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Exit and Entry Screening Practices for Infectious Diseases among Travelers at Points of Entry: Looking for Evidence on Public Health Impact

Identifieur interne : 000075 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000074; suivant : 000076

Exit and Entry Screening Practices for Infectious Diseases among Travelers at Points of Entry: Looking for Evidence on Public Health Impact

Auteurs : Varvara A. Mouchtouri ; Eleni P. Christoforidou ; Maria An Der Heiden ; Cinthia Menel Lemos ; Margherita Fanos ; Ute Rexroth ; Ulrike Grote ; Evelien Belfroid ; Corien Swaan ; Christos Hadjichristodoulou

Source :

RBID : PMC:6926871

Abstract

A scoping search and a systematic literature review were conducted to give an insight on entry and exit screening referring to travelers at points of entry, by analyzing published evidence on practices, guidelines, and experiences in the past 15 years worldwide. Grey literature, PubMed. and Scopus were searched using specific terms. Most of the available data identified through the systematic literature review concerned entry screening measures at airports. Little evidence is available about entry and exit screening measure implementation and effectiveness at ports and ground crossings. Exit screening was part of the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) temporary recommendations for implementation in certain points of entry, for specific time periods. Exit screening measures for Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in the three most affected West African countries did not identify any cases and showed zero sensitivity and very low specificity. The percentages of confirmed cases identified out of the total numbers of travelers that passed through entry screening measures in various countries worldwide for Influenza Pandemic (H1N1) and EVD in West Africa were zero or extremely low. Entry screening measures for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) did not detect any confirmed SARS cases in Australia, Canada, and Singapore. Despite the ineffectiveness of entry and exit screening measures, authors reported several important concomitant positive effects that their impact is difficult to assess, including discouraging travel of ill persons, raising awareness, and educating the traveling public and maintaining operation of flights from/to the affected areas. Exit screening measures in affected areas are important and should be applied jointly with other measures including information strategies, epidemiological investigation, contact tracing, vaccination, and quarantine to achieve a comprehensive outbreak management response. Based on review results, an algorithm about decision-making for entry/exit screening was developed.


Url:
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234638
PubMed: 31766548
PubMed Central: 6926871


Affiliations:


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PMC:6926871

Le document en format XML

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<nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-16-04638">Robert Koch Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
<email>anderheidenma@rki.de</email>
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<name sortKey="Swaan, Corien" sort="Swaan, Corien" uniqKey="Swaan C" first="Corien" last="Swaan">Corien Swaan</name>
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<nlm:aff id="af5-ijerph-16-04638">National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
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<name sortKey="Hadjichristodoulou, Christos" sort="Hadjichristodoulou, Christos" uniqKey="Hadjichristodoulou C" first="Christos" last="Hadjichristodoulou">Christos Hadjichristodoulou</name>
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<nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-16-04638">Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece;
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<p>A scoping search and a systematic literature review were conducted to give an insight on entry and exit screening referring to travelers at points of entry, by analyzing published evidence on practices, guidelines, and experiences in the past 15 years worldwide. Grey literature, PubMed. and Scopus were searched using specific terms. Most of the available data identified through the systematic literature review concerned entry screening measures at airports. Little evidence is available about entry and exit screening measure implementation and effectiveness at ports and ground crossings. Exit screening was part of the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) temporary recommendations for implementation in certain points of entry, for specific time periods. Exit screening measures for Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in the three most affected West African countries did not identify any cases and showed zero sensitivity and very low specificity. The percentages of confirmed cases identified out of the total numbers of travelers that passed through entry screening measures in various countries worldwide for Influenza Pandemic (H1N1) and EVD in West Africa were zero or extremely low. Entry screening measures for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) did not detect any confirmed SARS cases in Australia, Canada, and Singapore. Despite the ineffectiveness of entry and exit screening measures, authors reported several important concomitant positive effects that their impact is difficult to assess, including discouraging travel of ill persons, raising awareness, and educating the traveling public and maintaining operation of flights from/to the affected areas. Exit screening measures in affected areas are important and should be applied jointly with other measures including information strategies, epidemiological investigation, contact tracing, vaccination, and quarantine to achieve a comprehensive outbreak management response. Based on review results, an algorithm about decision-making for entry/exit screening was developed.</p>
</div>
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<pmc article-type="review-article">
<pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Environ Res Public Health</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Environ Res Public Health</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijerph</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1661-7827</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1660-4601</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmid">31766548</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">6926871</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijerph16234638</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijerph-16-04638</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Exit and Entry Screening Practices for Infectious Diseases among Travelers at Points of Entry: Looking for Evidence on Public Health Impact</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mouchtouri</surname>
<given-names>Varvara A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-16-04638">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Christoforidou</surname>
<given-names>Eleni P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-16-04638">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>an der Heiden</surname>
<given-names>Maria</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijerph-16-04638">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Menel Lemos</surname>
<given-names>Cinthia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ijerph-16-04638">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Fanos</surname>
<given-names>Margherita</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-ijerph-16-04638">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rexroth</surname>
<given-names>Ute</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijerph-16-04638">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Grote</surname>
<given-names>Ulrike</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijerph-16-04638">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Belfroid</surname>
<given-names>Evelien</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5-ijerph-16-04638">5</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Swaan</surname>
<given-names>Corien</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5-ijerph-16-04638">5</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hadjichristodoulou</surname>
<given-names>Christos</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-16-04638">1</xref>
<xref rid="c1-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="corresp">*</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="af1-ijerph-16-04638">
<label>1</label>
Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece;
<email>mouchtourib@med.uth.gr</email>
(V.A.M.);
<email>elchristof@med.uth.gr</email>
(E.P.C.)</aff>
<aff id="af2-ijerph-16-04638">
<label>2</label>
Robert Koch Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
<email>anderheidenma@rki.de</email>
(M.a.d.H.);
<email>rexrothu@rki.de</email>
(U.R.);
<email>groteu@rki.de</email>
(U.G.)</aff>
<aff id="af3-ijerph-16-04638">
<label>3</label>
Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency (Chafea), L-2920 Luxemburg, Luxemburg;
<email>cinthia.menel-lemos@ec.europa.eu</email>
</aff>
<aff id="af4-ijerph-16-04638">
<label>4</label>
European Commission, DG Health and Food Safety (SANTE), Unit C3—Crisis Management and Preparedness in Health, Luxemburg, L-2920, Luxembourg;
<email>margherita.fanos@ec.europa.eu</email>
</aff>
<aff id="af5-ijerph-16-04638">
<label>5</label>
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
<email>evelien.belfroid@rivm.nl</email>
(E.B.);
<email>corien.swaan@rivm.nl</email>
