Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Dromedaries in Ethiopia Is Antigenically Different From the Middle East Isolate EMC
Identifieur interne : 002269 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 002268; suivant : 002270Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Dromedaries in Ethiopia Is Antigenically Different From the Middle East Isolate EMC
Auteurs : Kazuya Shirato [Japon] ; Simenew Keskes Melaku [Éthiopie] ; Kengo Kawachi [Japon] ; Naganori Nao [Japon] ; Naoko Iwata-Yoshikawa [Japon] ; Miyuki Kawase [Japon] ; Wataru Kamitani [Japon] ; Shutoku Matsuyama [Japon] ; Tesfaye Sisay Tessema [Éthiopie] ; Hiroshi Sentsui [Japon]Source :
- Frontiers in Microbiology [ 1664-302X ] ; 2019.
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is an emerging respiratory disease caused by the MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV). MERS has been endemic to Saudi Arabia since 2012. The reservoir of MERS-CoV is the dromedary camel, suggesting that MERS is primarily a zoonotic disease. MERS-CoV is common in dromedaries throughout the Middle East, North Africa, and East Africa as evidenced by neutralizing antibodies against MERS-CoV; however, human cases have remained limited to the Middle East. To better understand the cause of this difference, the virological properties of African camel MERS-CoV were analyzed based on the spike (S) protein in Ethiopia. Nasal swabs were collected from 258 young dromedaries (≤ 2 years old) in the Afar region of Ethiopia, of which 39 were positive for MERS-CoV, as confirmed by genetic tests. All positive tests were exclusive to the Amibara woreda region. Using next-generation sequencing, two full-length genomes of Amibara isolates were successfully decoded; both isolates belonged to the C2 clade based on phylogenetic analysis of full-length and S protein sequences. Recombinant EMC isolates of MERS-CoV, in which the S protein is replaced with those of Amibara isolates, were then generated to test the roles of these proteins in viral properties. Amibara S recombinants replicated more slowly in cultured cells than in EMC S recombinants. In neutralizing assays, Amibara S recombinants were neutralized by lower concentrations of sera from both Ethiopian dromedaries and EMC isolate (wild-type)-immunized mouse sera, relative to the EMC S recombinants, indicating that viruses coated in the Amibara S protein were easier to neutralize than the EMC S protein. Neutralization experiments performed using S1/S2 chimeric recombinants of the EMC and Amibara S proteins showed that the neutralization profile was dependent on the S1 region of the S protein. These results suggest that the slower viral replication and the ease of neutralization seen in the Ethiopian MERS-CoV are due to strain-specific differences in the S protein and may account for the absence of human MERS-CoV cases in Ethiopia.
Url:
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01326
PubMed: 31275264
PubMed Central: 6593072
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is an emerging respiratory disease caused by the MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV). MERS has been endemic to Saudi Arabia since 2012. The reservoir of MERS-CoV is the dromedary camel, suggesting that MERS is primarily a zoonotic disease. MERS-CoV is common in dromedaries throughout the Middle East, North Africa, and East Africa as evidenced by neutralizing antibodies against MERS-CoV; however, human cases have remained limited to the Middle East. To better understand the cause of this difference, the virological properties of African camel MERS-CoV were analyzed based on the spike (S) protein in Ethiopia. Nasal swabs were collected from 258 young dromedaries (≤ 2 years old) in the Afar region of Ethiopia, of which 39 were positive for MERS-CoV, as confirmed by genetic tests. All positive tests were exclusive to the Amibara woreda region. Using next-generation sequencing, two full-length genomes of Amibara isolates were successfully decoded; both isolates belonged to the C2 clade based on phylogenetic analysis of full-length and S protein sequences. Recombinant EMC isolates of MERS-CoV, in which the S protein is replaced with those of Amibara isolates, were then generated to test the roles of these proteins in viral properties. Amibara S recombinants replicated more slowly in cultured cells than in EMC S recombinants. In neutralizing assays, Amibara S recombinants were neutralized by lower concentrations of sera from both Ethiopian dromedaries and EMC isolate (wild-type)-immunized mouse sera, relative to the EMC S recombinants, indicating that viruses coated in the Amibara S protein were easier to neutralize than the EMC S protein. Neutralization experiments performed using S1/S2 chimeric recombinants of the EMC and Amibara S proteins showed that the neutralization profile was dependent on the S1 region of the S protein. These results suggest that the slower viral replication and the ease of neutralization seen in the Ethiopian MERS-CoV are due to strain-specific differences in the S protein and may account for the absence of human MERS-CoV cases in Ethiopia.</p>
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<double pmid="31275264"><pmc><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Dromedaries in Ethiopia Is Antigenically Different From the Middle East Isolate EMC</title>
<author><name sortKey="Shirato, Kazuya" sort="Shirato, Kazuya" uniqKey="Shirato K" first="Kazuya" last="Shirato">Kazuya Shirato</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases</institution>
,<addr-line>Musashimurayama</addr-line>
