Exit and Entry Screening Practices for Infectious Diseases among Travelers at Points of Entry: Looking for Evidence on Public Health Impact
Identifieur interne : 002024 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 002023; suivant : 002025Exit and Entry Screening Practices for Infectious Diseases among Travelers at Points of Entry: Looking for Evidence on Public Health Impact
Auteurs : Varvara A. Mouchtouri ; Eleni P. Christoforidou ; Maria An Der Heiden ; Cinthia Menel Lemos ; Margherita Fanos ; Ute Rexroth ; Ulrike Grote ; Evelien Belfroid ; Corien Swaan ; Christos HadjichristodoulouSource :
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [ 1661-7827 ] ; 2019.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Afrique de l'Ouest (épidémiologie), Contrôle des maladies contagieuses (), Dépistage systématique (), Dépistage systématique (normes), Fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola (), Fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola (épidémiologie), Flambées de maladies (), Grippe humaine (), Grippe humaine (épidémiologie), Humains, Maladies transmissibles (diagnostic), Maladies transmissibles (épidémiologie), Santé publique, Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A, Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère (), Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère (épidémiologie), Voyage, Véhicules de transport aérien.
- MESH :
- diagnostic : Maladies transmissibles.
- normes : Dépistage systématique.
- épidémiologie : Afrique de l'Ouest, Fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola, Grippe humaine, Maladies transmissibles, Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère.
- Contrôle des maladies contagieuses, Dépistage systématique, Fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola, Flambées de maladies, Grippe humaine, Humains, Santé publique, Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A, Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère, Voyage, Véhicules de transport aérien.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Africa, Western (epidemiology), Aircraft, Communicable Disease Control (methods), Communicable Diseases (diagnosis), Communicable Diseases (epidemiology), Disease Outbreaks (prevention & control), Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola (epidemiology), Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola (prevention & control), Humans, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype, Influenza, Human (epidemiology), Influenza, Human (prevention & control), Mass Screening (standards), Mass Screening (statistics & numerical data), Public Health, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (epidemiology), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (prevention & control), Travel.
- MESH :
- geographic , epidemiology : Africa, Western.
- diagnosis : Communicable Diseases.
- epidemiology : Communicable Diseases, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola, Influenza, Human, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome.
- methods : Communicable Disease Control.
- prevention & control : Disease Outbreaks, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola, Influenza, Human, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome.
- standards : Mass Screening.
- statistics & numerical data : Mass Screening.
- Aircraft, Humans, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype, Public Health, Travel.
Abstract
A scoping search and a systematic literature review were conducted to give an insight on entry and exit screening referring to travelers at points of entry, by analyzing published evidence on practices, guidelines, and experiences in the past 15 years worldwide. Grey literature, PubMed. and Scopus were searched using specific terms. Most of the available data identified through the systematic literature review concerned entry screening measures at airports. Little evidence is available about entry and exit screening measure implementation and effectiveness at ports and ground crossings. Exit screening was part of the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) temporary recommendations for implementation in certain points of entry, for specific time periods. Exit screening measures for Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in the three most affected West African countries did not identify any cases and showed zero sensitivity and very low specificity. The percentages of confirmed cases identified out of the total numbers of travelers that passed through entry screening measures in various countries worldwide for Influenza Pandemic (H1N1) and EVD in West Africa were zero or extremely low. Entry screening measures for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) did not detect any confirmed SARS cases in Australia, Canada, and Singapore. Despite the ineffectiveness of entry and exit screening measures, authors reported several important concomitant positive effects that their impact is difficult to assess, including discouraging travel of ill persons, raising awareness, and educating the traveling public and maintaining operation of flights from/to the affected areas. Exit screening measures in affected areas are important and should be applied jointly with other measures including information strategies, epidemiological investigation, contact tracing, vaccination, and quarantine to achieve a comprehensive outbreak management response. Based on review results, an algorithm about decision-making for entry/exit screening was developed.
