In vitro susceptibility of 10 clinical isolates of SARS coronavirus to selected antiviral compounds
Identifieur interne : 005B20 ( Main/Curation ); précédent : 005B19; suivant : 005B21In vitro susceptibility of 10 clinical isolates of SARS coronavirus to selected antiviral compounds
Auteurs : F. Chen [Hong Kong] ; K. H. Chan [Hong Kong] ; Y. Jiang [Hong Kong] ; R. Y. T. Kao [Hong Kong] ; H. T. Lu [Hong Kong] ; K. W. Fan [Hong Kong] ; V. C. C. Cheng [Hong Kong] ; W. H. W. Tsui [Hong Kong] ; I. F. N. Hung [Hong Kong] ; T. S. W. Lee [Hong Kong] ; Y. Guan [Hong Kong] ; J. S. M. Peiris [Hong Kong] ; K. Y. Yuen [Hong Kong]Source :
- Journal of clinical virology [ 1386-6532 ] ; 2004.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Acide chlorogénique (), Acide chlorogénique (pharmacologie), Acide glycyrrhizique (), Acide glycyrrhizique (pharmacologie), Adulte, Adulte d'âge moyen, Antiviraux (pharmacologie), Femelle, Flavonoïdes (), Flavonoïdes (pharmacologie), Humains, Interféron alpha (pharmacologie), Interféron bêta (pharmacologie), Interféron bêta-1a, Lignée cellulaire, Lopinavir, Mâle, Méthode des plages virales, Pyrimidinones (pharmacologie), Ribavirine (pharmacologie), Rimantadine (pharmacologie), Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère (virologie), Synergie des médicaments, Tests de sensibilité microbienne, Virus du SRAS ().
- MESH :
- pharmacologie : Acide chlorogénique, Acide glycyrrhizique, Antiviraux, Flavonoïdes, Interféron alpha, Interféron bêta, Pyrimidinones, Ribavirine, Rimantadine.
- virologie : Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère.
- Pascal (Inist)
- Acide chlorogénique, Acide glycyrrhizique, Adulte, Adulte d'âge moyen, Coronavirus, Femelle, Flavonoïdes, Humains, In vitro, Interféron bêta-1a, Lignée cellulaire, Lopinavir, Mâle, Méthode des plages virales, Synergie des médicaments, Test sensibilité médicamenteuse, Sensibilité, Isolat clinique, Antiviral, Grave, Malade état grave, Aigu, Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère, Tests de sensibilité microbienne, Virus du SRAS, Voie respiratoire, Epidémie, Microbiologie, Virologie, Forme grave, Virus syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Acute, Adult, Antiviral, Antiviral Agents (pharmacology), Cell Line, Chlorogenic Acid (chemistry), Chlorogenic Acid (pharmacology), Clinical isolate, Coronavirus, Critically ill, Drug Synergism, Drug susceptibility test, Epidemic, Female, Flavonoids (chemistry), Flavonoids (pharmacology), Glycyrrhizic Acid (chemistry), Glycyrrhizic Acid (pharmacology), Humans, In vitro, Interferon beta-1a, Interferon-alpha (pharmacology), Interferon-beta (pharmacology), Lopinavir, Male, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Microbiology, Middle Aged, Pyrimidinones (pharmacology), Respiratory tract, Ribavirin (pharmacology), Rimantadine (pharmacology), SARS Virus (drug effects), Sensitivity, Severe, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (virology), Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, Viral Plaque Assay, Virology.
- MESH :
- chemical , chemistry : Chlorogenic Acid, Flavonoids, Glycyrrhizic Acid.
- chemical , pharmacology : Antiviral Agents, Chlorogenic Acid, Flavonoids, Glycyrrhizic Acid, Interferon-alpha, Interferon-beta, Pyrimidinones, Ribavirin, Rimantadine.
- drug effects : SARS Virus.
- virology : Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome.
- Adult, Cell Line, Drug Synergism, Female, Humans, Interferon beta-1a, Lopinavir, Male, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Middle Aged, Viral Plaque Assay.
