Brillouin scattering in multi-core optical fibers for sensing applications
Identifieur interne : 000078 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000077; suivant : 000079Brillouin scattering in multi-core optical fibers for sensing applications
Auteurs : Yosuke Mizuno [Japon] ; Neisei Hayashi [Japon] ; Hiroki Tanaka [Japon] ; Yuji Wada [Japon] ; Kentaro Nakamura [Japon]Source :
- Scientific Reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
We measure the Brillouin gain spectra in two cores (the central core and one of the outer cores) of a ~3-m-long, silica-based, 7-core multi-core fiber (MCF) with incident light of 1.55 μm wavelength, and investigate the Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) and its dependence on strain and temperature. The BFSs of both the cores are ~10.92 GHz, and the strain- and temperature-dependence coefficients of the BFS in the central core are 484.8 MHz/% and 1.08 MHz/°C, respectively, whereas those in the outer core are 516.9 MHz/% and 1.03 MHz/°C. All of these values are not largely different from those in a silica single-mode fiber, which is expected because the cores are basically composed of the same material (silica). We then analyze the difference in structural deformation between the two cores when strain is applied to the fiber, and show that it does not explain the difference in the BFS dependence of strain in this case. The future prospect on distributed strain and temperature sensing based on Brillouin scattering in MCFs is finally presented.
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/srep11388
PubMed: 26065718
PubMed Central: 4464328
Affiliations:
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Brillouin scattering in multi-core optical fibers for sensing applications</title><author><name sortKey="Mizuno, Yosuke" sort="Mizuno, Yosuke" uniqKey="Mizuno Y" first="Yosuke" last="Mizuno">Yosuke Mizuno</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology</institution>, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hayashi, Neisei" sort="Hayashi, Neisei" uniqKey="Hayashi N" first="Neisei" last="Hayashi">Neisei Hayashi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology</institution>, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tanaka, Hiroki" sort="Tanaka, Hiroki" uniqKey="Tanaka H" first="Hiroki" last="Tanaka">Hiroki Tanaka</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology</institution>, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wada, Yuji" sort="Wada, Yuji" uniqKey="Wada Y" first="Yuji" last="Wada">Yuji Wada</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Faculty of Science and Technology, Seikei University</institution>, 3-3-1 Kichijoji Kitamachi, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8633,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nakamura, Kentaro" sort="Nakamura, Kentaro" uniqKey="Nakamura K" first="Kentaro" last="Nakamura">Kentaro Nakamura</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology</institution>, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26065718</idno><idno type="pmc">4464328</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4464328</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4464328</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/srep11388</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000085</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000085</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000085</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000085</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000078</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000078</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Brillouin scattering in multi-core optical fibers for sensing applications</title><author><name sortKey="Mizuno, Yosuke" sort="Mizuno, Yosuke" uniqKey="Mizuno Y" first="Yosuke" last="Mizuno">Yosuke Mizuno</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology</institution>, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hayashi, Neisei" sort="Hayashi, Neisei" uniqKey="Hayashi N" first="Neisei" last="Hayashi">Neisei Hayashi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology</institution>, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tanaka, Hiroki" sort="Tanaka, Hiroki" uniqKey="Tanaka H" first="Hiroki" last="Tanaka">Hiroki Tanaka</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology</institution>, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wada, Yuji" sort="Wada, Yuji" uniqKey="Wada Y" first="Yuji" last="Wada">Yuji Wada</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Faculty of Science and Technology, Seikei University</institution>, 3-3-1 Kichijoji Kitamachi, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8633,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nakamura, Kentaro" sort="Nakamura, Kentaro" uniqKey="Nakamura K" first="Kentaro" last="Nakamura">Kentaro Nakamura</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology</institution>, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific Reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>We measure the Brillouin gain spectra in two cores (the central core and one of the outer cores) of a ~3-m-long, silica-based, 7-core multi-core fiber (MCF) with incident light of 1.55 μm wavelength, and investigate the Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) and its dependence on strain and temperature. The BFSs of both the cores are ~10.92 GHz, and the strain- and temperature-dependence coefficients of the BFS in the central core are 484.8 MHz/% and 1.08 MHz/°C, respectively, whereas those in the outer core are 516.9 MHz/% and 1.03 MHz/°C. All of these values are not largely different from those in a silica single-mode fiber, which is expected because the cores are basically composed of the same material (silica). We then analyze the difference in structural deformation between the two cores when strain is applied to the fiber, and show that it does not explain the difference in the BFS dependence of strain in this case. The future prospect on distributed strain and temperature sensing based on Brillouin scattering in MCFs is finally presented.