(C.S.)</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-ijerph-16-04638">
<label>*</label>
Correspondence:
<email>xhatzi@med.uth.gr</email>
; Tel.: +30-2410-56-5050</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>21</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<issue>23</issue>
<elocation-id>4638</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>23</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2019</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>15</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2019</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>© 2019 by the authors.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2019</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>
).</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<p>A scoping search and a systematic literature review were conducted to give an insight on entry and exit screening referring to travelers at points of entry, by analyzing published evidence on practices, guidelines, and experiences in the past 15 years worldwide. Grey literature, PubMed. and Scopus were searched using specific terms. Most of the available data identified through the systematic literature review concerned entry screening measures at airports. Little evidence is available about entry and exit screening measure implementation and effectiveness at ports and ground crossings. Exit screening was part of the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) temporary recommendations for implementation in certain points of entry, for specific time periods. Exit screening measures for Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in the three most affected West African countries did not identify any cases and showed zero sensitivity and very low specificity. The percentages of confirmed cases identified out of the total numbers of travelers that passed through entry screening measures in various countries worldwide for Influenza Pandemic (H1N1) and EVD in West Africa were zero or extremely low. Entry screening measures for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) did not detect any confirmed SARS cases in Australia, Canada, and Singapore. Despite the ineffectiveness of entry and exit screening measures, authors reported several important concomitant positive effects that their impact is difficult to assess, including discouraging travel of ill persons, raising awareness, and educating the traveling public and maintaining operation of flights from/to the affected areas. Exit screening measures in affected areas are important and should be applied jointly with other measures including information strategies, epidemiological investigation, contact tracing, vaccination, and quarantine to achieve a comprehensive outbreak management response. Based on review results, an algorithm about decision-making for entry/exit screening was developed.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>border</kwd>
<kwd>screening</kwd>
<kwd>points of entry</kwd>
<kwd>port</kwd>
<kwd>airport</kwd>
<kwd>ground crossing</kwd>
<kwd>health measure</kwd>
<kwd>PHEIC</kwd>
<kwd>IHR</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group>
<fig id="ijerph-16-04638-f001" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<p>Flow diagram of study selection process.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijerph-16-04638-g001"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="ijerph-16-04638-f002" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<p>Published entry and exit screening measures in response to SARS outbreak [
<xref rid="B8-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>
,
<xref rid="B9-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
,
<xref rid="B23-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>
,
<xref rid="B35-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>
,
<xref rid="B42-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>
].</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijerph-16-04638-g002"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="ijerph-16-04638-f003" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<p>Published entry screening measures in response to Influenza Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 [
<xref rid="B20-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>
,
<xref rid="B21-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>
,
<xref rid="B24-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>
,
<xref rid="B32-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>
,
<xref rid="B33-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>
,
<xref rid="B36-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>
,
<xref rid="B40-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>
].</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijerph-16-04638-g003"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="ijerph-16-04638-f004" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<p>Published entry and exit screening measures in response to Ebola virus disease outbreak [
<xref rid="B16-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
,
<xref rid="B27-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>
,
<xref rid="B31-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>
,
<xref rid="B34-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>
,
<xref rid="B38-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>
,
<xref rid="B41-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>
].</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ijerph-16-04638-g004"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="ijerph-16-04638-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-16-04638-t001_Table 1</object-id>
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<p>Search terms.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Public Health Event</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Type of Measure</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Population of Interest (Humans)</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Setting</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biological
<break></break>
Biochemical
<break></break>
Bacteriological
<break></break>
Viral
<break></break>
Microbiological
<break></break>
Pathogen
<break></break>
Public health risk
<break></break>
Public health hazard
<break></break>
Public health danger
<break></break>
Hygiene
<break></break>
Threat
<break></break>
Exposure
<break></break>
Pandemic
<break></break>
Epidemic
<break></break>
SARS
<break></break>
H1N1
<break></break>
Flu
<break></break>
Ebola
<break></break>
Zika
<break></break>
Plague
<break></break>
Disease
<break></break>
Influenza
<break></break>
Infection
<break></break>
Infectious
<break></break>
Contagious
<break></break>
Contagion
<break></break>
Contamination
<break></break>
Sick
<break></break>
Sickness
<break></break>
Illness
<break></break>
Ailment</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exit/entry screening
<break></break>
Entry/exit screening
<break></break>
Entry and exit screening
<break></break>
Exit and entry screening
<break></break>
Entry screening
<break></break>
Exit screening
<break></break>
Border measure
<break></break>
Border control
<break></break>
Health assessment
<break></break>
Health check
<break></break>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patient
<break></break>
Ill
<break></break>
Sick
<break></break>
Unhealthy
<break></break>
Unwell
<break></break>
Infected
<break></break>
Affected
<break></break>
Exposed
<break></break>
Symptomatic
<break></break>
Case
<break></break>
Human
<break></break>
Person
<break></break>
Individual
<break></break>
People
<break></break>
Consumer
<break></break>
Client
<break></break>
Passenger
<break></break>
Traveler
<break></break>
Traveler
<break></break>
Crew
<break></break>
Refugee
<break></break>
Migrant
<break></break>
Immigrant
<break></break>
Emigrant
<break></break>
</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Departure
<break></break>
Exodus
<break></break>
Debarkation
<break></break>
Decampment
<break></break>
Gateway
<break></break>
Passageway
<break></break>
Arrival
<break></break>
Embarkation
<break></break>
Checkpoint
<break></break>
Airport
<break></break>
Aerodrome
<break></break>
Airdrome
<break></break>
Air station
<break></break>
Air terminal
<break></break>
Flight terminal
<break></break>
Aviation terminal
<break></break>
Airfield
<break></break>
Landing field
<break></break>
Landing place
<break></break>
Seaport
<break></break>
Port
<break></break>
Harbor
<break></break>
Harbour
<break></break>
Dock
<break></break>
Pier
<break></break>
Marine terminal
<break></break>
Anchorage
<break></break>
Port of embarkation
<break></break>
Rail terminal
<break></break>
Bus terminal
<break></break>
Taxi (van)
<break></break>
Ground crossing
<break></break>
Land crossing
<break></break>
Land-crossing
<break></break>
Border crossing
<break></break>
Frontier
<break></break>
Terminal </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">(Biological OR Biochemical OR Bacteriological OR Viral OR Microbiological OR Pathogen OR Public health risk OR Public health hazard OR Public health danger OR Hygiene OR Threat OR Exposure OR Pandemic OR Epidemic OR SARS OR H1N1 OR Flu OR Ebola OR Zika OR Plague OR Disease OR Influenza OR Infection OR Infectious OR Contagious OR Contagion OR Contamination OR Sick OR Sickness OR Illness OR Ailment) AND (Exit/entry screening OR Entry/exit screening OR Entry screening OR Exit screening OR Entry and exit screening OR Exit and Entry screening OR Border measure OR Border control OR Health assessment OR Health check) AND (Patient OR Ill OR Sick OR Unhealthy OR Unwell OR Infected OR Affected OR Exposed OR Symptomatic OR Case OR Human OR Person OR Individual OR People OR Consumer OR Client OR Passenger OR Traveler OR Traveler OR Crew OR Refugee OR Migrant OR Immigrant OR Emigrant) AND (Departure OR Exodus OR Debarkation OR Decampment OR Gateway OR Passageway OR Arrival OR Embarkation OR Checkpoint OR Airport OR Aerodrome OR Airdrome OR Air station OR Air terminal OR Flight terminal OR Aviation terminal OR Airfield OR Landing field OR Landing place OR Seaport OR Port OR Harbor OR Harbour OR Dock OR Pier OR Marine terminal OR Anchorage OR Port of embarkation OR Rail terminal OR Bus terminal OR Taxi OR Ground crossing OR Land crossing OR Land-crossing OR Border crossing OR Frontier OR Terminal)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="ijerph-16-04638-t002" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-16-04638-t002_Table 2</object-id>