Abstract
Effective antiviral agents are urgently needed to combat the possible return of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Commercial antiviral agents and pure chemical compounds extracted from traditional Chinese medicinal herbs were screened against 10 clinical isolates of SARS coronavirus by neutralisation tests with confirmation by plaque reduction assays. Interferon-beta-la, leukocytic interferon-alpha, ribavirin, lopinavir, rimantadine, baicalin and glycyrrhizin showed antiviral activity. The two interferons were only active if the cell lines were pre-incubated with the drugs 16 h before viral inoculation. Results were confirmed by plaque reduction assays. Antiviral activity varied with the use of different cell lines. Checkerboard assays for synergy were performed showing combinations of interferon beta-1a or leukocytic interferon-alpha with ribavirin are synergistic. Since the clinical and toxicity profiles of these agents are well known, they should be considered either singly or in combination for prophylaxis or treatment of SARS in randomised placebo controlled trials in future epidemics.
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Chen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Centre for Research in Plant Drugs Development, Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Centre for Research in Plant Drugs Development, Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, K H" sort="Chan, K H" uniqKey="Chan K" first="K. H." last="Chan">K. H. Chan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jiang, Y" sort="Jiang, Y" uniqKey="Jiang Y" first="Y." last="Jiang">Y. Jiang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kao, R Y T" sort="Kao, R Y T" uniqKey="Kao R" first="R. Y. T." last="Kao">R. Y. T. Kao</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, H T" sort="Lu, H T" uniqKey="Lu H" first="H. T." last="Lu">H. T. Lu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Centre for Research in Plant Drugs Development, Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Centre for Research in Plant Drugs Development, Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fan, K W" sort="Fan, K W" uniqKey="Fan K" first="K. W." last="Fan">K. W. Fan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Centre for Research in Plant Drugs Development, Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Centre for Research in Plant Drugs Development, Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, V C C" sort="Cheng, V C C" uniqKey="Cheng V" first="V. C. C." last="Cheng">V. C. C. Cheng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tsui, W H W" sort="Tsui, W H W" uniqKey="Tsui W" first="W. H. W." last="Tsui">W. H. W. Tsui</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hung, I F N" sort="Hung, I F N" uniqKey="Hung I" first="I. F. N." last="Hung">I. F. N. Hung</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, T S W" sort="Lee, T S W" uniqKey="Lee T" first="T. S. W." last="Lee">T. S. W. Lee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guan, Y" sort="Guan, Y" uniqKey="Guan Y" first="Y." last="Guan">Y. Guan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peiris, J S M" sort="Peiris, J S M" uniqKey="Peiris J" first="J. S. M." last="Peiris">J. S. M. Peiris</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yuen, K Y" sort="Yuen, K Y" uniqKey="Yuen K" first="K. Y." last="Yuen">K. Y. Yuen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j" type="main">Journal of clinical virology</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">J. clin. virol.</title><idno type="ISSN">1386-6532</idno><imprint><date when="2004">2004</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">Journal of clinical virology</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">J. clin. virol.</title><idno type="ISSN">1386-6532</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Acute</term><term>Adult</term><term>Antiviral</term><term>Antiviral Agents (pharmacology)</term><term>Cell Line</term><term>Chlorogenic Acid (chemistry)</term><term>Chlorogenic Acid (pharmacology)</term><term>Clinical isolate</term><term>Coronavirus</term><term>Critically ill</term><term>Drug Synergism</term><term>Drug susceptibility test</term><term>Epidemic</term><term>Female</term><term>Flavonoids (chemistry)</term><term>Flavonoids (pharmacology)</term><term>Glycyrrhizic Acid (chemistry)</term><term>Glycyrrhizic Acid (pharmacology)</term><term>Humans</term><term>In vitro</term><term>Interferon beta-1a</term><term>Interferon-alpha (pharmacology)</term><term>Interferon-beta (pharmacology)</term><term>Lopinavir</term><term>Male</term><term>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</term><term>Microbiology</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Pyrimidinones (pharmacology)</term><term>Respiratory tract</term><term>Ribavirin (pharmacology)</term><term>Rimantadine (pharmacology)</term><term>SARS Virus (drug effects)</term><term>Sensitivity</term><term>Severe</term><term>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (virology)</term><term>Severe acute respiratory syndrome</term><term>Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus</term><term>Viral