By-product metals are technologically essential but have problematic supply
Identifieur interne : 000077 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000076; suivant : 000078By-product metals are technologically essential but have problematic supply
Auteurs : N. T. Nassar ; T. E. Graedel ; E. M. HarperSource :
- Science Advances [ 2375-2548 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Metals that are obtained largely or entirely as by-products are essential to modern technology, but their supplies may be constrained due to a variety of factors.
Url:
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1400180
PubMed: 26601159
PubMed Central: 4640630
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Harper</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26601159</idno><idno type="pmc">4640630</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4640630</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4640630</idno><idno type="doi">10.1126/sciadv.1400180</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000042</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000042</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000042</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000042</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000077</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000077</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">By-product metals are technologically essential but have problematic supply</title><author><name sortKey="Nassar, N T" sort="Nassar, N T" uniqKey="Nassar N" first="N. T." last="Nassar">N. T. Nassar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Graedel, T E" sort="Graedel, T E" uniqKey="Graedel T" first="T. E." last="Graedel">T. E. Graedel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harper, E M" sort="Harper, E M" uniqKey="Harper E" first="E. M." last="Harper">E. M. Harper</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Science Advances</title><idno type="eISSN">2375-2548</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Metals that are obtained largely or entirely as by-products are essential to modern technology, but their supplies may be constrained due to a variety of factors.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mookherjee, A" uniqKey="Mookherjee A">A. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sci Adv</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sci Adv</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">SciAdv</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">advances</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Science Advances</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2375-2548</issn><publisher><publisher-name>American Association for the Advancement of Science</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26601159</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4640630</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1400180</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1126/sciadv.1400180</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="legacy-article-type"><subject>SciAdv r-articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="field"><subject>Sustainability</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="overline"><subject>Industrial Ecology</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>By-product metals are technologically essential but have problematic supply</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nassar</surname><given-names>N. T.</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8758-9732</contrib-id><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Graedel</surname><given-names>T. E.</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Harper</surname><given-names>E. M.</given-names></name></contrib><aff>Center for Industrial Ecology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>*</label>Corresponding author. E-mail: <email xlink:href="nedal.nassar@yale.edu">nedal.nassar@yale.edu</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>4</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>4</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>3</issue><elocation-id>e1400180</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>05</day><month>12</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>09</day><month>3</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015, The Authors</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder>The Authors</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" id="p-2"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license</ext-link>, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is <bold>not</bold> for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract abstract-type="teaser"><p>Metals that are obtained largely or entirely as by-products are essential to modern technology, but their supplies may be constrained due to a variety of factors.</p></abstract><abstract><p>The growth in technological innovation that has occurred over the past decades has, in part, been possible because an increasing number of metals of the periodic table are used to perform specialized functions. However, there have been increasing concerns regarding the reliability of supply of some of these metals. A main contributor to these concerns is the fact that many of these metals are recovered only as by-products from a limited number of geopolitically concentrated ore deposits, rendering their supplies unable to respond to rapid changes in demand. Companionality is the degree to which a metal is obtained largely or entirely as a by-product of one or more host metals from geologic ores. The dependence of companion metal availability on the production of the host metals introduces a new facet of supply risk to modern technology. We evaluated companionality for 62 different metals and metalloids, and show that 61% (38 of 62) have companionality greater than 50%. Eighteen of the 38—including such technologically essential elements as germanium, terbium, and dysprosium—are further characterized as having geopolitically concentrated production and extremely low rates of end-of-life recycling. It is this subset of companion metals—vital in current technologies such as electronics, solar energy, medical imaging, energy-efficient lighting, and other state-of-the-art products—that may be at the greatest risk of supply constraints in the coming decades.</p></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords</title><kwd>critical metals</kwd><kwd>industrial ecology</kwd><kwd>resource management</kwd><kwd>sustainability</kwd><kwd>mineral production</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="FundRef">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001</institution-id><institution>National Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>ID0ESUAG962</award-id><award-id>0932724</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Graedel</surname><given-names>Thomas E</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front></pmc><affiliations><list></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Graedel, T E" sort="Graedel, T E" uniqKey="Graedel T" first="T. E." last="Graedel">T. E. Graedel</name><name sortKey="Harper, E M" sort="Harper, E M" uniqKey="Harper E" first="E. M." last="Harper">E. M. Harper</name><name sortKey="Nassar, N T" sort="Nassar, N T" uniqKey="Nassar N" first="N. T." last="Nassar">N. T. Nassar</name></noCountry></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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