Cellular and Humoral Responses to Influenza in Gabonese Children Living in Rural and Semi-Urban Areas
Identifieur interne : 001A51 ( PascalFrancis/Checkpoint ); précédent : 001A50; suivant : 001A52Cellular and Humoral Responses to Influenza in Gabonese Children Living in Rural and Semi-Urban Areas
Auteurs : E. Van Riet [Pays-Bas] ; A. A. Adegnika [Pays-Bas, Gabon, Allemagne] ; K. Retra [Pays-Bas] ; R. Vieira [Pays-Bas] ; A. G. M. Tielens [Pays-Bas] ; B. Lell [Gabon, Allemagne] ; S. Issifou [Gabon] ; F. C. Hangers [Pays-Bas] ; G. F. Rimmelzwaan [Pays-Bas] ; P. G. Kremsner [Gabon, Allemagne] ; M. Yazdanbakhsh [Pays-Bas, Gabon]Source :
- The Journal of infectious diseases [ 0022-1899 ] ; 2007.
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- Pascal (Inist)
- Wicri :
English descriptors
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Abstract
Background. With the current attention to the pandemic threat of avian influenza viruses, it is recognized that there is little information on influenza in Africa. In addition, the effects of influenza vaccination in African countries could be very different from the effects in regions with less exposure to microorganisms and parasites. Methods. To monitor the presence of influenza viruses and investigate the immunological responses to influenza vaccination, schoolchildren in semi-urban and rural regions of Gabon were studied. Influenza-specific antibody responses to the 3 strains represented in the vaccine were determined in the serum. Furthermore, cytokine responses were measured after in vitro stimulation of whole blood by influenza antigens, before and after vaccination. Results. Prevaccination titers of antibody against H3N2 were high. At vaccination, the titers of antibody against the 3 influenza strains increased significantly. The anti-H1N1 and anti-B responses after vaccination were weaker in rural schoolchildren than in semi-urban schoolchildren. Influenza-specific cytokine responses were induced within a week, showing significantly lower interferon-y and significantly higher interleukin-5 in the children from rural areas. Conclusions. Prevaccination antibody levels indicated that influenza viruses circulate in Gabon. Altogether, influenza vaccination induces weaker immune responses in a rural population than in a semi-urban population of Gabonese schoolchildren.
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Gabon, Pays-Bas
- Bade-Wurtemberg, District de Tübingen, Hollande-Méridionale, Utrecht (province)
- Leyde, Rotterdam, Tübingen, Utrecht
- Université d'Utrecht
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Retra</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center</s1><s2>Leiden</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Leyde</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University</s1><s2>Utrecht</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Utrecht</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Utrecht (province)</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Utrecht</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vieira, R" sort="Vieira, R" uniqKey="Vieira R" first="R." last="Vieira">R. Vieira</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center</s1><s2>Leiden</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Leyde</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tielens, A G M" sort="Tielens, A G M" uniqKey="Tielens A" first="A. G. M." last="Tielens">A. G. M. Tielens</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University</s1><s2>Utrecht</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Utrecht</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Utrecht (province)</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Utrecht</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lell, B" sort="Lell, B" uniqKey="Lell B" first="B." last="Lell">B. Lell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Medical Research Unit, Albert Schweitzer Hospital</s1><s2>Lambaréné</s2><s3>GAB</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Gabon</country><wicri:noRegion>Lambaréné</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Department of Human Parasitology, Institute for Tropical Medicine, Tübingen University</s1><s2>Tübingen</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Issifou, S" sort="Issifou, S" uniqKey="Issifou S" first="S." last="Issifou">S. Issifou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Medical Research Unit, Albert Schweitzer Hospital</s1><s2>Lambaréné</s2><s3>GAB</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Gabon</country><wicri:noRegion>Lambaréné</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hangers, F C" sort="Hangers, F C" uniqKey="Hangers F" first="F. C." last="Hangers">F. C. Hangers</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center</s1><s2>Leiden</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Leyde</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rimmelzwaan, G F" sort="Rimmelzwaan, G F" uniqKey="Rimmelzwaan G" first="G. F." last="Rimmelzwaan">G. F. Rimmelzwaan</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Department of Virology and National Influenza Center, Erasmus Medical Center</s1><s2>Rotterdam</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Rotterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kremsner, P G" sort="Kremsner, P G" uniqKey="Kremsner P" first="P. G." last="Kremsner">P. G. Kremsner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Medical Research Unit, Albert Schweitzer Hospital</s1><s2>Lambaréné</s2><s3>GAB</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Gabon</country><wicri:noRegion>Lambaréné</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Department of Human Parasitology, Institute for Tropical Medicine, Tübingen University</s1><s2>Tübingen</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yazdanbakhsh, M" sort="Yazdanbakhsh, M" uniqKey="Yazdanbakhsh