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nakazawa, M" uniqKey="Nakazawa M">M. Nakazawa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kikuchi, K" uniqKey="Kikuchi K">K. 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Nespereira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abreu, M" uniqKey="Abreu M">M. Abreu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rebordao, J" uniqKey="Rebordao J">J. Rebordao</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Scientific Reports</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2045-2322</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26065718</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4464328</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">srep11388</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep11388</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Brillouin scattering in multi-core optical fibers for sensing applications</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mizuno</surname><given-names>Yosuke</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">a</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hayashi</surname><given-names>Neisei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tanaka</surname><given-names>Hiroki</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wada</surname><given-names>Yuji</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nakamura</surname><given-names>Kentaro</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><aff id="a1"><label>1</label><institution>Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology</institution>, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503,<country>Japan</country></aff><aff id="a2"><label>2</label><institution>Faculty of Science and Technology, Seikei University</institution>, 3-3-1 Kichijoji Kitamachi, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8633,<country>Japan</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="c1"><label>a</label><email>ymizuno@sonic.pi.titech.ac.jp</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>06</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><elocation-id>11388</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>05</day><month>12</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>27</day><month>04</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015, Macmillan Publishers Limited</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Macmillan Publishers Limited</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>We measure the Brillouin gain spectra in two cores (the central core and one of the outer cores) of a ~3-m-long, silica-based, 7-core multi-core fiber (MCF) with incident light of 1.55 μm wavelength, and investigate the Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) and its dependence on strain and temperature. The BFSs of both the cores are ~10.92 GHz, and the strain- and temperature-dependence coefficients of the BFS in the central core are 484.8 MHz/% and 1.08 MHz/°C, respectively, whereas those in the outer core are 516.9 MHz/% and 1.03 MHz/°C. All of these values are not largely different from those in a silica single-mode fiber, which is expected because the cores are basically composed of the same material (silica). We then analyze the difference in structural deformation between the two cores when strain is applied to the fiber, and show that it does not explain the difference in the BFS dependence of strain in this case. The future prospect on distributed strain and temperature sensing based on Brillouin scattering in MCFs is finally presented.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><title>Schematic of the experimental setup for Brillouin measurement.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep11388-f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>(<bold>a</bold>) Cross-sectional micrograph of the 7-core MCF. Structures of the fiber under test for detecting Brillouin scattering in (<bold>b</bold>) the central core and (<bold>c</bold>) one of the outer cores of the MCF.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep11388-f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>(<bold>a</bold>) BGS dependence on strain (0, 0.067, 0.135, 0.202, and 0.270%) and (<bold>b</bold>) BFS dependence on strain in the central core of the MCF.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep11388-f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>(<bold>a</bold>) BGS dependence on temperature (28, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 °C) and (<bold>b</bold>) BFS dependence on temperature in the central core of the MCF.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep11388-f4"></graphic></fig><fig id="f5"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><title>Measured BGS in the outer core of the MCF, overlapped with those in the SMF-1 and SMF-2.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep11388-f5"></graphic></fig><fig id="f6"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>(<bold>a</bold>) BGS dependence on strain (0, 0.040, 0.069, 0.098, 0.126, 0.156, 0.184%) and (<bold>b</bold>) BFS dependence on strain in the outer core of the MCF.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep11388-f6"></graphic></fig><fig id="f7"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p>(<bold>a</bold>) BGS dependence on temperature (28, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 °C) and (<bold>b</bold>) BFS dependence on temperature in the outer core of the MCF.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep11388-f7"></graphic></fig><fig id="f8"><label>Figure 8</label><caption><title>Simulated stress distribution in the cross-sectional direction.