphatiques (immunologie)</term>
<term>Organismes exempts d'organismes pathogènes spécifiques</term>
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<term>Souris de lignée BALB C</term>
<term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A (immunologie)</term>
<term>Sous-type H5N1 du virus de la grippe A (immunologie)</term>
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<term>Chitin</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="analysis" xml:lang="en"><term>Chemokines, CXC</term>
<term>Interleukin-6</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="biosynthesis" xml:lang="en"><term>TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiviral Agents</term>
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<term>Interleukin-6</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="administration et posologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antiviraux</term>
<term>Chitine</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="analyse" xml:lang="fr"><term>Chimiokines CXC</term>
<term>Interleukine-6</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="biosynthèse" xml:lang="fr"><term>Ligand TRAIL</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en"><term>Nasal Mucosa</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antiviraux</term>
<term>Cellules tueuses naturelles</term>
<term>Chimiokines CXC</term>
<term>Chitine</term>
<term>Infections à Orthomyxoviridae</term>
<term>Interleukine-6</term>
<term>Muqueuse nasale</term>
<term>Noeuds lymphatiques</term>
<term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A</term>
<term>Sous-type H5N1 du virus de la grippe A</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype</term>
<term>Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype</term>
<term>Killer Cells, Natural</term>
<term>Lymph Nodes</term>
<term>Nasal Mucosa</term>
<term>Orthomyxoviridae Infections</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prevention & control" xml:lang="en"><term>Orthomyxoviridae Infections</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Grippe aviaire</term>
<term>Immunité naturelle</term>
<term>Influenzavirus</term>
<term>Pouvoir pathogène</term>
<term>Prévention</term>
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<keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Adjuvant</term>
<term>Administration, Intranasal</term>
<term>Animals</term>
<term>Biron</term>
<term>Cervical</term>
<term>Cervical lymph node</term>
<term>Chemokine CXCL10</term>
<term>Chitin</term>
<term>Chitin microparticles</term>
<term>Chitin microparticles intranasally</term>
<term>Chitin microparticles pretreatment</term>
<term>Clinical symptoms</term>
<term>Control group</term>
<term>Cytokine</term>
<term>Disease Models, Animal</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Frontal lobe</term>
<term>Hasegawa</term>
<term>Hong kong</term>
<term>Ichinohe</term>
<term>Immune response</term>
<term>Immunity, Innate</term>
<term>Immunity, Mucosal</term>
<term>Immunol</term>
<term>Infection</term>
<term>Infectious diseases</term>
<term>Innate immunity</term>
<term>Intranasal</term>
<term>Intranasal administration</term>
<term>Intranasal application</term>
<term>Intranasal pretreatment</term>
<term>Intranasally</term>
<term>Ligand</term>
<term>Lung washes</term>
<term>Lymph</term>
<term>Mice</term>
<term>Mice pretreated</term>
<term>Mice, Inbred BALB C</term>
<term>Microparticles</term>
<term>Mouse</term>
<term>Nasal</term>
<term>Nasal mucosa</term>
<term>Nasal wash</term>
<term>Nasal washes</term>
<term>National institute</term>
<term>Natural killer cells</term>
<term>Necrosis</term>
<term>Nguyen</term>
<term>Node</term>
<term>Open circles</term>
<term>Pretreated</term>
<term>Pretreatment</term>
<term>Prophylactic</term>
<term>Prophylactic effect</term>
<term>Prophylactic effects</term>
<term>Protective effect</term>
<term>Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms</term>
<term>Survival Analysis</term>
<term>Tumor necrosis</term>
<term>Tumor necrosis apoptosisinducing ligand</term>
<term>Tumor necrosis ligand</term>
<term>Unpublished data</term>
<term>Vaccine</term>
<term>Vacuum manifold</term>
<term>Viral</term>
<term>Viral challenge</term>
<term>Viral infection</term>
<term>Virol</term>
<term>Virus</term>
<term>Virus challenge</term>
<term>Virus infection</term>
<term>Virus titer</term>
<term>Virus titers</term>
<term>Wash buffer</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Administration par voie nasale</term>
<term>Analyse de survie</term>
<term>Animaux</term>
<term>Antiviraux</term>
<term>Chimiokine CXCL10</term>
<term>Chitine</term>
<term>Femelle</term>
<term>Immunité innée</term>
<term>Immunité muqueuse</term>
<term>Infections à Orthomyxoviridae</term>
<term>Modèles animaux de maladie humaine</term>
<term>Muqueuse nasale</term>
<term>Organismes exempts d'organismes pathogènes spécifiques</term>
<term>Souris</term>