M" first="M." last="Yazdanbakhsh">M. Yazdanbakhsh</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center</s1><s2>Leiden</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Leyde</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Medical Research Unit, Albert Schweitzer Hospital</s1><s2>Lambaréné</s2><s3>GAB</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Gabon</country><wicri:noRegion>Lambaréné</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">INIST</idno><idno type="inist">08-0315805</idno><date when="2007">2007</date><idno type="stanalyst">PASCAL 08-0315805 INIST</idno><idno type="RBID">Pascal:08-0315805</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Corpus">001971</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Curation">000527</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Checkpoint">001A51</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PascalFrancis" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001A51</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Cellular and Humoral Responses to Influenza in Gabonese Children Living in Rural and Semi-Urban Areas</title><author><name sortKey="Van Riet, E" sort="Van Riet, E" uniqKey="Van Riet E" first="E." last="Van Riet">E. Van Riet</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center</s1><s2>Leiden</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Leyde</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adegnika, A A" sort="Adegnika, A A" uniqKey="Adegnika A" first="A. A." last="Adegnika">A. A. Adegnika</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center</s1><s2>Leiden</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Leyde</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Medical Research Unit, Albert Schweitzer Hospital</s1><s2>Lambaréné</s2><s3>GAB</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Gabon</country><wicri:noRegion>Lambaréné</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Department of Human Parasitology, Institute for Tropical Medicine, Tübingen University</s1><s2>Tübingen</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Retra, K" sort="Retra, K" uniqKey="Retra K" first="K." last="Retra">K. Retra</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center</s1><s2>Leiden</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Leyde</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University</s1><s2>Utrecht</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Utrecht</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Utrecht (province)</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Utrecht</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vieira, R" sort="Vieira, R" uniqKey="Vieira R" first="R." last="Vieira">R. Vieira</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center</s1><s2>Leiden</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Leyde</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tielens, A G M" sort="Tielens, A G M" uniqKey="Tielens A" first="A. G. M." last="Tielens">A. G. M. Tielens</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University</s1><s2>Utrecht</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Utrecht</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Utrecht (province)</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Utrecht</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lell, B" sort="Lell, B" uniqKey="Lell B" first="B." last="Lell">B. Lell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Medical Research Unit, Albert Schweitzer Hospital</s1><s2>Lambaréné</s2><s3>GAB</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Gabon</country><wicri:noRegion>Lambaréné</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Department of Human Parasitology, Institute for Tropical Medicine, Tübingen University</s1><s2>Tübingen</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Issifou, S" sort="Issifou, S" uniqKey="Issifou S" first="S." last="Issifou">S. Issifou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Medical Research Unit, Albert Schweitzer Hospital</s1><s2>Lambaréné</s2><s3>GAB</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Gabon</country><wicri:noRegion>Lambaréné</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hangers, F C" sort="Hangers, F C" uniqKey="Hangers F" first="F. C." last="Hangers">F. C. Hangers</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center</s1><s2>Leiden</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Leyde</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rimmelzwaan, G F" sort="Rimmelzwaan, G F" uniqKey="Rimmelzwaan G" first="G. F." last="Rimmelzwaan">G. F. Rimmelzwaan</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Department of Virology and National Influenza Center, Erasmus Medical Center</s1><s2>Rotterdam</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Rotterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kremsner, P G" sort="Kremsner, P G" uniqKey="Kremsner P" first="P. G." last="Kremsner">P. G. Kremsner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Medical Research Unit, Albert Schweitzer Hospital</s1><s2>Lambaréné</s2><s3>GAB</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Gabon</country><wicri:noRegion>Lambaréné</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Department of Human Parasitology, Institute for Tropical Medicine, Tübingen University</s1><s2>Tübingen</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yazdanbakhsh, M" sort="Yazdanbakhsh, M" uniqKey="Yazdanbakhsh M" first="M." last="Yazdanbakhsh">M. Yazdanbakhsh</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center</s1><s2>Leiden</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Leyde</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Medical Research Unit, Albert Schweitzer Hospital</s1><s2>Lambaréné</s2><s3>GAB</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Gabon</country><wicri:noRegion>Lambaréné</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j" type="main">The Journal of infectious diseases</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">J. infect. dis.