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption>
<p>Inclusion and exclusion criteria.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>Inclusion Criteria</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label>1.</label>
<p>Articles or reports or other documents published in peer-reviewed journals or national or international organizations’ publications, from January 2003 until May 2018 that report practices, implementation of guidelines, experiences, structures, processes, evaluation results about national routine or ad hoc entry or exit screening activities referring to travelers at ports or airports or ground crossings, worldwide.</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<list list-type="simple">
<list-item>
<label>2.</label>
<p>Moreover, articles and documents that include information referring to any of the following (a) to (j) were included in the literature review:
<list list-type="alpha-lower">
<list-item>
<p>Type of screening (entry, exit)</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Type of infectious disease or diseases that entry or exit screening was targeting </p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Type of points of entry (airports, ports, ground crossings) where measures were implemented</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Screening carried out on a routine basis or on an ad hoc basis after a public health event has occurred and its purpose </p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Description of methods used in entry/exit screening (primary/secondary, questionnaire, body temperature checks, technology used)</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Type of technology used (thermometers, scan cameras, or other technology)</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>After screening, the applied diagnosis protocol (laboratory and clinical examination)</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Number of cases identified, and total numbers of travelers screened for a specific timeframe, percentage of persons positive to screening that were diagnosed with the targeted disease, and percentage of persons diagnosed with a different disease from the initially targeted for the specific timeframe (positive and negative predictive values). </p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>General massive screening or targeted screening (e.g., traveler from any affected outbound country, all travelers directly arriving only from affected countries/areas, nationality of travelers, travelers in-transit that have called an affected country/area)</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Reporting on the assessment of the public health impact of the entry/exit screening measures or the cost-effectiveness of methods applied</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exclusion criteria</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<list list-type="order">
<list-item>
<p>Articles that refer to migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers were excluded, except when related to a global health emergency response.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Articles that refer to screening of diseases such as HIV and tuberculosis that were not part of a global health emergency response.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Articles that described entry or exit screening measures that were part of response to a specific outbreak on board an airplane or a ship and not part of a country response to a global health threat.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Articles for which the full text is not available in English, German, Dutch, or Greek were also excluded, unless the abstract clearly provided the information needed for data extraction.</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="ijerph-16-04638-t004" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-16-04638-t004_Table 4</object-id>
<label>Table 4</label>
<caption>
<p>Summary results of studies reviewed including type of screening, point of entry (airports, ports, ground crossings), infectious disease targeted, and country of measure implementation.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2" colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin">Disease</th>
<th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Country</th>
<th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Type of Screening</th>
<th colspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Type of Point of Entry</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Entry</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exit</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Airports</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seaports</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ground Crossings</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="5" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="1">Respiratory infections</td>
<td rowspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="1">Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia [
<xref rid="B8-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Singapore [
<xref rid="B23-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>
,
<xref rid="B29-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan [
<xref rid="B35-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Canada [
<xref rid="B9-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Influenza Pandemic (H1N1) 2009</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia [
<xref rid="B20-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>
], China [
<xref rid="B40-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>
], Japan [
<xref rid="B24-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>
,
<xref rid="B26-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>
,
<xref rid="B39-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>
], New Zealand [
<xref rid="B21-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>
], Peru [
<xref rid="B32-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>
], Singapore [
<xref rid="B36-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>
], Taiwan [
<xref rid="B33-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="1">Vector-borne diseases</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dengue fever *</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan [
<xref rid="B7-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
,
<xref rid="B10-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
,
<xref rid="B11-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>
,
<xref rid="B15-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zika virus disease</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan [
<xref rid="B7-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chikungunya infection *</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan [
<xref rid="B7-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="5" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Other </td>
<td rowspan="5" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Ebola virus disease</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia [
<xref rid="B31-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>
], Japan [
<xref rid="B38-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>
], United States [
<xref rid="B6-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
], Canada [
<xref rid="B22-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Belgium [
<xref rid="B22-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>
,
<xref rid="B27-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">United Kingdom [
<xref rid="B22-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>
,
<xref rid="B27-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>
,
<xref rid="B37-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone [
<xref rid="B6-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
,
<xref rid="B16-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
,
<xref rid="B22-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>
,
<xref rid="B28-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nigeria, Senegal, Mali [
<xref rid="B6-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
,
<xref rid="B16-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
,
<xref rid="B22-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>
,
<xref rid="B28-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>* Screening measures for Dengue fever and Chikungunya infection were implemented as part of routine, long-term public health measures. All other screening measures were implemented on an ad hoc basis in response to public health emergency events.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="ijerph-16-04638-t005" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-16-04638-t005_Table 5</object-id>
<label>Table 5</label>
<caption>
<p>WHO temporary recommendations for entry and exit screening at points of entry (data in the table were extracted from the reports available from the WHO IHR (see
