Transcriptional and Translational Landscape of Equine Torovirus
Identifieur interne : 002F45 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 002F44; suivant : 002F46Transcriptional and Translational Landscape of Equine Torovirus
Auteurs : Hazel Stewart [Royaume-Uni] ; Katherine Brown [Royaume-Uni] ; Adam M. Dinan [Royaume-Uni] ; Nerea Irigoyen [Royaume-Uni] ; Eric J. Snijder [Pays-Bas] ; Andrew E. Firth [Royaume-Uni]Source :
- Journal of Virology [ 0022-538X ] ; 2018.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Analyse de profil d'expression de gènes, Analyse de séquence d'ARN, Animaux, Biosynthèse des protéines, Cellules cultivées, Culture virale, Equus caballus, Interactions hôte-pathogène, Protéines virales (biosynthèse), Protéines virales (génétique), Torovirus (croissance et développement), Torovirus (génétique), Transcription génétique.
- MESH :
- biosynthèse : Protéines virales.
- croissance et développement : Torovirus.
- génétique : Protéines virales, Torovirus.
- Analyse de profil d'expression de gènes, Analyse de séquence d'ARN, Animaux, Biosynthèse des protéines, Cellules cultivées, Culture virale, Equus caballus, Interactions hôte-pathogène, Transcription génétique.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- chemical , biosynthesis : Viral Proteins.
- genetics : Torovirus, Viral Proteins.
- growth & development : Torovirus.
- Animals, Cells, Cultured, Gene Expression Profiling, Horses, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Protein Biosynthesis, Sequence Analysis, RNA, Transcription, Genetic, Virus Cultivation.
Abstract
Toroviruses infect cattle, goats, pigs, and horses worldwide and can cause gastrointestinal disease. There is no treatment or vaccine, and their ability to spill over into humans has not been assessed. These viruses are related to important human pathogens, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, and they share some common features; however, the mechanism that they use to produce sgRNA molecules differs. Here, we performed deep sequencing to determine how equine torovirus produces sgRNAs. In doing so, we also identified two previously unknown open reading frames “hidden” within the genome. Together these results highlight the similarities and differences between this domestic animal virus and related pathogens of humans and livestock.
Url:
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00589-18
PubMed: 29950409
PubMed Central: 6096809
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PMC:6096809Le document en format XML
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Firth</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Virology</title><idno type="ISSN">0022-538X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1098-5514</idno><imprint><date when="2018">2018</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Cells, Cultured</term><term>Gene Expression Profiling</term><term>Horses</term><term>Host-Pathogen Interactions</term><term>Protein Biosynthesis</term><term>Sequence Analysis, RNA</term><term>Torovirus (genetics)</term><term>Torovirus (growth & development)</term><term>Transcription, Genetic</term><term>Viral Proteins (biosynthesis)</term><term>Viral Proteins (genetics)</term><term>Virus Cultivation</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Analyse de profil d'expression de gènes</term><term>Analyse de séquence d'ARN</term><term>Animaux</term><term>Biosynthèse des protéines</term><term>Cellules cultivées</term><term>Culture virale</term><term>Equus caballus</term><term>Interactions hôte-pathogène</term><term>Protéines virales (biosynthèse)</term><term>Protéines virales (génétique)</term><term>Torovirus (croissance et développement)</term><term>Torovirus (génétique)</term><term>Transcription génétique</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="biosynthesis" xml:lang="en"><term>Viral Proteins</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="biosynthèse" xml:lang="fr"><term>Protéines virales</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="croissance et développement" xml:lang="fr"><term>Torovirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Torovirus</term><term>Viral Proteins</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="growth & development" xml:lang="en"><term>Torovirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Protéines virales</term><term>Torovirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Cells, Cultured</term><term>Gene Expression Profiling</term><term>Horses</term><term>Host-Pathogen Interactions</term><term>Protein Biosynthesis</term><term>Sequence Analysis, RNA</term><term>Transcription, Genetic</term><term>Virus Cultivation</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Analyse de profil d'expression de gènes</term><term>Analyse de séquence d'ARN</term><term>Animaux</term><term>Biosynthèse des protéines</term><term>Cellules cultivées</term><term>Culture virale</term><term>Equus caballus</term><term>Interactions hôte-pathogène</term><term>Transcription génétique</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Toroviruses infect cattle, goats, pigs, and horses worldwide and can cause gastrointestinal disease. There is no treatment or vaccine, and their ability to spill over into humans has not been assessed. These viruses are related to important human pathogens, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, and they share some common features; however, the mechanism that they use to produce sgRNA molecules differs. Here, we performed deep sequencing to determine how equine torovirus produces sgRNAs. In doing so, we also identified two previously unknown open reading frames “hidden” within the genome. Together these results highlight the similarities and differences between this domestic animal virus and related pathogens of humans and livestock.