<term>Souris de lignée BALB C</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) is an emerging pathogen with the potential to cause great harm to humans, and there is concern about the potential for a new influenza pandemic. This virus is resistant to the antiviral effects of interferons and tumor necrosis factor‐α. However, the mechanism of interferon‐independent protective innate immunity is not well understood. The prophylactic effects of chitin microparticles as a stimulator of innate mucosal immunity against a recently obtained strain of H5N1 influenza virus infection were examined in mice. Clinical parameters and the survival rate of mice treated by intranasal application of chitin microparticles were significantly improved compared to non‐treated mice after a lethal influenza virus challenge. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the number of natural killer cells that expressed tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) and that had migrated into the cervical lymph node was markedly increased (26‐fold) after intranasal treatment with chitin microparticles. In addition, the level of IL‐6 and interferon‐gamma‐inducible protein‐10 (IP‐10) in the nasal mucosa after H5N1 influenza virus challenge was decreased by prophylactic treatment with chitin microparticles. These results suggest that prophylactic intranasal administration of chitin microparticles enhanced the local accumulation of natural killer cells and suppressed hyper‐induction of cytokines, resulting in an innate immune response to prevent pathogenesis of H5N1 influenza virus. J. Med. Virol. 79: 811–819, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<double idat="0146-6615:2007:Ichinohe T:prophylactic:effects:of"><INIST><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Prophylactic effects of chitin microparticles on highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus</title>
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<country>Japon</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki</s1>
<s2>Noda, Chiba</s2>
<s3>JPN</s3>
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<country>Japon</country>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nagata, Noriyo" sort="Nagata, Noriyo" uniqKey="Nagata N" first="Noriyo" last="Nagata">Noriyo Nagata</name>
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</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Strong, Peter" sort="Strong, Peter" uniqKey="Strong P" first="Peter" last="Strong">Peter Strong</name>
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<s3>GBR</s3>
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<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tamura, Shin Ichi" sort="Tamura, Shin Ichi" uniqKey="Tamura S" first="Shin-Ichi" last="Tamura">Shin-Ichi Tamura</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Takahashi, Hidehiro" sort="Takahashi, Hidehiro" uniqKey="Takahashi H" first="Hidehiro" last="Takahashi">Hidehiro Takahashi</name>
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<country>Japon</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
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<author><name sortKey="Ninomiya, Ai" sort="Ninomiya, Ai" uniqKey="Ninomiya A" first="Ai" last="Ninomiya">Ai Ninomiya</name>
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<country>Japon</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
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<author><name sortKey="Imai, Masaki" sort="Imai, Masaki" uniqKey="Imai M" first="Masaki" last="Imai">Masaki Imai</name>
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<idno type="inist">07-0263587</idno>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Prophylactic effects of chitin microparticles on highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus</title>
<author><name sortKey="Ichinohe, Takeshi" sort="Ichinohe, Takeshi" uniqKey="Ichinohe T" first="Takeshi" last="Ichinohe">Takeshi Ichinohe</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen</s1>
<s2>Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo</s2>
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<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
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<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Japon</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki</s1>
<s2>Noda, Chiba</s2>
<s3>JPN</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>11 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Japon</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Noda, Chiba</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nagata, Noriyo" sort="Nagata, Noriyo" uniqKey="Nagata N" first="Noriyo" last="Nagata">Noriyo Nagata</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen</s1>
<s2>Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo</s2>