,<country>Japan</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Melaku, Simenew Keskes" sort="Melaku, Simenew Keskes" uniqKey="Melaku S" first="Simenew Keskes" last="Melaku">Simenew Keskes Melaku</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Department of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University</institution>
,<addr-line>Addis Ababa</addr-line>
,<country>Ethiopia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kawachi, Kengo" sort="Kawachi, Kengo" uniqKey="Kawachi K" first="Kengo" last="Kawachi">Kengo Kawachi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University</institution>
,<addr-line>Suita</addr-line>
,<country>Japan</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nao, Naganori" sort="Nao, Naganori" uniqKey="Nao N" first="Naganori" last="Nao">Naganori Nao</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases</institution>
,<addr-line>Musashimurayama</addr-line>
,<country>Japan</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Iwata Yoshikawa, Naoko" sort="Iwata Yoshikawa, Naoko" uniqKey="Iwata Yoshikawa N" first="Naoko" last="Iwata-Yoshikawa">Naoko Iwata-Yoshikawa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases</institution>
,<addr-line>Musashimurayama</addr-line>
,<country>Japan</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kawase, Miyuki" sort="Kawase, Miyuki" uniqKey="Kawase M" first="Miyuki" last="Kawase">Miyuki Kawase</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases</institution>
,<addr-line>Musashimurayama</addr-line>
,<country>Japan</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kamitani, Wataru" sort="Kamitani, Wataru" uniqKey="Kamitani W" first="Wataru" last="Kamitani">Wataru Kamitani</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University</institution>
,<addr-line>Suita</addr-line>
,<country>Japan</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matsuyama, Shutoku" sort="Matsuyama, Shutoku" uniqKey="Matsuyama S" first="Shutoku" last="Matsuyama">Shutoku Matsuyama</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases</institution>
,<addr-line>Musashimurayama</addr-line>
,<country>Japan</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tessema, Tesfaye Sisay" sort="Tessema, Tesfaye Sisay" uniqKey="Tessema T" first="Tesfaye Sisay" last="Tessema">Tesfaye Sisay Tessema</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University</institution>
,<addr-line>Addis Ababa</addr-line>
,<country>Ethiopia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sentsui, Hiroshi" sort="Sentsui, Hiroshi" uniqKey="Sentsui H" first="Hiroshi" last="Sentsui">Hiroshi Sentsui</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution>Laboratory of Veterinary Epizootiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University</institution>
,<addr-line>Fujisawa</addr-line>
,<country>Japan</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">31275264</idno>
<idno type="pmc">6593072</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6593072</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:6593072</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.3389/fmicb.2019.01326</idno>
<date when="2019">2019</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000C82</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000C82</idno>
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<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000C82</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000238</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000238</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Dromedaries in Ethiopia Is Antigenically Different From the Middle East Isolate EMC</title>
<author><name sortKey="Shirato, Kazuya" sort="Shirato, Kazuya" uniqKey="Shirato K" first="Kazuya" last="Shirato">Kazuya Shirato</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases</institution>
,<addr-line>Musashimurayama</addr-line>
,<country>Japan</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Melaku, Simenew Keskes" sort="Melaku, Simenew Keskes" uniqKey="Melaku S" first="Simenew Keskes" last="Melaku">Simenew Keskes Melaku</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Department of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University</institution>
,<addr-line>Addis Ababa</addr-line>
,<country>Ethiopia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kawachi, Kengo" sort="Kawachi, Kengo" uniqKey="Kawachi K" first="Kengo" last="Kawachi">Kengo Kawachi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University</institution>
,<addr-line>Suita</addr-line>
,<country>Japan</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nao, Naganori" sort="Nao, Naganori" uniqKey="Nao N" first="Naganori" last="Nao">Naganori Nao</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases</institution>
,<addr-line>Musashimurayama</addr-line>
,<country>Japan</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Iwata Yoshikawa, Naoko" sort="Iwata Yoshikawa, Naoko" uniqKey="Iwata Yoshikawa N" first="Naoko" last="Iwata-Yoshikawa">Naoko Iwata-Yoshikawa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases</institution>
,<addr-line>Musashimurayama</addr-line>
,<country>Japan</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kawase, Miyuki" sort="Kawase, Miyuki" uniqKey="Kawase M" first="Miyuki" last="Kawase">Miyuki Kawase</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases</institution>
,<addr-line>Musashimurayama</addr-line>
,<country>Japan</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kamitani, Wataru" sort="Kamitani, Wataru" uniqKey="Kamitani W" first="Wataru" last="Kamitani">Wataru Kamitani</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University</institution>