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lauber, C" uniqKey="Lauber C">C Lauber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ziebuhr, J" uniqKey="Ziebuhr J">J Ziebuhr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Junglen, S" uniqKey="Junglen S">S Junglen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Drosten, C" uniqKey="Drosten C">C Drosten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zirkel, F" uniqKey="Zirkel F">F Zirkel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nga, Pt" uniqKey="Nga P">PT Nga</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morita, K" uniqKey="Morita K">K Morita</name></author><author><name sortKey="Snijder, Ej" uniqKey="Snijder E">EJ Snijder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gorbalenya, Ae" uniqKey="Gorbalenya A">AE 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Guindon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gascuel, O" uniqKey="Gascuel O">O Gascuel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stocsits, Rr" uniqKey="Stocsits R">RR Stocsits</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hofacker, Il" uniqKey="Hofacker I">IL Hofacker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fried, C" uniqKey="Fried C">C Fried</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stadler, Pf" uniqKey="Stadler P">PF Stadler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><double pmid="29950409"><pmc><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Transcriptional and Translational Landscape of Equine Torovirus</title><author><name sortKey="Stewart, Hazel" sort="Stewart, Hazel" uniqKey="Stewart H" first="Hazel" last="Stewart">Hazel Stewart</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Katherine" sort="Brown, Katherine" uniqKey="Brown K" first="Katherine" last="Brown">Katherine Brown</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dinan, Adam M" sort="Dinan, Adam M" uniqKey="Dinan A" first="Adam M." last="Dinan">Adam M. Dinan</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Irigoyen, Nerea" sort="Irigoyen, Nerea" uniqKey="Irigoyen N" first="Nerea" last="Irigoyen">Nerea Irigoyen</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Snijder, Eric J" sort="Snijder, Eric J" uniqKey="Snijder E" first="Eric J." last="Snijder">Eric J. Snijder</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Leyde</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Firth, Andrew E" sort="Firth, Andrew E" uniqKey="Firth A" first="Andrew E." last="Firth">Andrew E. Firth</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">29950409</idno><idno type="pmc">6096809</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6096809</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:6096809</idno><idno type="doi">10.1128/JVI.00589-18</idno><date when="2018">2018</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001235</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001235</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">001235</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">001235</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000501</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000501</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Transcriptional and Translational Landscape of Equine Torovirus</title><author><name sortKey="Stewart, Hazel" sort="Stewart, Hazel" uniqKey="Stewart H" first="Hazel" last="Stewart">Hazel Stewart</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Katherine" sort="Brown, Katherine" uniqKey="Brown K" first="Katherine" last="Brown">Katherine Brown</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dinan, Adam M" sort="Dinan, Adam M" uniqKey="Dinan A" first="Adam M." last="Dinan">Adam M. Dinan</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Irigoyen, Nerea" sort="Irigoyen, Nerea" uniqKey="Irigoyen N" first="Nerea" last="Irigoyen">Nerea Irigoyen</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Snijder, Eric J" sort="Snijder, Eric J" uniqKey="Snijder E" first="Eric J." last="Snijder">Eric J. Snijder</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Leyde</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Firth, Andrew E" sort="Firth, Andrew E" uniqKey="Firth A" first="Andrew E." last="Firth">Andrew E. Firth</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Virology</title><idno type="ISSN">0022-538X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1098-5514</idno><imprint><date when="2018">2018</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Toroviruses infect cattle, goats, pigs, and horses worldwide and can cause gastrointestinal disease. There is no treatment or vaccine, and their ability to spill over into humans has not been assessed. These viruses are related to important human pathogens, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, and they share some common features; however, the mechanism that they use to produce sgRNA molecules differs. Here, we performed deep sequencing to determine how equine torovirus produces sgRNAs. In doing so, we also identified two previously unknown open reading frames “hidden” within the genome. 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xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Katherine" sort="Brown, Katherine" uniqKey="Brown K" first="Katherine" last="Brown">Katherine Brown</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dinan, Adam M" sort="Dinan, Adam M" uniqKey="Dinan A" first="Adam M" last="Dinan">Adam M. Dinan</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Irigoyen, Nerea" sort="Irigoyen, Nerea" uniqKey="Irigoyen N" first="Nerea" last="Irigoyen">Nerea Irigoyen</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Snijder, Eric J" sort="Snijder, Eric J" uniqKey="Snijder E" first="Eric J" last="Snijder">Eric J. Snijder</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Leyde</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Firth, Andrew E" sort="Firth, Andrew E" uniqKey="Firth A" first="Andrew E" last="Firth">Andrew E. Firth</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom aef24@cam.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation><country wicri:rule="url">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2018">2018</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:29950409</idno><idno type="pmid">29950409</idno><idno type="doi">10.1128/JVI.00589-18</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000995</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000995</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">000995</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">000995</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">000945</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">000945</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Transcriptional and Translational Landscape of Equine Torovirus.