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<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
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<country>Japon</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Strong, Peter" sort="Strong, Peter" uniqKey="Strong P" first="Peter" last="Strong">Peter Strong</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>CMP Therapeutics Ltd</s1>
<s2>Oxford</s2>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tamura, Shin Ichi" sort="Tamura, Shin Ichi" uniqKey="Tamura S" first="Shin-Ichi" last="Tamura">Shin-Ichi Tamura</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen</s1>
<s2>Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo</s2>
<s3>JPN</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>12 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Japon</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Takahashi, Hidehiro" sort="Takahashi, Hidehiro" uniqKey="Takahashi H" first="Hidehiro" last="Takahashi">Hidehiro Takahashi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen</s1>
<s2>Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo</s2>
<s3>JPN</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
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<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Japon</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ninomiya, Ai" sort="Ninomiya, Ai" uniqKey="Ninomiya A" first="Ai" last="Ninomiya">Ai Ninomiya</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen</s1>
<s2>Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo</s2>
<s3>JPN</s3>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>8 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>9 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Japon</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Imai, Masaki" sort="Imai, Masaki" uniqKey="Imai M" first="Masaki" last="Imai">Masaki Imai</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen</s1>
<s2>Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo</s2>
<s3>JPN</s3>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>8 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>9 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Japon</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Odagiri, Takato" sort="Odagiri, Takato" uniqKey="Odagiri T" first="Takato" last="Odagiri">Takato Odagiri</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen</s1>
<s2>Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo</s2>
<s3>JPN</s3>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>8 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>9 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Japon</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tashiro, Masato" sort="Tashiro, Masato" uniqKey="Tashiro M" first="Masato" last="Tashiro">Masato Tashiro</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen</s1>
<s2>Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo</s2>
<s3>JPN</s3>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>8 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>9 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Japon</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sawa, Hirofumi" sort="Sawa, Hirofumi" uniqKey="Sawa H" first="Hirofumi" last="Sawa">Hirofumi Sawa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Department of Molecular Pathobiology, 21st Century COE Program for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control</s1>
<s2>Kita-ku, Sapporo</s2>
<s3>JPN</s3>
<sZ>10 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Japon</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Kita-ku, Sapporo</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chiba, Joe" sort="Chiba, Joe" uniqKey="Chiba J" first="Joe" last="Chiba">Joe Chiba</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki</s1>
<s2>Noda, Chiba</s2>
<s3>JPN</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>11 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Japon</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Noda, Chiba</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kurata, Takeshi" sort="Kurata, Takeshi" uniqKey="Kurata T" first="Takeshi" last="Kurata">Takeshi Kurata</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen</s1>
<s2>Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo</s2>
<s3>JPN</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>12 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Japon</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sata, Tetsutaro" sort="Sata, Tetsutaro" uniqKey="Sata T" first="Tetsutaro" last="Sata">Tetsutaro Sata</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen</s1>
<s2>Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo</s2>