<xref ref-type="app" rid="app6-ijerph-16-04638">Appendix F</xref>
)).</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin" rowspan="1">Public Health Event</th>
<th rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">WHO Emergency Committee</th>
<th rowspan="2" colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin">WHO Temporary Recommendations</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Title</th>
<th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Started/Ended</th>
<th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">PHEIC Yes/No
<break></break>
(Date)</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Entry/Exit Screening (Timeframe of Implementation)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">On Travel Restrictions (Timeframe of Implementation)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="1">Ebola outbreak in Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 May 2018/25 July 2018</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="1">IHR Emergency Committee regarding the Ebola outbreak in 2018</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exit screening
<break></break>
at airports (Mbandaka, Kinshasa), ports on the Congo river and congregation sites (23/5 to 25/7/2018)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Νo international travel or trade restrictions
<break></break>
(10/5/2018 to 25/7/2018)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 August 2018/ongoing</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exit screening
<break></break>
at defined points of entry in DRC (14/8/2018, ongoing, latest report on 5/12/2018)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Νo international travel or trade restrictions
<break></break>
(4/8/2018, ongoing, latest report on 5/12/2018)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="1">Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="1">8 August 2014/29 March 2016</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="1">Yes
<break></break>
(8/8/2014)</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="1">2014–2016 IHR Emergency Committee for Ebola virus disease</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="1">Exit screening
<break></break>
in affected countries *, at international airports, seaports and major land crossings (8/8/2014 to 29/3/2016)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No general ban on international travel
<break></break>
(8/8/2014 to 18/12/2015)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No restrictions on travel and trade with
<break></break>
Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone (29/3/2016)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MERS</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 July 2013/ongoing, latest report on 3 September 2015</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IHR Emergency Committee concerning Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Νo international travel or trade restrictions
<break></break>
(17/6/2015, ongoing, latest report on 3/9/2015)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Influenza Pandemic (H1N1) 2009</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 April 2009/10 August 2010</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes (25/4/2009)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IHR Emergency Committee concerning Influenza Pandemic (H1N1) 2009</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Countries should not close borders or restrict international traffic and trade; If ill, it is prudent to delay international travel (if ill after travel seek care) (25/4/2009 to 10/8/2010)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="1">Plague</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="1">4 October 2017/4 December 2017</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="1">No</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="1">WHO Regional Office for Africa</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Νo international travel or trade restrictions (4/10/2017)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exit screening
<break></break>
at International Airport in Antananarivo, Madagascar (9/10 to 4/12/2017)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Νo international travel or trade restrictions
<break></break>
(4/10/2017 to 4/12/2017)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poliomyelitis</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 May 2014/ongoing</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes (5/5/2014)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IHR Emergency Committee concerning ongoing events and context involving transmission and international spread of poliovirus</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Νo</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Νo international travel or trade restrictions
<break></break>
(5/5/2014 to 30/11/2018, ongoing)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SARS</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 March 2003/24 June 2003</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Νο</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WHO Scientific Research Advisory Committee SARS</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exit screening
<break></break>
in affected countries (27/3 to 24/6/2003)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Νo international travel or trade restrictions
<break></break>
(27/3/2003 to 24/6/2003)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yellow fever</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31 August 2016/16 May 2017</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IHR Emergency Committee on yellow fever</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Νo international travel or trade restrictions
<break></break>
(31/8/2016 to 16/5/2017)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zika virus disease</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 February 2016/18 November 2016</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes
<break></break>
(1/2/2016)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IHR Emergency Committee on Zika virus disease and observed increase in neurological disorders and neonatal malformations</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Νo international travel or trade restrictions
<break></break>
(1/2/2016 to 18/11/2016)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>*Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. website:
<uri xlink:href="https://www.who.int/ihr/en/">https://www.who.int/ihr/en/</uri>
.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="ijerph-16-04638-t006" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-16-04638-t006_Table 6</object-id>
<label>Table 6</label>
<caption>
<p>Screening methods and accompanying measures.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Country/PoE/Type of Screening/Disease/Year(s)</th>
<th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Site of Assessment</th>
<th colspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Primary Screening</th>
<th colspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Secondary Screening</th>
<th colspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Accompanying Measures and Response Measures</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exposure Assessment</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Symptom Assessment</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Type of TMD *</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exposure Assessment</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Symptom Assessment</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Type of TMD</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Accompanying Measures at the Border</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Microbiological Tests</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quarantine/Isolation</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan/airport/entry/Zika virus disease /2016 [
<xref rid="B7-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">On board by crew or at aircraft site by airport officials</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(-) *</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Visual checks on board and at the terminal and temperature screening</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Infrared cameras</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interview, questionnaire</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> In-person assessment</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ear thermometer</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Risk communication (video), information about seeking medical assistance</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blood and urine samples sent to the Taiwan CDC’s laboratory (flaviviruses)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan/airport/entry/Dengue fever and Chikungunya infection/2013-2016 [
<xref rid="B7-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">On board by crew or at airport site by airport officials</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Visual checks on board and at the terminal and temperature screening</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Infrared cameras</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interview, questionnaire</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> In-person assessment</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ear thermometer</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Risk communication (video), information about seeking medical assistance</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dengue NS1 antigen rapid test (at airport), blood and urine samples sent to the Taiwan CDC’s laboratory (flaviviruses)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan/airport/entry/Dengue fever/2003-2007 [