,<addr-line>Suita</addr-line>
,<country>Japan</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matsuyama, Shutoku" sort="Matsuyama, Shutoku" uniqKey="Matsuyama S" first="Shutoku" last="Matsuyama">Shutoku Matsuyama</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases</institution>
,<addr-line>Musashimurayama</addr-line>
,<country>Japan</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tessema, Tesfaye Sisay" sort="Tessema, Tesfaye Sisay" uniqKey="Tessema T" first="Tesfaye Sisay" last="Tessema">Tesfaye Sisay Tessema</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University</institution>
,<addr-line>Addis Ababa</addr-line>
,<country>Ethiopia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sentsui, Hiroshi" sort="Sentsui, Hiroshi" uniqKey="Sentsui H" first="Hiroshi" last="Sentsui">Hiroshi Sentsui</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution>Laboratory of Veterinary Epizootiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University</institution>
,<addr-line>Fujisawa</addr-line>
,<country>Japan</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Frontiers in Microbiology</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1664-302X</idno>
<imprint><date when="2019">2019</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
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<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is an emerging respiratory disease caused by the MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV). MERS has been endemic to Saudi Arabia since 2012. The reservoir of MERS-CoV is the dromedary camel, suggesting that MERS is primarily a zoonotic disease. MERS-CoV is common in dromedaries throughout the Middle East, North Africa, and East Africa as evidenced by neutralizing antibodies against MERS-CoV; however, human cases have remained limited to the Middle East. To better understand the cause of this difference, the virological properties of African camel MERS-CoV were analyzed based on the spike (S) protein in Ethiopia. Nasal swabs were collected from 258 young dromedaries (≤ 2 years old) in the Afar region of Ethiopia, of which 39 were positive for MERS-CoV, as confirmed by genetic tests. All positive tests were exclusive to the Amibara woreda region. Using next-generation sequencing, two full-length genomes of Amibara isolates were successfully decoded; both isolates belonged to the C2 clade based on phylogenetic analysis of full-length and S protein sequences. Recombinant EMC isolates of MERS-CoV, in which the S protein is replaced with those of Amibara isolates, were then generated to test the roles of these proteins in viral properties. Amibara S recombinants replicated more slowly in cultured cells than in EMC S recombinants. In neutralizing assays, Amibara S recombinants were neutralized by lower concentrations of sera from both Ethiopian dromedaries and EMC isolate (wild-type)-immunized mouse sera, relative to the EMC S recombinants, indicating that viruses coated in the Amibara S protein were easier to neutralize than the EMC S protein. Neutralization experiments performed using S1/S2 chimeric recombinants of the EMC and Amibara S proteins showed that the neutralization profile was dependent on the S1 region of the S protein. These results suggest that the slower viral replication and the ease of neutralization seen in the Ethiopian MERS-CoV are due to strain-specific differences in the S protein and may account for the absence of human MERS-CoV cases in Ethiopia.</p>
</div>
</front>
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<pubmed><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Dromedaries in Ethiopia Is Antigenically Different From the Middle East Isolate EMC.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Shirato, Kazuya" sort="Shirato, Kazuya" uniqKey="Shirato K" first="Kazuya" last="Shirato">Kazuya Shirato</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Musashimurayama</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Melaku, Simenew Keskes" sort="Melaku, Simenew Keskes" uniqKey="Melaku S" first="Simenew Keskes" last="Melaku">Simenew Keskes Melaku</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Addis Ababa</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kawachi, Kengo" sort="Kawachi, Kengo" uniqKey="Kawachi K" first="Kengo" last="Kawachi">Kengo Kawachi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Suita</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nao, Naganori" sort="Nao, Naganori" uniqKey="Nao N" first="Naganori" last="Nao">Naganori Nao</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Musashimurayama</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Iwata Yoshikawa, Naoko" sort="Iwata Yoshikawa, Naoko" uniqKey="Iwata Yoshikawa N" first="Naoko" last="Iwata-Yoshikawa">Naoko Iwata-Yoshikawa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Musashimurayama</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kawase, Miyuki" sort="Kawase, Miyuki" uniqKey="Kawase M" first="Miyuki" last="Kawase">Miyuki Kawase</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Musashimurayama</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kamitani, Wataru" sort="Kamitani, Wataru" uniqKey="Kamitani W" first="Wataru" last="Kamitani">Wataru Kamitani</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Suita</wicri:noRegion>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matsuyama, Shutoku" sort="Matsuyama, Shutoku" uniqKey="Matsuyama S" first="Shutoku" last="Matsuyama">Shutoku Matsuyama</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Musashimurayama</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tessema, Tesfaye Sisay" sort="Tessema, Tesfaye Sisay" uniqKey="Tessema T" first="Tesfaye Sisay" last="Tessema">Tesfaye Sisay Tessema</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Addis Ababa</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sentsui, Hiroshi" sort="Sentsui, Hiroshi" uniqKey="Sentsui H" first="Hiroshi" last="Sentsui">Hiroshi Sentsui</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Veterinary Epizootiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Veterinary Epizootiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Fujisawa</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Dromedaries in Ethiopia Is Antigenically Different From the Middle East Isolate EMC.