<s3>JPN</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>12 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Japon</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hasegawa, Hideki" sort="Hasegawa, Hideki" uniqKey="Hasegawa H" first="Hideki" last="Hasegawa">Hideki Hasegawa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen</s1>
<s2>Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo</s2>
<s3>JPN</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>12 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Japon</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j" type="main">Journal of medical virology</title>
<title level="j" type="abbreviated">J. med. virol.</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0146-6615</idno>
<imprint><date when="2007">2007</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
<seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">Journal of medical virology</title>
<title level="j" type="abbreviated">J. med. virol.</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0146-6615</idno>
</seriesStmt>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Avian influenza</term>
<term>Influenzavirus</term>
<term>Natural immunity</term>
<term>Pathogenicity</term>
<term>Prevention</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Influenzavirus</term>
<term>Prévention</term>
<term>Pouvoir pathogène</term>
<term>Immunité naturelle</term>
<term>Grippe aviaire</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) is an emerging pathogen with the potential to cause great harm to humans, and there is concern about the potential for a new influenza pandemic. This virus is resistant to the antiviral effects of interferons and tumor necrosis factor-α. However, the mechanism of interferon-independent protective innate immunity is not well understood. The prophylactic effects of chitin microparticles as a stimulator of innate mucosal immunity against a recently obtained strain of H5N1 influenza virus infection were examined in mice. Clinical parameters and the survival rate of mice treated by intranasal application of chitin microparticles were significantly improved compared to non-treated mice after a lethal influenza virus challenge. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the number of natural killer cells that expressed tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and that had migrated into the cervical lymph node was markedly increased (26-fold) after intranasal treatment with chitin microparticles. In addition, the level of IL-6 and interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) in the nasal mucosa after H5N1 influenza virus challenge was decreased by prophylactictreatmentwith chitin microparticles. These results suggest that prophylactic intranasal administration of chitin microparticles enhanced the local accumulation of natural killer cells and suppressed hyper-induction of cytokines, resulting in an innate immune response to prevent pathogenesis of H5N1 influenza virus.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
</INIST>
<ISTEX><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Prophylactic effects of chitin microparticles on highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus</title>
<author><name sortKey="Ichinohe, Takeshi" sort="Ichinohe, Takeshi" uniqKey="Ichinohe T" first="Takeshi" last="Ichinohe">Takeshi Ichinohe</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nagata, Noriyo" sort="Nagata, Noriyo" uniqKey="Nagata N" first="Noriyo" last="Nagata">Noriyo Nagata</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Strong, Peter" sort="Strong, Peter" uniqKey="Strong P" first="Peter" last="Strong">Peter Strong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tamura, Shin Chi" sort="Tamura, Shin Chi" uniqKey="Tamura S" first="Shin-Ichi" last="Tamura">Shin-Ichi Tamura</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Takahashi, Hidehiro" sort="Takahashi, Hidehiro" uniqKey="Takahashi H" first="Hidehiro" last="Takahashi">Hidehiro Takahashi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ninomiya, Ai" sort="Ninomiya, Ai" uniqKey="Ninomiya A" first="Ai" last="Ninomiya">Ai Ninomiya</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Imai, Masaki" sort="Imai, Masaki" uniqKey="Imai M" first="Masaki" last="Imai">Masaki Imai</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Odagiri, Takato" sort="Odagiri, Takato" uniqKey="Odagiri T" first="Takato" last="Odagiri">Takato Odagiri</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tashiro, Masato" sort="Tashiro, Masato" uniqKey="Tashiro M" first="Masato" last="Tashiro">Masato Tashiro</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sawa, Hirofumi" sort="Sawa, Hirofumi" uniqKey="Sawa H" first="Hirofumi" last="Sawa">Hirofumi Sawa</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chiba, Joe" sort="Chiba, Joe" uniqKey="Chiba J" first="Joe" last="Chiba">Joe Chiba</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kurata, Takeshi" sort="Kurata, Takeshi" uniqKey="Kurata T" first="Takeshi" last="Kurata">Takeshi Kurata</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sata, Tetsutaro" sort="Sata, Tetsutaro" uniqKey="Sata T" first="Tetsutaro" last="Sata">Tetsutaro Sata</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hasegawa, Hideki" sort="Hasegawa, Hideki" uniqKey="Hasegawa H" first="Hideki" last="Hasegawa">Hideki Hasegawa</name>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno>