<xref rid="B11-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Airport screening by airport clinicians </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Visual checks and temperature screening</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thermal scanning by non-contact infrared thermometers or infrared thermal camera </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ear thermometer</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR, and/or serological diagnosis by capture IgM/IgG ELISA</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not specified/at hospital</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan/airport/entry/Dengue fever/2007-2010 [
<xref rid="B10-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Airport screening by quarantine officers</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire, temperature screening</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non-contact infrared thermometers (NCITs) with infrared thermal camera</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ear thermometer</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dengue NS1 Rapid Test Kit (Bio-Rad, USA) (at airport), real-time RT-PCR, and/or serological diagnosis by capture IgM/IgG ELISA)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia/airport/entry/Ebola virus disease/2014-2015 [
<xref rid="B31-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">At airport by public health staff and at public health units by infectious disease
<break></break>
physician and public health unit staff</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire at terminal</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire at terminal</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Risk communication, declaration of travel to EVD-affected countries on separate EVD-specific arrivals card, information about seeking medical assistance </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PCR</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">At home/at designated Viral Hemorrhagic Fever hospital and local tertiary hospital</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Belgium/airport/entry/Ebola virus disease/2014 [
<xref rid="B27-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Symptoms assessment (not specified) and temperature screening</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperature screening (not specified)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Passenger locator card</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In-house RT-PCR targets the GP gene; the large polymerase gene is targeted with an Altona commercial kit by Diagnostics GmbH, Hamburg, Germany</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> - </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan/airport/entry/Ebola virus disease/2014-2015 [
<xref rid="B38-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">At quarantine station, by immigration control officers</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interview </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire and temperature screening</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperature screening (not specified)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Risk communication: posters at quarantine stations and in-flight announcements, information about seeking medical assistance </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Laboratory test (not specified)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not specified / hospital</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UK/airport/entry/Ebola virus disease/2014-2015 [
<xref rid="B27-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>
,
<xref rid="B37-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">At airport, by infectious disease physician</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire and temperature screening</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ear thermometer</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Information about seeking medical assistance </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">At home (asymptomatic but of high risk of EVD)/ At local acute hospital or designated specialist hospital </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UK/train station/entry/Ebola virus disease/2014-2015 [
<xref rid="B27-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>
,
<xref rid="B37-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">At train station, by infectious disease physician</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire and temperature screening</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ear thermometer </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Information about seeking medical assistance </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not specified/ At local acute hospital or designated specialist hospital</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">US/airport/entry/Ebola virus disease/2014-2015 [
<xref rid="B34-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">At airport facilities </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperature screening</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non-contact infrared thermometers</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Risk communication, provision with Check and Report Ebola (CARE) kits that include health education materials, a thermometer, and ways to connect with their state or local health department, including a prepaid cell phone, information about seeking medical assistance </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unknown/Frontline health care facilities, Ebola assessment hospitals, and designated Ebola treatment centers</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone/airport/exit/Ebola virus disease/2014-2016 [
<xref rid="B6-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
,
<xref rid="B16-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire at terminal</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire at terminal, visual check, and temperature screening</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non-contact handheld infrared thermometer</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire at terminal</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire at terminal</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Handheld non-contact thermometer</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Risk communication, denied boarding </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone/land borders/exit /Ebola virus disease/2014-2016 [
<xref rid="B16-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Visual checks</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone/seaport/exit/Ebola virus disease/2014-2016 [
<xref rid="B16-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperature screening</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Restricted access to vessels in port and disembarkation of seafarers, including cancellation of shore passes and crew transfers
<break></break>
Protective equipment requirements for staff required to board vessels</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Established on-site isolation facilities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China/airport/entry/Influenza Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 [
<xref rid="B40-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">At quarantine station of the airport </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Visual checks on board and temperature screening on board </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire at terminal</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire at terminal</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Information about seeking medical assistance </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT- PCR</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not specified/ At the community hospitals or quarantine station, by general practitioners or public health workers</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan/airport/entry/Influenza Pandemic (H1N1) 2009
<sup>#</sup>
[
<xref rid="B39-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">On board, at terminal </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire and temperature screening</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Handheld infrared thermoscanner and axillary or oral on board, a fixed infrared thermoscanner at terminal</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ear or axillary thermometer</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Information about seeking medical assistance, entry card </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rapid influenza test (on board), RT-PCR</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Close contacts were quarantined at designated hotels/at designated medical institution</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan/airport/entry/ Influenza Pandemic (H1N1) 2009
<sup></sup>
[
<xref rid="B39-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">On board, at terminal</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire and temperature screening</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Handheld infrared thermoscanner on board, a fixed infrared thermoscanner at terminal</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Information about seeking medical assistance, entry card </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rapid influenza test (on board and at terminal), RT-PCR</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">At designated medical institution</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand/airport/entry/Influenza Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 [