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Shirato, Kazuya" sort="Shirato, Kazuya" uniqKey="Shirato K" first="Kazuya" last="Shirato">Kazuya Shirato</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Musashimurayama</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Melaku, Simenew Keskes" sort="Melaku, Simenew Keskes" uniqKey="Melaku S" first="Simenew Keskes" last="Melaku">Simenew Keskes Melaku</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Addis Ababa</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kawachi, Kengo" sort="Kawachi, Kengo" uniqKey="Kawachi K" first="Kengo" last="Kawachi">Kengo Kawachi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Suita</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nao, Naganori" sort="Nao, Naganori" uniqKey="Nao N" first="Naganori" last="Nao">Naganori Nao</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Musashimurayama</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Iwata Yoshikawa, Naoko" sort="Iwata Yoshikawa, Naoko" uniqKey="Iwata Yoshikawa N" first="Naoko" last="Iwata-Yoshikawa">Naoko Iwata-Yoshikawa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Musashimurayama</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kawase, Miyuki" sort="Kawase, Miyuki" uniqKey="Kawase M" first="Miyuki" last="Kawase">Miyuki Kawase</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Musashimurayama</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kamitani, Wataru" sort="Kamitani, Wataru" uniqKey="Kamitani W" first="Wataru" last="Kamitani">Wataru Kamitani</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Suita</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matsuyama, Shutoku" sort="Matsuyama, Shutoku" uniqKey="Matsuyama S" first="Shutoku" last="Matsuyama">Shutoku Matsuyama</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Musashimurayama</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tessema, Tesfaye Sisay" sort="Tessema, Tesfaye Sisay" uniqKey="Tessema T" first="Tesfaye Sisay" last="Tessema">Tesfaye Sisay Tessema</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Addis Ababa</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sentsui, Hiroshi" sort="Sentsui, Hiroshi" uniqKey="Sentsui H" first="Hiroshi" last="Sentsui">Hiroshi Sentsui</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Veterinary Epizootiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Veterinary Epizootiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Fujisawa</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Frontiers in microbiology</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1664-302X</idno>
<imprint><date when="2019" type="published">2019</date>
</imprint>
</series>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is an emerging respiratory disease caused by the MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV). MERS has been endemic to Saudi Arabia since 2012. The reservoir of MERS-CoV is the dromedary camel, suggesting that MERS is primarily a zoonotic disease. MERS-CoV is common in dromedaries throughout the Middle East, North Africa, and East Africa as evidenced by neutralizing antibodies against MERS-CoV; however, human cases have remained limited to the Middle East. To better understand the cause of this difference, the virological properties of African camel MERS-CoV were analyzed based on the spike (S) protein in Ethiopia. Nasal swabs were collected from 258 young dromedaries (≤ 2 years old) in the Afar region of Ethiopia, of which 39 were positive for MERS-CoV, as confirmed by genetic tests. All positive tests were exclusive to the Amibara woreda region. Using next-generation sequencing, two full-length genomes of Amibara isolates were successfully decoded; both isolates belonged to the C2 clade based on phylogenetic analysis of full-length and S protein sequences. Recombinant EMC isolates of MERS-CoV, in which the S protein is replaced with those of Amibara isolates, were then generated to test the roles of these proteins in viral properties. Amibara S recombinants replicated more slowly in cultured cells than in EMC S recombinants. In neutralizing assays, Amibara S recombinants were neutralized by lower concentrations of sera from both Ethiopian dromedaries and EMC isolate (wild-type)-immunized mouse sera, relative to the EMC S recombinants, indicating that viruses coated in the Amibara S protein were easier to neutralize than the EMC S protein. Neutralization experiments performed using S1/S2 chimeric recombinants of the EMC and Amibara S proteins showed that the neutralization profile was dependent on the S1 region of the S protein. These results suggest that the slower viral replication and the ease of neutralization seen in the Ethiopian MERS-CoV are due to strain-specific differences in the S protein and may account for the absence of human MERS-CoV cases in Ethiopia.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
</pubmed>
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