Plaque Assay</term><term>Virology</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Acide chlorogénique ()</term><term>Acide chlorogénique (pharmacologie)</term><term>Acide glycyrrhizique ()</term><term>Acide glycyrrhizique (pharmacologie)</term><term>Adulte</term><term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term><term>Antiviraux (pharmacologie)</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Flavonoïdes ()</term><term>Flavonoïdes (pharmacologie)</term><term>Humains</term><term>Interféron alpha (pharmacologie)</term><term>Interféron bêta (pharmacologie)</term><term>Interféron bêta-1a</term><term>Lignée cellulaire</term><term>Lopinavir</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Méthode des plages virales</term><term>Pyrimidinones (pharmacologie)</term><term>Ribavirine (pharmacologie)</term><term>Rimantadine (pharmacologie)</term><term>Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère (virologie)</term><term>Synergie des médicaments</term><term>Tests de sensibilité microbienne</term><term>Virus du SRAS ()</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en"><term>Chlorogenic Acid</term><term>Flavonoids</term><term>Glycyrrhizic Acid</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacology" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiviral Agents</term><term>Chlorogenic Acid</term><term>Flavonoids</term><term>Glycyrrhizic Acid</term><term>Interferon-alpha</term><term>Interferon-beta</term><term>Pyrimidinones</term><term>Ribavirin</term><term>Rimantadine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>SARS Virus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pharmacologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Acide chlorogénique</term><term>Acide glycyrrhizique</term><term>Antiviraux</term><term>Flavonoïdes</term><term>Interféron alpha</term><term>Interféron bêta</term><term>Pyrimidinones</term><term>Ribavirine</term><term>Rimantadine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term><term>Cell Line</term><term>Drug Synergism</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Interferon beta-1a</term><term>Lopinavir</term><term>Male</term><term>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Viral Plaque Assay</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Acide chlorogénique</term><term>Acide glycyrrhizique</term><term>Adulte</term><term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term><term>Coronavirus</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Flavonoïdes</term><term>Humains</term><term>In vitro</term><term>Interféron bêta-1a</term><term>Lignée cellulaire</term><term>Lopinavir</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Méthode des plages virales</term><term>Synergie des médicaments</term><term>Test sensibilité médicamenteuse</term><term>Sensibilité</term><term>Isolat clinique</term><term>Antiviral</term><term>Grave</term><term>Malade état grave</term><term>Aigu</term><term>Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère</term><term>Tests de sensibilité microbienne</term><term>Virus du SRAS</term><term>Voie respiratoire</term><term>Epidémie</term><term>Microbiologie</term><term>Virologie</term><term>Forme grave</term><term>Virus syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Effective antiviral agents are urgently needed to combat the possible return of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Commercial antiviral agents and pure chemical compounds extracted from traditional Chinese medicinal herbs were screened against 10 clinical isolates of SARS coronavirus by neutralisation tests with confirmation by plaque reduction assays. Interferon-beta-la, leukocytic interferon-alpha, ribavirin, lopinavir, rimantadine, baicalin and glycyrrhizin showed antiviral activity. The two interferons were only active if the cell lines were pre-incubated with the drugs 16 h before viral inoculation. Results were confirmed by plaque reduction assays. Antiviral activity varied with the use of different cell lines. Checkerboard assays for synergy were performed showing combinations of interferon beta-1a or leukocytic interferon-alpha with ribavirin are synergistic. Since the clinical and toxicity profiles of these agents are well known, they should be considered either singly or in combination for prophylaxis or treatment of SARS in randomised placebo controlled trials in future epidemics.