<xref rid="B21-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Visual checks</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Risk communication (in-flight scripted health message, signs), locator card completion</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-PCR</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">At home or a facility for isolation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peru/airport/entry/Influenza Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 [
<xref rid="B32-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperature screening</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-PCR</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Singapore/airport/entry/Influenza Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 [
<xref rid="B36-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperature screening</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thermal scanners</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Risk communication (health advisories), information about seeking medical assistance </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-PCR</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">At designated screening center at Hospital</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia /airport/entry/Influenza Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 [
<xref rid="B20-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">At terminal</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Health declaration card</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Health declaration card</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non-contact thermal imaging scanners</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brief clinical assessment</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan/airport/entry/Influenza Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 [
<xref rid="B33-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperature screening</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Infrared fever cameras</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Health protection materials, such as masks and gloves, risk communication (broadcasting voice recording and distributing education sheets), information about seeking medical assistance </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Laboratory test (not specified)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not specified/At contract hospitals</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia/airport/entry/SARS/2003 [
<xref rid="B8-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> On board/at terminal</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In-person assessment</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ear thermometer</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Risk communication (in-flight notification by airline staff)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="1">At home, by nurse and Chief Quarantine Officer/At designated state or territory hospital, by nurse and Chief Quarantine Officer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia/seaport/entry/SARS/2003 [
<xref rid="B8-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">On board/at terminal</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In-person assessment</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ear thermometer</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Risk communication </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Canada/airport/entry/ exit/SARS/2003 [
<xref rid="B9-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire (health alert notice)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire (health alert notice) and temperature screening</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thermal scanning machines </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Questionnaire </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral thermometer</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Risk communication (posters and health alert notices) information about seeking medical assistance, traveler contact information form</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PCR, serological test</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unknown/ At a predetermined hospital</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Singapore/airport, seaport, road entry points/entry/SARS/2003 [
<xref rid="B23-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>
,
<xref rid="B29-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Health declaration cards</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Visual checks and temperature screening</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thermal scanners </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Risk communication, information about seeking medical assistance </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Serology, SARS antibodies, and/or SARS coronavirus PCR</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Home/ At specific hospital</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan/airport/entry/SARS/2003 [
<xref rid="B35-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>
]</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interview, questionnaire</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Infrared
<break></break>
cameras</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ear electronic thermometer</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Risk communication (public media), information about seeking medical assistance</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">White blood cell count, Chest X-ray findings</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">At specific hospital</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>TMD: Temperature measuring device, CDC: Center for Disease Control and Prevention, RT-PCR: Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, SARS: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. * (-) Not specified,
<sup>#</sup>
from 28 April to 21 May 2009,
<sup></sup>
from 22 May to 18 June 2009.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="ijerph-16-04638-t007" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-16-04638-t007_Table 7</object-id>
<label>Table 7</label>
<caption>
<p>Number of travelers screened, suspected and confirmed cases detected through entry screening.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Targeting Disease/s</th>
<th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Country</th>
<th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Timeframe</th>
<th colspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Number of Travelers</th>
<th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Sensitivity</th>
<th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Specificity</th>
<th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Country Surveillance Data/ Imported Cases **</th>
<th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Reference</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Screened</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Suspected</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Confirmed
<break></break>
Detected </th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="5" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="1">SARS</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 March to 22 April 2003</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2819</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">346/unknown</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B35-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Canada</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 May to 5 July 2003</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">For health alert notices inbound: 677,494; For thermal imaging scanner inbound: 467,870</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">For health alert notices inbound: 2478;
<break></break>
For thermal imaging scanner inbound: 95</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">251/unknown</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B9-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 April to 16 June 2003</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.84 million arrivals</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">794 were referred for screening to quarantine and inspection service staff. Of these, 734 (92.4%) were referred by quarantine/inspection service staff to the nurses at airports. 19 (2.4%) were then referred to the Chief Quarantine Officer</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6/unknown</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B8-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Singapore</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31 March to 31 May 2003</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">442,973</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">136</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">238/unknown</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B23-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Singapore</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 April to 21 Sept 2003</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No information available </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4044 travelers were detected to have temperatures >37.5 °C through screening at the airport and sea terminals. Of these travelers, 327 were referred to hospital for assessment and 39 were admitted for further evaluation and isolation.</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">238/unknown</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B29-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="10" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="1">Influenza Pandemic (H1N1) 2009</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Singapore</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 April to 27 June 2009</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B36-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28 April to 18 June 2009</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">625,147</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5845 (0.93%) identified as symptomatic or febrile, 1296 (22.17%) identified as requiring further clinical assessment</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.67% (95% CI, 1.40–18.27%) *</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99.10% (95% CI, 99.00–100.00%) *</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B20-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28 April to 20 June</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120,069</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">391 cases (0.33%) </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (1.28%) influenza type A