<idno type="RBID">ISTEX:5543F9EE96157CFDAC3A52FB1076CDBCE1F9805B</idno>
<date when="2007" year="2007">2007</date>
<idno type="doi">10.1002/jmv.20837</idno>
<idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-JVX6427D-7/fulltext.pdf</idno>
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<idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno>
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<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">001B45</idno>
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<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">004F14</idno>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main">Prophylactic effects of chitin microparticles on highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus</title>
<author><name sortKey="Ichinohe, Takeshi" sort="Ichinohe, Takeshi" uniqKey="Ichinohe T" first="Takeshi" last="Ichinohe">Takeshi Ichinohe</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimurayama‐shi, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Chiba</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation></affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nagata, Noriyo" sort="Nagata, Noriyo" uniqKey="Nagata N" first="Noriyo" last="Nagata">Noriyo Nagata</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimurayama‐shi, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Strong, Peter" sort="Strong, Peter" uniqKey="Strong P" first="Peter" last="Strong">Peter Strong</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CMP Therapeutics Ltd., Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tamura, Shin Chi" sort="Tamura, Shin Chi" uniqKey="Tamura S" first="Shin-Ichi" last="Tamura">Shin-Ichi Tamura</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimurayama‐shi, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Takahashi, Hidehiro" sort="Takahashi, Hidehiro" uniqKey="Takahashi H" first="Hidehiro" last="Takahashi">Hidehiro Takahashi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimurayama‐shi, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ninomiya, Ai" sort="Ninomiya, Ai" uniqKey="Ninomiya A" first="Ai" last="Ninomiya">Ai Ninomiya</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimurayama‐shi, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Imai, Masaki" sort="Imai, Masaki" uniqKey="Imai M" first="Masaki" last="Imai">Masaki Imai</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimurayama‐shi, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Odagiri, Takato" sort="Odagiri, Takato" uniqKey="Odagiri T" first="Takato" last="Odagiri">Takato Odagiri</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimurayama‐shi, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tashiro, Masato" sort="Tashiro, Masato" uniqKey="Tashiro M" first="Masato" last="Tashiro">Masato Tashiro</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimurayama‐shi, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sawa, Hirofumi" sort="Sawa, Hirofumi" uniqKey="Sawa H" first="Hirofumi" last="Sawa">Hirofumi Sawa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Pathobiology, 21st Century COE Program for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Kita‐ku, Sapporo</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Sapporo</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chiba, Joe" sort="Chiba, Joe" uniqKey="Chiba J" first="Joe" last="Chiba">Joe Chiba</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Chiba</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kurata, Takeshi" sort="Kurata, Takeshi" uniqKey="Kurata T" first="Takeshi" last="Kurata">Takeshi Kurata</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimurayama‐shi, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sata, Tetsutaro" sort="Sata, Tetsutaro" uniqKey="Sata T" first="Tetsutaro" last="Sata">Tetsutaro Sata</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimurayama‐shi, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hasegawa, Hideki" sort="Hasegawa, Hideki" uniqKey="Hasegawa H" first="Hideki" last="Hasegawa">Hideki Hasegawa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimurayama‐shi, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><country wicri:rule="url">Japon</country>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Correspondence address: Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases 4‐7‐1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama‐shi, Tokyo 208‐0011</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<monogr></monogr>