</div></front></TEI><double idat="1386-6532:2004:Chen F:in:vitro:susceptibility"><INIST><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en" level="a">In vitro susceptibility of 10 clinical isolates of SARS coronavirus to selected antiviral compounds</title><author><name sortKey="Chen, F" sort="Chen, F" uniqKey="Chen F" first="F." last="Chen">F. Chen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Centre for Research in Plant Drugs Development, Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Centre for Research in Plant Drugs Development, Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, K H" sort="Chan, K H" uniqKey="Chan K" first="K. H." last="Chan">K. H. Chan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jiang, Y" sort="Jiang, Y" uniqKey="Jiang Y" first="Y." last="Jiang">Y. Jiang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kao, R Y T" sort="Kao, R Y T" uniqKey="Kao R" first="R. Y. T." last="Kao">R. Y. T. Kao</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, H T" sort="Lu, H T" uniqKey="Lu H" first="H. T." last="Lu">H. T. Lu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Centre for Research in Plant Drugs Development, Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Centre for Research in Plant Drugs Development, Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fan, K W" sort="Fan, K W" uniqKey="Fan K" first="K. W." last="Fan">K. W. Fan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Centre for Research in Plant Drugs Development, Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Centre for Research in Plant Drugs Development, Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, V C C" sort="Cheng, V C C" uniqKey="Cheng V" first="V. C. C." last="Cheng">V. C. C. Cheng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tsui, W H W" sort="Tsui, W H W" uniqKey="Tsui W" first="W. H. W." last="Tsui">W. H. W. Tsui</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hung, I F N" sort="Hung, I F N" uniqKey="Hung I" first="I. F. N." last="Hung">I. F. N. Hung</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, T S W" sort="Lee, T S W" uniqKey="Lee T" first="T. S. W." last="Lee">T. S. W. Lee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guan, Y" sort="Guan, Y" uniqKey="Guan Y" first="Y." last="Guan">Y. Guan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peiris, J S M" sort="Peiris, J S M" uniqKey="Peiris J" first="J. S. M." last="Peiris">J. S. M. Peiris</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yuen, K Y" sort="Yuen, K Y" uniqKey="Yuen K" first="K. Y." last="Yuen">K. Y. Yuen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">INIST</idno><idno type="inist">04-0464714</idno><date when="2004">2004</date><idno type="stanalyst">PASCAL 04-0464714 INIST</idno><idno type="RBID">Pascal:04-0464714</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Corpus">000822</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Curation">000168</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Checkpoint">000830</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PascalFrancis" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000830</idno><idno type="wicri:doubleKey">1386-6532:2004:Chen F:in:vitro:susceptibility</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">005F81</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a">In vitro susceptibility of 10 clinical isolates of SARS coronavirus to selected antiviral compounds</title><author><name sortKey="Chen, F" sort="Chen, F" uniqKey="Chen F" first="F." last="Chen">F. Chen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Centre for Research in Plant Drugs Development, Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Centre for Research in Plant Drugs Development, Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, K H" sort="Chan, K H" uniqKey="Chan K" first="K. H." last="Chan">K. H. Chan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jiang, Y" sort="Jiang, Y" uniqKey="Jiang Y" first="Y." last="Jiang">Y. Jiang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kao, R Y T" sort="Kao, R Y T" uniqKey="Kao R" first="R. Y. T." last="Kao">R. Y. T. Kao</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, H T" sort="Lu, H T" uniqKey="Lu H" first="H. T." last="Lu">H. T. Lu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Centre for Research in Plant Drugs Development, Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Centre for Research in Plant Drugs Development, Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fan, K W" sort="Fan, K W" uniqKey="Fan K" first="K. W." last="Fan">K. W. Fan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Centre for Research in Plant Drugs Development, Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Centre for Research in Plant Drugs Development, Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, V C C" sort="Cheng, V C C" uniqKey="Cheng V" first="V. C. C." last="Cheng">V. C. C. Cheng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tsui, W H W" sort="Tsui, W H W" uniqKey="Tsui W" first="W. H. W." last="Tsui">W. H. W. Tsui</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hung, I F N" sort="Hung, I F N" uniqKey="Hung I" first="I. F. N." last="Hung">I. F. N. Hung</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, T S W" sort="Lee, T S W" uniqKey="Lee T" first="T. S. W." last="Lee">T. S. W. Lee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guan, Y" sort="Guan, Y" uniqKey="Guan Y" first="Y." last="Guan">Y. Guan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peiris, J S M" sort="Peiris, J S M" uniqKey="Peiris J" first="J. S. M." last="Peiris">J. S. M. Peiris</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yuen, K Y" sort="Yuen, K Y" uniqKey="Yuen K" first="K. Y." last="Yuen">K. Y. Yuen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</s1><s3>HKG</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Hong Kong</country><wicri:noRegion>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j" type="main">Journal of clinical virology</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">J. clin. virol.