<break></break>
1 as influenza type B</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B26-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28 April to 18 June 2009</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">441,041 passengers and 30,692 airline crew members</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">805</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B24-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 September 2009 to 31 January 2010</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9,140,435</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1049</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B24-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Period I: 28 April to 21 May 2009, Period II: 22 May to 18 June 2009</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Period I: 20,603; Period II: 265,696</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Period I: 561,
<break></break>
Period II: 244</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Period I: 4,
<break></break>
Period II: 5</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B39-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">From 27 April to 19 June 2009</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,732,455</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2685 were detected
<sup>£</sup>
to have suspicious symptoms, including 1303 fever cases. Among these fever cases, 184 were sent to hospitals for further diagnosis and treatment after they were evaluated in terms of travel history and symptoms, by quarantine physicians or quarantine officers.</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B33-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 May to 30 September 2009</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">600,000</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">132</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B40-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peru</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24 April to 4 July 2009</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500,000</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B32-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 April to 22 June 2009</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">456,518</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">406 (0.09%) of these were referred for medical assessment. Of those, 109 (27%) met the case definition and received virologic testing.</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.8%
<break></break>
(95% CI 2.3–14.0%)
<sup></sup>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B21-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="8" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="1">Ebola virus disease</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">US</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No information available</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>1200 travelers were referred to CDC for additional screening because of illness or, more commonly, to assess possible exposures;
<break></break>
28 persons were referred for medical evaluation.</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B28-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">US</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11 October to 10 November 2014</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1993</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86 (4.3%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B6-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">US</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11 October 2014 to 31 January 2015</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7587</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">543 (7.2%) were referred to on-site CDC screening at the airport for additional exposure risk assessment. At the time of assessment, 12 (0.16%) travelers were referred for medical evaluation at a local hospital.</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11/9</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B34-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 October 2014 to 13 April 2015</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">123 </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B31-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Belgium</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 October 2014 to 17 March 2015</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13,356</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B27-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UK</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">October 2014 to March 2015</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Approximately 5000</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1/1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B27-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UK</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 October 2014 to 4 January 2015</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3388 passengers screened at UK ports of entry</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">125 low risk passengers
<break></break>
5 high-risk passengers</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1/1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B37-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">August 2014 to September 2015</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B38-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zika virus disease</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">January to October 2016</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21,083,404 </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21,721 were identified as potentially ill through fever screening or passengers’ self-reporting. Upon evaluation, 3199 specimens were collected.</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17/17</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B7-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" colspan="1">Dengue fever</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2007 to 2010</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52,047,769</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48,115</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">406</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.22% (2007), 44.44% (2008), 53.2% (2009), 41.86% (2010) *</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99.96% (2007), 99.96% (2008), 99.97% (2009), 99.97% (2010) *</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,800/910</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B10-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2013 to 2016</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85,464,274</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67,704 ill passengers detected by entry screening, 9944 specimens collected</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">518</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61,118/1,249</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B7-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2003 to 2007</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4119/539</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B11-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">July 2003 to June 2004</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8,000,000</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≈22,000 passengers were identified as fever patients. After clinical diagnosis, 3011 serum samples were sent for laboratory diagnosis of Dengue virus infection.</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6005/73</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B15-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chikungunya infection </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2013 to 2016</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85,464,274</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67,704 ill passengers detected by entry screening, 9944 specimens collected</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91/48</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B7-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>* Visual and fever screening, medical and laboratory assessment and questionnaire were applied.
<sup></sup>
Visual screening, medical and laboratory assessment were applied.