</title><idno type="ISSN">0022-1899</idno><imprint><date when="2007">2007</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">The Journal of infectious diseases</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">J. infect. dis.</title><idno type="ISSN">0022-1899</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Child</term><term>Gabon</term><term>Humoral immunity</term><term>Immune response</term><term>Influenza</term><term>Rural environment</term><term>Serology</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Immunité humorale</term><term>Enfant</term><term>Gabon</term><term>Milieu rural</term><term>Réponse immune</term><term>Sérologie</term><term>Grippe</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="geographic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Gabon</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Enfant</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Background. With the current attention to the pandemic threat of avian influenza viruses, it is recognized that there is little information on influenza in Africa. In addition, the effects of influenza vaccination in African countries could be very different from the effects in regions with less exposure to microorganisms and parasites. Methods. To monitor the presence of influenza viruses and investigate the immunological responses to influenza vaccination, schoolchildren in semi-urban and rural regions of Gabon were studied. Influenza-specific antibody responses to the 3 strains represented in the vaccine were determined in the serum. Furthermore, cytokine responses were measured after in vitro stimulation of whole blood by influenza antigens, before and after vaccination. Results. Prevaccination titers of antibody against H3N2 were high. At vaccination, the titers of antibody against the 3 influenza strains increased significantly. The anti-H1N1 and anti-B responses after vaccination were weaker in rural schoolchildren than in semi-urban schoolchildren. Influenza-specific cytokine responses were induced within a week, showing significantly lower interferon-y and significantly higher interleukin-5 in the children from rural areas. Conclusions. Prevaccination antibody levels indicated that influenza viruses circulate in Gabon. Altogether, influenza vaccination induces weaker immune responses in a rural population than in a semi-urban population of Gabonese schoolchildren.</div></front></TEI><inist><standard h6="B"><pA><fA01 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>0022-1899</s0></fA01><fA02 i1="01"><s0>JIDIAQ</s0></fA02><fA03 i2="1"><s0>J. infect. dis.</s0></fA03><fA05><s2>196</s2></fA05><fA06><s2>11</s2></fA06><fA08 i1="01" i2="1" l="ENG"><s1>Cellular and Humoral Responses to Influenza in Gabonese Children Living in Rural and Semi-Urban Areas</s1></fA08><fA11 i1="01" i2="1"><s1>VAN RIET (E.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="02" i2="1"><s1>ADEGNIKA (A. A.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="03" i2="1"><s1>RETRA (K.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="04" i2="1"><s1>VIEIRA (R.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="05" i2="1"><s1>TIELENS (A. G. M.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="06" i2="1"><s1>LELL (B.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="07" i2="1"><s1>ISSIFOU (S.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="08" i2="1"><s1>HANGERS (F. C.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="09" i2="1"><s1>RIMMELZWAAN (G. F.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="10" i2="1"><s1>KREMSNER (P. G.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="11" i2="1"><s1>YAZDANBAKHSH (M.)</s1></fA11><fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center</s1><s2>Leiden</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="02"><s1>Medical Research Unit, Albert Schweitzer Hospital</s1><s2>Lambaréné</s2><s3>GAB</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="03"><s1>Department of Human Parasitology, Institute for Tropical Medicine, Tübingen University</s1><s2>Tübingen</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="04"><s1>Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University</s1><s2>Utrecht</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="05"><s1>Department of Virology and National Influenza Center, Erasmus Medical Center</s1><s2>Rotterdam</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA20><s1>1671-1678</s1></fA20><fA21><s1>2007</s1></fA21><fA23 i1="01"><s0>ENG</s0></fA23><fA43 i1="01"><s1>INIST</s1><s2>2052</s2><s5>354000173810300130</s5></fA43><fA44><s0>0000</s0><s1>© 2008 INIST-CNRS. All rights reserved.</s1></fA44><fA45><s0>41 ref.</s0></fA45><fA47 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>08-0315805</s0></fA47><fA60><s1>P</s1></fA60><fA61><s0>A</s0></fA61><fA64 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>The Journal of infectious diseases</s0></fA64><fA66 i1="01"><s0>USA</s0></fA66><fC01 i1="01" l="ENG"><s0>Background. With the current attention to the pandemic threat of avian influenza viruses, it is recognized that there is little information on influenza in Africa. In addition, the effects of influenza vaccination in African countries could be very different from the effects in regions with less exposure to microorganisms and parasites. Methods. To monitor the presence of influenza viruses and investigate the immunological responses to influenza vaccination, schoolchildren in semi-urban and rural regions of Gabon were studied. Influenza-specific antibody responses to the 3 strains represented in the vaccine were determined in the serum. Furthermore, cytokine responses were measured after in vitro stimulation of whole blood by influenza antigens, before and after vaccination. Results. Prevaccination titers of antibody against H3N2 were high. At vaccination, the titers of antibody against the 3 influenza strains increased significantly. The anti-H1N1 and anti-B responses after vaccination were weaker in rural schoolchildren than in semi-urban schoolchildren. Influenza-specific cytokine responses were induced within a week, showing significantly lower interferon-y and significantly higher interleukin-5 in the children from rural areas. Conclusions. Prevaccination antibody levels indicated that influenza viruses circulate in Gabon. Altogether, influenza vaccination induces weaker immune responses in a rural population than in a semi-urban population of Gabonese schoolchildren.