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234638
PubMed: 31766548
PubMed Central: 6926871
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PMC:6926871Le document en format XML
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<author><name sortKey="Hadjichristodoulou, Christos" sort="Hadjichristodoulou, Christos" uniqKey="Hadjichristodoulou C" first="Christos" last="Hadjichristodoulou">Christos Hadjichristodoulou</name>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>A scoping search and a systematic literature review were conducted to give an insight on entry and exit screening referring to travelers at points of entry, by analyzing published evidence on practices, guidelines, and experiences in the past 15 years worldwide. Grey literature, PubMed. and Scopus were searched using specific terms. Most of the available data identified through the systematic literature review concerned entry screening measures at airports. Little evidence is available about entry and exit screening measure implementation and effectiveness at ports and ground crossings. Exit screening was part of the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) temporary recommendations for implementation in certain points of entry, for specific time periods. Exit screening measures for Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in the three most affected West African countries did not identify any cases and showed zero sensitivity and very low specificity. The percentages of confirmed cases identified out of the total numbers of travelers that passed through entry screening measures in various countries worldwide for Influenza Pandemic (H1N1) and EVD in West Africa were zero or extremely low. Entry screening measures for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) did not detect any confirmed SARS cases in Australia, Canada, and Singapore. Despite the ineffectiveness of entry and exit screening measures, authors reported several important concomitant positive effects that their impact is difficult to assess, including discouraging travel of ill persons, raising awareness, and educating the traveling public and maintaining operation of flights from/to the affected areas. Exit screening measures in affected areas are important and should be applied jointly with other measures including information strategies, epidemiological investigation, contact tracing, vaccination, and quarantine to achieve a comprehensive outbreak management response. Based on review results, an algorithm about decision-making for entry/exit screening was developed.</p>
</div>
</front>
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</TEI>
<double pmid="31766548"><pmc><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Exit and Entry Screening Practices for Infectious Diseases among Travelers at Points of Entry: Looking for Evidence on Public Health Impact</title>
<author><name sortKey="Mouchtouri, Varvara A" sort="Mouchtouri, Varvara A" uniqKey="Mouchtouri V" first="Varvara A." last="Mouchtouri">Varvara A. Mouchtouri</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-16-04638">Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece;<email>mouchtourib@med.uth.gr</email>
(V.A.M.);<email>elchristof@med.uth.gr</email>
(E.P.C.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Christoforidou, Eleni P" sort="Christoforidou, Eleni P" uniqKey="Christoforidou E" first="Eleni P." last="Christoforidou">Eleni P. Christoforidou</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-16-04638">Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece;<email>mouchtourib@med.uth.gr</email>
(V.A.M.);<email>elchristof@med.uth.gr</email>
(E.P.C.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="An Der Heiden, Maria" sort="An Der Heiden, Maria" uniqKey="An Der Heiden M" first="Maria" last="An Der Heiden">Maria An Der Heiden</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-16-04638">Robert Koch Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, 13353 Berlin, Germany;<email>anderheidenma@rki.de</email>
(M.a.d.H.);<email>rexrothu@rki.de</email>
(U.R.);<email>groteu@rki.de</email>
(U.G.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Menel Lemos, Cinthia" sort="Menel Lemos, Cinthia" uniqKey="Menel Lemos C" first="Cinthia" last="Menel Lemos">Cinthia Menel Lemos</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijerph-16-04638">Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency (Chafea), L-2920 Luxemburg, Luxemburg;<email>cinthia.menel-lemos@ec.europa.eu</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fanos, Margherita" sort="Fanos, Margherita" uniqKey="Fanos M" first="Margherita" last="Fanos">Margherita Fanos</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-ijerph-16-04638">European Commission, DG Health and Food Safety (SANTE), Unit C3—Crisis Management and Preparedness in Health, Luxemburg, L-2920, Luxembourg;<email>margherita.fanos@ec.europa.eu</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rexroth, Ute" sort="Rexroth, Ute" uniqKey="Rexroth U" first="Ute" last="Rexroth">Ute Rexroth</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-16-04638">Robert Koch Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, 13353 Berlin, Germany;<email>anderheidenma@rki.de</email>
(M.a.d.H.);<email>rexrothu@rki.de</email>
(U.R.);<email>groteu@rki.de</email>
(U.G.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grote, Ulrike" sort="Grote, Ulrike" uniqKey="Grote U" first="Ulrike" last="Grote">Ulrike Grote</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-16-04638">Robert Koch Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, 13353 Berlin, Germany;<email>anderheidenma@rki.de</email>
(M.a.d.H.);<email>rexrothu@rki.de</email>
(U.R.);<email>groteu@rki.de</email>
(U.G.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Belfroid, Evelien" sort="Belfroid, Evelien" uniqKey="Belfroid E" first="Evelien" last="Belfroid">Evelien Belfroid</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5-ijerph-16-04638">National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;<email>evelien.belfroid@rivm.nl</email>
(E.B.);<email>corien.swaan@rivm.nl</email>
(C.S.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Swaan, Corien" sort="Swaan, Corien" uniqKey="Swaan C" first="Corien" last="Swaan">Corien Swaan</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5-ijerph-16-04638">National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;<email>evelien.belfroid@rivm.nl</email>
(E.B.);<email>corien.swaan@rivm.nl</email>