</title><author><name sortKey="Stewart, Hazel" sort="Stewart, Hazel" uniqKey="Stewart H" first="Hazel" last="Stewart">Hazel Stewart</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Katherine" sort="Brown, Katherine" uniqKey="Brown K" first="Katherine" last="Brown">Katherine Brown</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dinan, Adam M" sort="Dinan, Adam M" uniqKey="Dinan A" first="Adam M" last="Dinan">Adam M. Dinan</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Irigoyen, Nerea" sort="Irigoyen, Nerea" uniqKey="Irigoyen N" first="Nerea" last="Irigoyen">Nerea Irigoyen</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Snijder, Eric J" sort="Snijder, Eric J" uniqKey="Snijder E" first="Eric J" last="Snijder">Eric J. Snijder</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Leyde</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Firth, Andrew E" sort="Firth, Andrew E" uniqKey="Firth A" first="Andrew E" last="Firth">Andrew E. Firth</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom aef24@cam.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation><country wicri:rule="url">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of virology</title><idno type="eISSN">1098-5514</idno><imprint><date when="2018" type="published">2018</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Cells, Cultured</term><term>Gene Expression Profiling</term><term>Horses</term><term>Host-Pathogen Interactions</term><term>Protein Biosynthesis</term><term>Sequence Analysis, RNA</term><term>Torovirus (genetics)</term><term>Torovirus (growth & development)</term><term>Transcription, Genetic</term><term>Viral Proteins (biosynthesis)</term><term>Viral Proteins (genetics)</term><term>Virus Cultivation</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Analyse de profil d'expression de gènes</term><term>Analyse de séquence d'ARN</term><term>Animaux</term><term>Biosynthèse des protéines</term><term>Cellules cultivées</term><term>Culture virale</term><term>Equus caballus</term><term>Interactions hôte-pathogène</term><term>Protéines virales (biosynthèse)</term><term>Protéines virales (génétique)</term><term>Torovirus (croissance et développement)</term><term>Torovirus (génétique)</term><term>Transcription génétique</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="biosynthesis" xml:lang="en"><term>Viral Proteins</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="biosynthèse" xml:lang="fr"><term>Protéines virales</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="croissance et développement" xml:lang="fr"><term>Torovirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Torovirus</term><term>Viral Proteins</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="growth & development" xml:lang="en"><term>Torovirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Protéines virales</term><term>Torovirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Cells, Cultured</term><term>Gene Expression Profiling</term><term>Horses</term><term>Host-Pathogen Interactions</term><term>Protein Biosynthesis</term><term>Sequence Analysis, RNA</term><term>Transcription, Genetic</term><term>Virus Cultivation</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Analyse de profil d'expression de gènes</term><term>Analyse de séquence d'ARN</term><term>Animaux</term><term>Biosynthèse des protéines</term><term>Cellules cultivées</term><term>Culture virale</term><term>Equus caballus</term><term>Interactions hôte-pathogène</term><term>Transcription génétique</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The genus <i>Torovirus</i> (subfamily <i>Torovirinae</i>, family <i>Coronaviridae</i>, order <i>Nidovirales</i>) encompasses a range of species that infect domestic ungulates, including cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and horses, causing an acute self-limiting gastroenteritis. Using the prototype species equine torovirus (EToV), we performed parallel RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and ribosome profiling (Ribo-seq) to analyze the relative expression levels of the known torovirus proteins and transcripts, chimeric sequences produced via discontinuous RNA synthesis (a characteristic of the nidovirus replication cycle), and changes in host transcription and translation as a result of EToV infection. RNA sequencing confirmed that EToV utilizes a unique combination of discontinuous and nondiscontinuous RNA synthesis to produce its subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs); indeed, we identified transcripts arising from both mechanisms that would result in sgRNAs encoding the nucleocapsid. Our ribosome profiling analysis revealed that ribosomes efficiently translate two novel CUG-initiated open reading frames (ORFs), located within the so-called 5' untranslated region. We have termed the resulting proteins U1 and U2. Comparative genomic analysis confirmed that these ORFs are conserved across all available torovirus sequences, and the inferred amino acid sequences are subject to purifying selection, indicating that U1 and U2 are functionally relevant. This study provides the first high-resolution analysis of transcription and translation in this neglected group of livestock pathogens.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Toroviruses infect cattle, goats, pigs, and horses worldwide and can cause gastrointestinal disease. There is no treatment or vaccine, and their ability to spill over into humans has not been assessed. These viruses are related to important human pathogens, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, and they share some common features; however, the mechanism that they use to produce sgRNA molecules differs. Here, we performed deep sequencing to determine how equine torovirus produces sgRNAs. In doing so, we also identified two previously unknown open reading frames "hidden" within the genome. Together these results highlight the similarities and differences between this domestic animal virus and related pathogens of humans and livestock.</div></front></TEI></pubmed></double></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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