</s0></fC01><fC02 i1="01" i2="X"><s0>002B05C02C</s0></fC02><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Immunité humorale</s0><s5>05</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Humoral immunity</s0><s5>05</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Inmunidad humoral</s0><s5>05</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Enfant</s0><s5>06</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Child</s0><s5>06</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Niño</s0><s5>06</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Gabon</s0><s2>NG</s2><s5>07</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Gabon</s0><s2>NG</s2><s5>07</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Gabon</s0><s2>NG</s2><s5>07</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Milieu rural</s0><s5>08</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Rural environment</s0><s5>08</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Medio rural</s0><s5>08</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Réponse immune</s0><s5>09</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Immune response</s0><s5>09</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Respuesta inmune</s0><s5>09</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Sérologie</s0><s5>10</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Serology</s0><s5>10</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Serología</s0><s5>10</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Grippe</s0><s5>14</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Influenza</s0><s5>14</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Gripe</s0><s5>14</s5></fC03><fC07 i1="01" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Homme</s0></fC07><fC07 i1="01" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Human</s0></fC07><fC07 i1="01" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Hombre</s0></fC07><fC07 i1="02" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Afrique</s0><s2>NG</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="02" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Africa</s0><s2>NG</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="02" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Africa</s0><s2>NG</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="03" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Virose</s0></fC07><fC07 i1="03" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Viral disease</s0></fC07><fC07 i1="03" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Virosis</s0></fC07><fC07 i1="04" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Infection</s0></fC07><fC07 i1="04" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Infection</s0></fC07><fC07 i1="04" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Infección</s0></fC07><fN21><s1>196</s1></fN21></pA></standard></inist><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Gabon</li><li>Pays-Bas</li></country><region><li>Bade-Wurtemberg</li><li>District de Tübingen</li><li>Hollande-Méridionale</li><li>Utrecht (province)</li></region><settlement><li>Leyde</li><li>Rotterdam</li><li>Tübingen</li><li>Utrecht</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université d'Utrecht</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Pays-Bas"><region name="Hollande-Méridionale"><name sortKey="Van Riet, E" sort="Van Riet, E" uniqKey="Van Riet E" first="E." last="Van Riet">E. Van Riet</name></region><name sortKey="Adegnika, A A" sort="Adegnika, A A" uniqKey="Adegnika A" first="A. A." last="Adegnika">A. A. Adegnika</name><name sortKey="Hangers, F C" sort="Hangers, F C" uniqKey="Hangers F" first="F. C." last="Hangers">F. C. Hangers</name><name sortKey="Retra, K" sort="Retra, K" uniqKey="Retra K" first="K." last="Retra">K. Retra</name><name sortKey="Retra, K" sort="Retra, K" uniqKey="Retra K" first="K." last="Retra">K. Retra</name><name sortKey="Rimmelzwaan, G F" sort="Rimmelzwaan, G F" uniqKey="Rimmelzwaan G" first="G. F." last="Rimmelzwaan">G. F. Rimmelzwaan</name><name sortKey="Tielens, A G M" sort="Tielens, A G M" uniqKey="Tielens A" first="A. G. M." last="Tielens">A. G. M. Tielens</name><name sortKey="Vieira, R" sort="Vieira, R" uniqKey="Vieira R" first="R." last="Vieira">R. Vieira</name><name sortKey="Yazdanbakhsh, M" sort="Yazdanbakhsh, M" uniqKey="Yazdanbakhsh M" first="M." last="Yazdanbakhsh">M. Yazdanbakhsh</name></country><country name="Gabon"><noRegion><name sortKey="Adegnika, A A" sort="Adegnika, A A" uniqKey="Adegnika A" first="A. A." last="Adegnika">A. A. Adegnika</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Issifou, S" sort="Issifou, S" uniqKey="Issifou S" first="S." last="Issifou">S. Issifou</name><name sortKey="Kremsner, P G" sort="Kremsner, P G" uniqKey="Kremsner P" first="P. G." last="Kremsner">P. G. Kremsner</name><name sortKey="Lell, B" sort="Lell, B" uniqKey="Lell B" first="B." last="Lell">B. Lell</name><name sortKey="Yazdanbakhsh, M" sort="Yazdanbakhsh, M" uniqKey="Yazdanbakhsh M" first="M." last="Yazdanbakhsh">M. Yazdanbakhsh</name></country><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Bade-Wurtemberg"><name sortKey="Adegnika, A A" sort="Adegnika, A A" uniqKey="Adegnika A" first="A. A." last="Adegnika">A. A. Adegnika</name></region><name sortKey="Kremsner, P G" sort="Kremsner, P G" uniqKey="Kremsner P" first="P. G." last="Kremsner">P. G. 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