</title><idno type="ISSN">1386-6532</idno><imprint><date when="2004">2004</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">Journal of clinical virology</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">J. clin. virol.</title><idno type="ISSN">1386-6532</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Acute</term><term>Antiviral</term><term>Clinical isolate</term><term>Coronavirus</term><term>Critically ill</term><term>Drug susceptibility test</term><term>Epidemic</term><term>In vitro</term><term>Microbiology</term><term>Respiratory tract</term><term>Sensitivity</term><term>Severe</term><term>Severe acute respiratory syndrome</term><term>Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus</term><term>Virology</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Coronavirus</term><term>In vitro</term><term>Test sensibilité médicamenteuse</term><term>Sensibilité</term><term>Isolat clinique</term><term>Antiviral</term><term>Grave</term><term>Malade état grave</term><term>Aigu</term><term>Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère</term><term>Voie respiratoire</term><term>Epidémie</term><term>Microbiologie</term><term>Virologie</term><term>Forme grave</term><term>Virus syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Effective antiviral agents are urgently needed to combat the possible return of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Commercial antiviral agents and pure chemical compounds extracted from traditional Chinese medicinal herbs were screened against 10 clinical isolates of SARS coronavirus by neutralisation tests with confirmation by plaque reduction assays. Interferon-beta-la, leukocytic interferon-alpha, ribavirin, lopinavir, rimantadine, baicalin and glycyrrhizin showed antiviral activity. The two interferons were only active if the cell lines were pre-incubated with the drugs 16 h before viral inoculation. Results were confirmed by plaque reduction assays. Antiviral activity varied with the use of different cell lines. Checkerboard assays for synergy were performed showing combinations of interferon beta-1a or leukocytic interferon-alpha with ribavirin are synergistic. Since the clinical and toxicity profiles of these agents are well known, they should be considered either singly or in combination for prophylaxis or treatment of SARS in randomised placebo controlled trials in future epidemics.</div></front></TEI></INIST><PMC><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">In vitro susceptibility of 10 clinical isolates of SARS coronavirus to selected antiviral compounds</title><author><name sortKey="Chen, F" sort="Chen, F" uniqKey="Chen F" first="F" last="Chen">F. Chen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF1">Centre for Research in Plant Drugs Development, Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research in Plant Drugs Development, Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Pokfulam Road</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, K H" sort="Chan, K H" uniqKey="Chan K" first="K. H" last="Chan">K. H Chan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF2">Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jiang, Y" sort="Jiang, Y" uniqKey="Jiang Y" first="Y" last="Jiang">Y. Jiang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF3">Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kowloon Tong</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kao, R Y T" sort="Kao, R Y T" uniqKey="Kao R" first="R. Y. T" last="Kao">R. Y. T Kao</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF2">Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, H T" sort="Lu, H T" uniqKey="Lu H" first="H. T" last="Lu">H. T Lu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF1">Centre for Research in Plant Drugs Development, Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research in Plant Drugs Development, Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Pokfulam Road</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fan, K W" sort="Fan, K W" uniqKey="Fan K" first="K. W" last="Fan">K. W Fan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF1">Centre for Research in Plant Drugs Development, Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research in Plant Drugs Development, Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Pokfulam Road</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, V C C" sort="Cheng, V C C" uniqKey="Cheng V" first="V. C. C" last="Cheng">V. C. C Cheng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF2">Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tsui, W H W" sort="Tsui, W H W" uniqKey="Tsui W" first="W. H. W" last="Tsui">W. H. W Tsui</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF2">Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hung, I F N" sort="Hung, I F N" uniqKey="Hung I" first="I. F. N" last="Hung">I. F. N Hung</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF2">Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, T S W" sort="Lee, T