(C.S.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hadjichristodoulou, Christos" sort="Hadjichristodoulou, Christos" uniqKey="Hadjichristodoulou C" first="Christos" last="Hadjichristodoulou">Christos Hadjichristodoulou</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-16-04638">Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece;<email>mouchtourib@med.uth.gr</email>
(V.A.M.);<email>elchristof@med.uth.gr</email>
(E.P.C.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
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<idno type="pmid">31766548</idno>
<idno type="pmc">6926871</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6926871</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:6926871</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.3390/ijerph16234638</idno>
<date when="2019">2019</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000F40</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000F40</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000F40</idno>
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<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000075</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000075</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Exit and Entry Screening Practices for Infectious Diseases among Travelers at Points of Entry: Looking for Evidence on Public Health Impact</title>
<author><name sortKey="Mouchtouri, Varvara A" sort="Mouchtouri, Varvara A" uniqKey="Mouchtouri V" first="Varvara A." last="Mouchtouri">Varvara A. Mouchtouri</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-16-04638">Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece;<email>mouchtourib@med.uth.gr</email>
(V.A.M.);<email>elchristof@med.uth.gr</email>
(E.P.C.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Christoforidou, Eleni P" sort="Christoforidou, Eleni P" uniqKey="Christoforidou E" first="Eleni P." last="Christoforidou">Eleni P. Christoforidou</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-16-04638">Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece;<email>mouchtourib@med.uth.gr</email>
(V.A.M.);<email>elchristof@med.uth.gr</email>
(E.P.C.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="An Der Heiden, Maria" sort="An Der Heiden, Maria" uniqKey="An Der Heiden M" first="Maria" last="An Der Heiden">Maria An Der Heiden</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-16-04638">Robert Koch Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, 13353 Berlin, Germany;<email>anderheidenma@rki.de</email>
(M.a.d.H.);<email>rexrothu@rki.de</email>
(U.R.);<email>groteu@rki.de</email>
(U.G.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Menel Lemos, Cinthia" sort="Menel Lemos, Cinthia" uniqKey="Menel Lemos C" first="Cinthia" last="Menel Lemos">Cinthia Menel Lemos</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijerph-16-04638">Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency (Chafea), L-2920 Luxemburg, Luxemburg;<email>cinthia.menel-lemos@ec.europa.eu</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fanos, Margherita" sort="Fanos, Margherita" uniqKey="Fanos M" first="Margherita" last="Fanos">Margherita Fanos</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-ijerph-16-04638">European Commission, DG Health and Food Safety (SANTE), Unit C3—Crisis Management and Preparedness in Health, Luxemburg, L-2920, Luxembourg;<email>margherita.fanos@ec.europa.eu</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rexroth, Ute" sort="Rexroth, Ute" uniqKey="Rexroth U" first="Ute" last="Rexroth">Ute Rexroth</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-16-04638">Robert Koch Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, 13353 Berlin, Germany;<email>anderheidenma@rki.de</email>
(M.a.d.H.);<email>rexrothu@rki.de</email>
(U.R.);<email>groteu@rki.de</email>
(U.G.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grote, Ulrike" sort="Grote, Ulrike" uniqKey="Grote U" first="Ulrike" last="Grote">Ulrike Grote</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-16-04638">Robert Koch Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, 13353 Berlin, Germany;<email>anderheidenma@rki.de</email>
(M.a.d.H.);<email>rexrothu@rki.de</email>
(U.R.);<email>groteu@rki.de</email>
(U.G.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Belfroid, Evelien" sort="Belfroid, Evelien" uniqKey="Belfroid E" first="Evelien" last="Belfroid">Evelien Belfroid</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5-ijerph-16-04638">National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;<email>evelien.belfroid@rivm.nl</email>
(E.B.);<email>corien.swaan@rivm.nl</email>
(C.S.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Swaan, Corien" sort="Swaan, Corien" uniqKey="Swaan C" first="Corien" last="Swaan">Corien Swaan</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5-ijerph-16-04638">National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;<email>evelien.belfroid@rivm.nl</email>
(E.B.);<email>corien.swaan@rivm.nl</email>
(C.S.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hadjichristodoulou, Christos" sort="Hadjichristodoulou, Christos" uniqKey="Hadjichristodoulou C" first="Christos" last="Hadjichristodoulou">Christos Hadjichristodoulou</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-16-04638">Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece;<email>mouchtourib@med.uth.gr</email>
(V.A.M.);<email>elchristof@med.uth.gr</email>
(E.P.C.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1661-7827</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1660-4601</idno>