<series><title level="j" type="main">Journal of Medical Virology</title>
<title level="j" type="alt">JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0146-6615</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1096-9071</idno>
<imprint><biblScope unit="vol">79</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="issue">6</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" from="811">811</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" to="819">819</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page-count">9</biblScope>
<publisher>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisher>
<pubPlace>Hoboken</pubPlace>
<date type="published" when="2007-06">2007-06</date>
</imprint>
<idno type="ISSN">0146-6615</idno>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
<seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0146-6615</idno>
</seriesStmt>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Administration, Intranasal</term>
<term>Animals</term>
<term>Antiviral Agents (administration & dosage)</term>
<term>Antiviral Agents (chemistry)</term>
<term>Antiviral Agents (immunology)</term>
<term>Chemokine CXCL10</term>
<term>Chemokines, CXC (analysis)</term>
<term>Chemokines, CXC (immunology)</term>
<term>Chitin (administration & dosage)</term>
<term>Chitin (chemistry)</term>
<term>Chitin (immunology)</term>
<term>Disease Models, Animal</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Immunity, Innate</term>
<term>Immunity, Mucosal</term>
<term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (immunology)</term>
<term>Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype (immunology)</term>
<term>Interleukin-6 (analysis)</term>
<term>Interleukin-6 (immunology)</term>
<term>Killer Cells, Natural (immunology)</term>
<term>Lymph Nodes (immunology)</term>
<term>Mice</term>
<term>Mice, Inbred BALB C</term>
<term>Nasal Mucosa (chemistry)</term>
<term>Nasal Mucosa (immunology)</term>
<term>Orthomyxoviridae Infections (immunology)</term>
<term>Orthomyxoviridae Infections (prevention & control)</term>
<term>Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms</term>
<term>Survival Analysis</term>
<term>TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (biosynthesis)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Administration par voie nasale</term>
<term>Analyse de survie</term>
<term>Animaux</term>
<term>Antiviraux ()</term>
<term>Antiviraux (administration et posologie)</term>
<term>Antiviraux (immunologie)</term>
<term>Cellules tueuses naturelles (immunologie)</term>
<term>Chimiokine CXCL10</term>
<term>Chimiokines CXC (analyse)</term>
<term>Chimiokines CXC (immunologie)</term>
<term>Chitine ()</term>
<term>Chitine (administration et posologie)</term>
<term>Chitine (immunologie)</term>
<term>Femelle</term>
<term>Immunité innée</term>
<term>Immunité muqueuse</term>
<term>Infections à Orthomyxoviridae ()</term>
<term>Infections à Orthomyxoviridae (immunologie)</term>
<term>Interleukine-6 (analyse)</term>
<term>Interleukine-6 (immunologie)</term>
<term>Ligand TRAIL (biosynthèse)</term>
<term>Modèles animaux de maladie humaine</term>
<term>Muqueuse nasale ()</term>
<term>Muqueuse nasale (immunologie)</term>
<term>Noeuds lymphatiques (immunologie)</term>
<term>Organismes exempts d'organismes pathogènes spécifiques</term>
<term>Souris</term>
<term>Souris de lignée BALB C</term>
<term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A (immunologie)</term>
<term>Sous-type H5N1 du virus de la grippe A (immunologie)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="administration & dosage" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiviral Agents</term>
<term>Chitin</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="analysis" xml:lang="en"><term>Chemokines, CXC</term>
<term>Interleukin-6</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="biosynthesis" xml:lang="en"><term>TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiviral Agents</term>
<term>Chitin</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiviral Agents</term>
<term>Chemokines, CXC</term>
<term>Chitin</term>
<term>Interleukin-6</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="administration et posologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antiviraux</term>
<term>Chitine</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="analyse" xml:lang="fr"><term>Chimiokines CXC</term>
<term>Interleukine-6</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="biosynthèse" xml:lang="fr"><term>Ligand TRAIL</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en"><term>Nasal Mucosa</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antiviraux</term>
<term>Cellules tueuses naturelles</term>
<term>Chimiokines CXC</term>
<term>Chitine</term>
<term>Infections à Orthomyxoviridae</term>
<term>Interleukine-6</term>
<term>Muqueuse nasale</term>
<term>Noeuds lymphatiques</term>