S W" uniqKey="Lee T" first="T. S. W" last="Lee">T. S. W Lee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF2">Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guan, Y" sort="Guan, Y" uniqKey="Guan Y" first="Y" last="Guan">Y. Guan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF2">Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peiris, J S M" sort="Peiris, J S M" uniqKey="Peiris J" first="J. S. M" last="Peiris">J. S. M Peiris</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF2">Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yuen, K Y" sort="Yuen, K Y" uniqKey="Yuen K" first="K. Y" last="Yuen">K. Y Yuen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF2">Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">15288617</idno><idno type="pmc">7128415</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7128415</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7128415</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.jcv.2004.03.003</idno><date when="2004">2004</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000890</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000890</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000890</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000890</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">001630</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001630</idno><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><idno type="RBID">pubmed:15288617</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">002C39</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">002C39</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">002C39</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">002C39</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">002C45</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">002C45</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000975</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">000975</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">000975</idno><idno type="wicri:doubleKey">1386-6532:2004:Chen F:in:vitro:susceptibility</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">005699</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">In vitro susceptibility of 10 clinical isolates of SARS coronavirus to selected antiviral compounds</title><author><name sortKey="Chen, F" sort="Chen, F" uniqKey="Chen F" first="F" last="Chen">F. Chen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF1">Centre for Research in Plant Drugs Development, Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research in Plant Drugs Development, Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Pokfulam Road</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, K H" sort="Chan, K H" uniqKey="Chan K" first="K. H" last="Chan">K. H Chan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF2">Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jiang, Y" sort="Jiang, Y" uniqKey="Jiang Y" first="Y" last="Jiang">Y. Jiang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF3">Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kowloon Tong</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kao, R Y T" sort="Kao, R Y T" uniqKey="Kao R" first="R. Y. T" last="Kao">R. Y. T Kao</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF2">Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, H T" sort="Lu, H T" uniqKey="Lu H" first="H. T" last="Lu">H. T Lu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF1">Centre for Research in Plant Drugs Development, Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research in Plant Drugs Development, Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Pokfulam Road</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fan, K W" sort="Fan, K W" uniqKey="Fan K" first="K. W" last="Fan">K. W Fan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF1">Centre for Research in Plant Drugs Development, Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research in Plant Drugs Development, Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Pokfulam Road</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, V C C" sort="Cheng, V C C" uniqKey="Cheng V" first="V. C. C" last="Cheng">V. C. C Cheng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF2">Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tsui, W H W" sort="Tsui, W H W" uniqKey="Tsui W" first="W. H. W" last="Tsui">W. H. W Tsui</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF2">Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hung, I F N" sort="Hung, I F N" uniqKey="Hung I" first="I. F. N" last="Hung">I. F. N Hung</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF2">Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, T S W" sort="Lee, T S W" uniqKey="Lee T" first="T. S. W" last="Lee">T. S. W Lee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF2">Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guan, Y" sort="Guan, Y" uniqKey="Guan Y" first="Y" last="Guan">Y. Guan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF2">Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peiris, J S M" sort="Peiris, J S M" uniqKey="Peiris