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep11388-f8"></graphic></fig><table-wrap position="float" id="t1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>BFS at Room Temperature and its Strain and Temperature Coefficients in Silica SMF, Tellurite Fibers, Chalcogenide Fibers, Bismuth-Oxide Fibers, Germanium-Doped PCFs, Erbium-Doped Fibers, Neodymium-Doped Fibers, Thulium-Doped Fibers, and PFGI-POFs at 1.55 μm.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="char" char="."></col><col align="char" char="."></col><col align="char" char="."></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Fiber</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">BFS (GHz)</th><th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"><italic>n</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">Strain coefficient (MHz/%)</th><th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">Temperature coefficient (MHz/K)</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Silica SMF<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn2">a</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">~10.85</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">~1.46</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">+580</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">+1.18</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Tellurite<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn3">b</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">~7.95</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">~2.03</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">–230</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">–1.14</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Chalcogenide<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn4">c</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">~7.95</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">~2.81</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">–</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Bismuth-oxide<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn5">d</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">~8.83</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">~2.22</td><td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">–</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">−0.88</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Ge-doped PCF<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn6">e</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">~10.29</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">~1.46</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">+409</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">+0.82</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Er-doped<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn7">f</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">~11.42</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">~1.46</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">+479</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">+0.87</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Nd-doped<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn8">g</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">~10.82</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">~1.46</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">+466</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">+0.73</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Tm-doped<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn8">g</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">~10.90</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">~1.46</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">+433</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">+0.90</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">PFGI-POF<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn9">h</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">~2.83</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">~1.35</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">–122</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">–4.09</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t1-fn1"><p>The Refractive Index n of Each Fiber is Also Presented.</p></fn><fn id="t1-fn2"><p><sup>a</sup>Refs <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18">18</xref>.</p></fn><fn id="t1-fn3"><p><sup>b</sup>Refs <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26">26</xref>.</p></fn><fn id="t1-fn4"><p><sup>c</sup>Ref <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27">27.</xref></p></fn><fn id="t1-fn5"><p><sup>d</sup>Refs <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29">29</xref>.</p></fn><fn id="t1-fn6"><p><sup>e</sup>Ref <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30">30</xref>.</p></fn><fn id="t1-fn7"><p><sup>f</sup>Ref <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b31">31</xref>.</p></fn><fn id="t1-fn8"><p><sup>g</sup>Ref <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b32">32</xref>.</p></fn><fn id="t1-fn9"><p><sup>h</sup>Ref <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b35">35</xref>.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Japon</li></country></list><tree><country name="Japon"><noRegion><name sortKey="Mizuno, Yosuke" sort="Mizuno, Yosuke" uniqKey="Mizuno Y" first="Yosuke" last="Mizuno">Yosuke Mizuno</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Hayashi, Neisei" sort="Hayashi, Neisei" uniqKey="Hayashi N" first="Neisei" last="Hayashi">Neisei Hayashi</name><name sortKey="Nakamura, Kentaro" sort="Nakamura, Kentaro" uniqKey="Nakamura K" first="Kentaro" last="Nakamura">Kentaro Nakamura</name><name sortKey="Tanaka, Hiroki" sort="Tanaka, Hiroki" uniqKey="Tanaka H" first="Hiroki" last="Tanaka">Hiroki Tanaka</name><name sortKey="Wada, Yuji" sort="Wada, Yuji" uniqKey="Wada Y" first="Yuji" last="Wada">Yuji Wada</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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