<term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A</term>
<term>Sous-type H5N1 du virus de la grippe A</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype</term>
<term>Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype</term>
<term>Killer Cells, Natural</term>
<term>Lymph Nodes</term>
<term>Nasal Mucosa</term>
<term>Orthomyxoviridae Infections</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prevention & control" xml:lang="en"><term>Orthomyxoviridae Infections</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Adjuvant</term>
<term>Administration, Intranasal</term>
<term>Animals</term>
<term>Biron</term>
<term>Cervical</term>
<term>Cervical lymph node</term>
<term>Chemokine CXCL10</term>
<term>Chitin</term>
<term>Chitin microparticles</term>
<term>Chitin microparticles intranasally</term>
<term>Chitin microparticles pretreatment</term>
<term>Clinical symptoms</term>
<term>Control group</term>
<term>Cytokine</term>
<term>Disease Models, Animal</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Frontal lobe</term>
<term>Hasegawa</term>
<term>Hong kong</term>
<term>Ichinohe</term>
<term>Immune response</term>
<term>Immunity, Innate</term>
<term>Immunity, Mucosal</term>
<term>Immunol</term>
<term>Infection</term>
<term>Infectious diseases</term>
<term>Innate immunity</term>
<term>Intranasal</term>
<term>Intranasal administration</term>
<term>Intranasal application</term>
<term>Intranasal pretreatment</term>
<term>Intranasally</term>
<term>Ligand</term>
<term>Lung washes</term>
<term>Lymph</term>
<term>Mice</term>
<term>Mice pretreated</term>
<term>Mice, Inbred BALB C</term>
<term>Microparticles</term>
<term>Mouse</term>
<term>Nasal</term>
<term>Nasal mucosa</term>
<term>Nasal wash</term>
<term>Nasal washes</term>
<term>National institute</term>
<term>Natural killer cells</term>
<term>Necrosis</term>
<term>Nguyen</term>
<term>Node</term>
<term>Open circles</term>
<term>Pretreated</term>
<term>Pretreatment</term>
<term>Prophylactic</term>
<term>Prophylactic effect</term>
<term>Prophylactic effects</term>
<term>Protective effect</term>
<term>Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms</term>
<term>Survival Analysis</term>
<term>Tumor necrosis</term>
<term>Tumor necrosis apoptosisinducing ligand</term>
<term>Tumor necrosis ligand</term>
<term>Unpublished data</term>
<term>Vaccine</term>
<term>Vacuum manifold</term>
<term>Viral</term>
<term>Viral challenge</term>
<term>Viral infection</term>
<term>Virol</term>
<term>Virus</term>
<term>Virus challenge</term>
<term>Virus infection</term>
<term>Virus titer</term>
<term>Virus titers</term>
<term>Wash buffer</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Administration par voie nasale</term>
<term>Analyse de survie</term>
<term>Animaux</term>
<term>Antiviraux</term>
<term>Chimiokine CXCL10</term>
<term>Chitine</term>
<term>Femelle</term>
<term>Immunité innée</term>
<term>Immunité muqueuse</term>
<term>Infections à Orthomyxoviridae</term>
<term>Modèles animaux de maladie humaine</term>
<term>Muqueuse nasale</term>
<term>Organismes exempts d'organismes pathogènes spécifiques</term>
<term>Souris</term>
<term>Souris de lignée BALB C</term>
</keywords>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) is an emerging pathogen with the potential to cause great harm to humans, and there is concern about the potential for a new influenza pandemic. This virus is resistant to the antiviral effects of interferons and tumor necrosis factor‐α. However, the mechanism of interferon‐independent protective innate immunity is not well understood. The prophylactic effects of chitin microparticles as a stimulator of innate mucosal immunity against a recently obtained strain of H5N1 influenza virus infection were examined in mice. Clinical parameters and the survival rate of mice treated by intranasal application of chitin microparticles were significantly improved compared to non‐treated mice after a lethal influenza virus challenge. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the number of natural killer cells that expressed tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) and that had migrated into the cervical lymph node was markedly increased (26‐fold) after intranasal treatment with chitin microparticles. In addition, the level of IL‐6 and interferon‐gamma‐inducible protein‐10 (IP‐10) in the nasal mucosa after H5N1 influenza virus challenge was decreased by prophylactic treatment with chitin microparticles. These results suggest that prophylactic intranasal administration of chitin microparticles enhanced the local accumulation of natural killer cells and suppressed hyper‐induction of cytokines, resulting in an innate immune response to prevent pathogenesis of H5N1 influenza virus. J. Med. Virol. 79: 811–819, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</div>
</front>
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