<imprint><date when="2019">2019</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>A scoping search and a systematic literature review were conducted to give an insight on entry and exit screening referring to travelers at points of entry, by analyzing published evidence on practices, guidelines, and experiences in the past 15 years worldwide. Grey literature, PubMed. and Scopus were searched using specific terms. Most of the available data identified through the systematic literature review concerned entry screening measures at airports. Little evidence is available about entry and exit screening measure implementation and effectiveness at ports and ground crossings. Exit screening was part of the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) temporary recommendations for implementation in certain points of entry, for specific time periods. Exit screening measures for Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in the three most affected West African countries did not identify any cases and showed zero sensitivity and very low specificity. The percentages of confirmed cases identified out of the total numbers of travelers that passed through entry screening measures in various countries worldwide for Influenza Pandemic (H1N1) and EVD in West Africa were zero or extremely low. Entry screening measures for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) did not detect any confirmed SARS cases in Australia, Canada, and Singapore. Despite the ineffectiveness of entry and exit screening measures, authors reported several important concomitant positive effects that their impact is difficult to assess, including discouraging travel of ill persons, raising awareness, and educating the traveling public and maintaining operation of flights from/to the affected areas. Exit screening measures in affected areas are important and should be applied jointly with other measures including information strategies, epidemiological investigation, contact tracing, vaccination, and quarantine to achieve a comprehensive outbreak management response. Based on review results, an algorithm about decision-making for entry/exit screening was developed.</p>
</div>
</front>
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<pubmed><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Exit and Entry Screening Practices for Infectious Diseases among Travelers at Points of Entry: Looking for Evidence on Public Health Impact.</title>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa</wicri:regionArea>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa</wicri:regionArea>
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<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Robert Koch Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, 13353 Berlin, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Robert Koch Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, 13353 Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency (Chafea), L-2920 Luxemburg, Luxemburg.</nlm:affiliation>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Luxembourg (pays)</country>
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<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Robert Koch Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, 13353 Berlin, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Robert Koch Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, 13353 Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Robert Koch Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, 13353 Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
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<author><name sortKey="Belfroid, Evelien" sort="Belfroid, Evelien" uniqKey="Belfroid E" first="Evelien" last="Belfroid">Evelien Belfroid</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Swaan, Corien" sort="Swaan, Corien" uniqKey="Swaan C" first="Corien" last="Swaan">Corien Swaan</name>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hadjichristodoulou, Christos" sort="Hadjichristodoulou, Christos" uniqKey="Hadjichristodoulou C" first="Christos" last="Hadjichristodoulou">Christos Hadjichristodoulou</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa</wicri:regionArea>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Exit and Entry Screening Practices for Infectious Diseases among Travelers at Points of Entry: Looking for Evidence on Public Health Impact.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Mouchtouri, Varvara A" sort="Mouchtouri, Varvara A" uniqKey="Mouchtouri V" first="Varvara A" last="Mouchtouri">Varvara A. Mouchtouri</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>41222 Larissa</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Christoforidou, Eleni P" sort="Christoforidou, Eleni P" uniqKey="Christoforidou E" first="Eleni P" last="Christoforidou">Eleni P. Christoforidou</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>41222 Larissa</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="An Der Heiden, Maria" sort="An Der Heiden, Maria" uniqKey="An Der Heiden M" first="Maria" last="An Der Heiden">Maria An Der Heiden</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Robert Koch Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, 13353 Berlin, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Robert Koch Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, 13353 Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Menel Lemos, Cinthia" sort="Menel Lemos, Cinthia" uniqKey="Menel Lemos C" first="Cinthia" last="Menel Lemos">Cinthia Menel Lemos</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency (Chafea), L-2920 Luxemburg, Luxemburg.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Luxembourg (pays)</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency (Chafea), L-2920 Luxemburg</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>L-2920 Luxemburg</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fanos, Margherita" sort="Fanos, Margherita" uniqKey="Fanos M" first="Margherita" last="Fanos">Margherita Fanos</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>European Commission, DG Health and Food Safety (SANTE), Unit C3-Crisis Management and Preparedness in Health, Luxemburg, L-2920, Luxembourg.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Luxembourg (pays)</country>
<wicri:regionArea>European Commission, DG Health and Food Safety (SANTE), Unit C3-Crisis Management and Preparedness in Health, Luxemburg, L-2920</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>L-2920</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rexroth, Ute" sort="Rexroth, Ute" uniqKey="Rexroth U" first="Ute" last="Rexroth">Ute Rexroth</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Robert Koch Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, 13353 Berlin, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Robert Koch Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, 13353 Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grote, Ulrike" sort="Grote, Ulrike" uniqKey="Grote U" first="Ulrike" last="Grote">Ulrike Grote</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Robert Koch Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, 13353 Berlin, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Robert Koch Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, 13353 Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Belfroid, Evelien" sort="Belfroid, Evelien" uniqKey="Belfroid E" first="Evelien" last="Belfroid">Evelien Belfroid</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, 3720 BA Bilthoven</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>3720 BA Bilthoven</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Swaan, Corien" sort="Swaan, Corien" uniqKey="Swaan C" first="Corien" last="Swaan">Corien Swaan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, 3720 BA Bilthoven</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>3720 BA Bilthoven</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hadjichristodoulou, Christos" sort="Hadjichristodoulou, Christos" uniqKey="Hadjichristodoulou C" first="Christos" last="Hadjichristodoulou">Christos Hadjichristodoulou</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>41222 Larissa</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">International journal of environmental research and public health</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1660-4601</idno>