J" first="J. S. M" last="Peiris">J. S. M Peiris</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF2">Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yuen, K Y" sort="Yuen, K Y" uniqKey="Yuen K" first="K. Y" last="Yuen">K. Y Yuen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF2">Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Hong Kong</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Queen Mary Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Clinical Virology</title><idno type="ISSN">1386-6532</idno><idno type="eISSN">1873-5967</idno><imprint><date when="2004">2004</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term><term>Antiviral Agents (pharmacology)</term><term>Cell Line</term><term>Chlorogenic Acid (chemistry)</term><term>Chlorogenic Acid (pharmacology)</term><term>Drug Synergism</term><term>Female</term><term>Flavonoids (chemistry)</term><term>Flavonoids (pharmacology)</term><term>Glycyrrhizic Acid (chemistry)</term><term>Glycyrrhizic Acid (pharmacology)</term><term>Humans</term><term>Interferon beta-1a</term><term>Interferon-alpha (pharmacology)</term><term>Interferon-beta (pharmacology)</term><term>Lopinavir</term><term>Male</term><term>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Pyrimidinones (pharmacology)</term><term>Ribavirin (pharmacology)</term><term>Rimantadine (pharmacology)</term><term>SARS Virus (drug effects)</term><term>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (virology)</term><term>Viral Plaque Assay</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Acide chlorogénique ()</term><term>Acide chlorogénique (pharmacologie)</term><term>Acide glycyrrhizique ()</term><term>Acide glycyrrhizique (pharmacologie)</term><term>Adulte</term><term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term><term>Antiviraux (pharmacologie)</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Flavonoïdes ()</term><term>Flavonoïdes (pharmacologie)</term><term>Humains</term><term>Interféron alpha (pharmacologie)</term><term>Interféron bêta (pharmacologie)</term><term>Interféron bêta-1a</term><term>Lignée cellulaire</term><term>Lopinavir</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Méthode des plages virales</term><term>Pyrimidinones (pharmacologie)</term><term>Ribavirine (pharmacologie)</term><term>Rimantadine (pharmacologie)</term><term>Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère (virologie)</term><term>Synergie des médicaments</term><term>Tests de sensibilité microbienne</term><term>Virus du SRAS ()</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en"><term>Chlorogenic Acid</term><term>Flavonoids</term><term>Glycyrrhizic Acid</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacology" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiviral Agents</term><term>Chlorogenic Acid</term><term>Flavonoids</term><term>Glycyrrhizic Acid</term><term>Interferon-alpha</term><term>Interferon-beta</term><term>Pyrimidinones</term><term>Ribavirin</term><term>Rimantadine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>SARS Virus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pharmacologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Acide chlorogénique</term><term>Acide glycyrrhizique</term><term>Antiviraux</term><term>Flavonoïdes</term><term>Interféron alpha</term><term>Interféron bêta</term><term>Pyrimidinones</term><term>Ribavirine</term><term>Rimantadine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term><term>Cell Line</term><term>Drug Synergism</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Interferon beta-1a</term><term>Lopinavir</term><term>Male</term><term>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Viral Plaque Assay</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Acide chlorogénique</term><term>Acide glycyrrhizique</term><term>Adulte</term><term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Flavonoïdes</term><term>Humains</term><term>Interféron bêta-1a</term><term>Lignée cellulaire</term><term>Lopinavir</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Méthode des plages virales</term><term>Synergie des médicaments</term><term>Tests de sensibilité microbienne</term><term>Virus du SRAS</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Effective antiviral agents are urgently needed to combat the possible return of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Commercial antiviral agents and pure chemical compounds extracted from traditional Chinese medicinal herbs were screened against 10 clinical isolates of SARS coronavirus by neutralisation tests with confirmation by plaque reduction assays. Interferon-beta-1a, leukocytic interferon-alpha, ribavirin, lopinavir, rimantadine, baicalin and glycyrrhizin showed antiviral activity. The two interferons were only active if the cell lines were pre-incubated with the drugs 16 h before viral inoculation. Results were confirmed by plaque reduction assays. Antiviral activity varied with the use of different cell lines. Checkerboard assays for synergy were performed showing combinations of interferon beta-1a or leukocytic interferon-alpha with ribavirin are synergistic. 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