<imprint><date when="2019" type="published">2019</date>
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Africa, Western (epidemiology)</term>
<term>Aircraft</term>
<term>Communicable Disease Control (methods)</term>
<term>Communicable Diseases (diagnosis)</term>
<term>Communicable Diseases (epidemiology)</term>
<term>Disease Outbreaks (prevention & control)</term>
<term>Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola (epidemiology)</term>
<term>Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola (prevention & control)</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype</term>
<term>Influenza, Human (epidemiology)</term>
<term>Influenza, Human (prevention & control)</term>
<term>Mass Screening (standards)</term>
<term>Mass Screening (statistics & numerical data)</term>
<term>Public Health</term>
<term>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (epidemiology)</term>
<term>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (prevention & control)</term>
<term>Travel</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Afrique de l'Ouest (épidémiologie)</term>
<term>Contrôle des maladies contagieuses ()</term>
<term>Dépistage systématique ()</term>
<term>Dépistage systématique (normes)</term>
<term>Fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola ()</term>
<term>Fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola (épidémiologie)</term>
<term>Flambées de maladies ()</term>
<term>Grippe humaine ()</term>
<term>Grippe humaine (épidémiologie)</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Maladies transmissibles (diagnostic)</term>
<term>Maladies transmissibles (épidémiologie)</term>
<term>Santé publique</term>
<term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A</term>
<term>Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère ()</term>
<term>Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère (épidémiologie)</term>
<term>Voyage</term>
<term>Véhicules de transport aérien</term>
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<term>Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola</term>
<term>Influenza, Human</term>
<term>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome</term>
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</keywords>
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</keywords>
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<term>Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola</term>
<term>Influenza, Human</term>
<term>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="standards" xml:lang="en"><term>Mass Screening</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Afrique de l'Ouest</term>
<term>Fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola</term>
<term>Grippe humaine</term>
<term>Maladies transmissibles</term>
<term>Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Aircraft</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype</term>
<term>Public Health</term>
<term>Travel</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Contrôle des maladies contagieuses</term>
<term>Dépistage systématique</term>
<term>Fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola</term>
<term>Flambées de maladies</term>
<term>Grippe humaine</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Santé publique</term>
<term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A</term>
<term>Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">A scoping search and a systematic literature review were conducted to give an insight on entry and exit screening referring to travelers at points of entry, by analyzing published evidence on practices, guidelines, and experiences in the past 15 years worldwide. Grey literature, PubMed. and Scopus were searched using specific terms. Most of the available data identified through the systematic literature review concerned entry screening measures at airports. Little evidence is available about entry and exit screening measure implementation and effectiveness at ports and ground crossings. Exit screening was part of the World Health Organisation's (WHO) temporary recommendations for implementation in certain points of entry, for specific time periods. Exit screening measures for Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in the three most affected West African countries did not identify any cases and showed zero sensitivity and very low specificity. The percentages of confirmed cases identified out of the total numbers of travelers that passed through entry screening measures in various countries worldwide for Influenza Pandemic (H1N1) and EVD in West Africa were zero or extremely low. Entry screening measures for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) did not detect any confirmed SARS cases in Australia, Canada, and Singapore. Despite the ineffectiveness of entry and exit screening measures, authors reported several important concomitant positive effects that their impact is difficult to assess, including discouraging travel of ill persons, raising awareness, and educating the traveling public and maintaining operation of flights from/to the affected areas. Exit screening measures in affected areas are important and should be applied jointly with other measures including information strategies, epidemiological investigation, contact tracing, vaccination, and quarantine to achieve a comprehensive outbreak management response. Based on review results, an algorithm about decision-making for entry/exit screening was developed.</div>
</front>
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