<sup>£</sup>
Visual and fever screening, medical and laboratory assessment were applied. ** Data in this column were extracted from papers and websites other than those fulfilling the eligibility criteria, which are listed in the last column of the table [
<xref rid="B15-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
,
<xref rid="B41-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>
,
<xref rid="B42-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>
,
<xref rid="B43-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>
,
<xref rid="B44-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>
,
<xref rid="B45-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>
,
<xref rid="B46-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>
,
<xref rid="B47-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>
,
<xref rid="B48-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>
].</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="ijerph-16-04638-t008" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-16-04638-t008_Table 8</object-id>
<label>Table 8</label>
<caption>
<p>Number of travelers screened, suspected and confirmed cases identified through exit screening.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Country</th>
<th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Targeting Disease/s</th>
<th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Timeframe</th>
<th colspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Number of Travelers</th>
<th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Sensitivity</th>
<th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Specificity</th>
<th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Reference</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Screened</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Suspected</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Confirmed Detected</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Confirmed Not Detected </th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ebola virus disease</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">August to October 2014</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80,000 </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B6-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Canada</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SARS</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 May to 5 July 2003</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">For health alert notices: 495,492
<break></break>
For thermal imaging scanner: 295,212</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">For health alert notices: 411 For thermal imaging scanner: 96</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B9-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Senegal, and Mali</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ebola virus disease</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>200,000 travelers leaving Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone had been screened and >150,000 in Nigeria</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B28-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ebola virus disease</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 August to 12 October 2014</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36,000 </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0% *</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99.79% *</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B49-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ebola virus disease</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">August 2014 to January 2016</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300,000 </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4
<break></break>
(none of them was overtly symptomatic at the time of travel)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B16-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>SARS: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. * Visual and fever screening, medical and laboratory assessment, and questionnaire were applied.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="ijerph-16-04638-t009" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-16-04638-t009_Table 9</object-id>
<label>Table 9</label>
<caption>
<p>Reported facts about the cost of screening measure.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Disease</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Type of Screening and Setting</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cost of Measures</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Recommendations </th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">General, ad hoc entry/exit screening at airport in Canada </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>An estimated Can$ 7.55 million was invested in airport screening measures from March 18 to July 5, 2003.</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>“Rather than investing in airport screening measures to detect rare infectious diseases, investments should be used to strengthen screening and infection control capacities at points of entry into the healthcare system.”</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B9-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Influenza Pandemic (H1N1) 2009</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">General, ad hoc entry screening at airport in New South Wales (NSW), Australia </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>The cost of staffing airport clinics in NSW has been estimated at about US$50,000 per case detected (NSW Ministry of Health, unpublished data, 2012).</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>“Given the costs associated with staffing airport clinics, careful consideration should be given to deploying resources to airports for largely ineffective screening measures, compared with other activities such as contact tracing in the community”.</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B20-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Dengue fever </td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">General, entry screening at airport on routine basis in Taiwan </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>Not addressed.</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>“Our evaluation of the routine border screening for Dengue using NCITs yielded a low Positive Predictive Value, which suggested a low cost-effectiveness”.</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B10-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
] </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>The airport fever screening method requires an infrared thermal camera, which costs approximately US$ 43,000 for each set of instruments. In addition, one additional worker is needed to monitor this alarm system.</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>“The cost of identifying Dengue virus infections with airport fever screening is similar to that of other surveillance methods. The porting procedure and clinical and laboratory diagnoses are similar to those of surveillance methods. Therefore, the method is a cost-effective means of identifying imported Dengue cases”.</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B15-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="ijerph-16-04638-t010" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-16-04638-t010_Table 10</object-id>
<label>Table 10</label>
<caption>
<p>Assessment of public health impact as reported by authors.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Disease/Type of Screening/ Point of Entry/Country </th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methods</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Results</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">References</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dengue fever/ Entry screening on routine basis/ Airport/Taiwan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Comparing confirmed cases identified at points of entry with total imported cases</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>“Airport fever screening was successful in identifying 45% (244/542; 95% confidence interval 33.1–57.8%) of imported Dengue cases with fever.”</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B11-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dengue fever/ Entry screening on routine basis/ Airport/Taiwan </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluctuations in the number of symptomatic imported Dengue cases identified in the airports (X) were associated with the total number of imported Dengue cases (Y) based on a regression analysis of a biweekly surveillance</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>“By implementing the airport fever screening program followed by laboratory confirmation, nearly half of the imported symptomatic Dengue cases were detected at entry.”</italic>
<break></break>
<italic>“An analysis of the dataset according to the geographical areas (25 counties/cities) indicated that there were significant correlations between the annual cumulative number of Dengue importations identified at the airports (X) and the number of Dengue importations reported from community clinics (Y) (n = 96, Y = 0.93X + 1.208, R2 = 0.57, p < 0.0001).”</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B10-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dengue fever/ Entry screening on routine basis/ Airport/Taiwan </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Comparing confirmed cases identified at points of entry with total imported cases</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>“518/1188 confirmed cases identified at points of entry/total imported cases (43.6%)”</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B7-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dengue fever/ Entry screening on routine basis/ Airport/Taiwan </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Comparing confirmed cases identified at points of entry with total imported cases. Comparing numbers of imported cases before and after screening measure implementation</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>“Airport fever screening alone identified 40 (83.3%) of 48 of all imported cases identified by the active surveillance system.”</italic>
<break></break>
<italic>“Fever screening at the airports has also dramatically increased the proportion of imported Dengue cases identified by active surveillance, 48 (65.8%), of 73 which is significantly higher than the number identified during years before fever screening were implemented (p < 0.0001 by chi-square test)”</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B15-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Influenza Pandemic (H1N1) 2009/ Entry screening ad hoc/ Airport/Japan </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Comparing cases in the community and imported cases identified through screening </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>“In spite of the quarantine inspection, the number of Japanese patients with novel influenza reached 633 by June 18, 2009. Only 11 patients were found by the airport quarantine inspection, but importantly, about 20% of all patients had an overseas travel history and had passed through the quarantine inspection.”</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B26-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Influenza Pandemic (H1N1) 2009/ Entry screening ad hoc/ Airport/Japan </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Comparing surveillance data of imported cases with entry screening results and investigating imported cases’ travel history and time of symptoms onset</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>“6.6% (10/151) of the individuals infected during international travel were identified by the border control measures upon entry in May and June 2009.”</italic>
<break></break>
<italic>“2 individuals among those identified later in Japan to be infected had been missed at entry despite being symptomatic. 22 others were identified after entry into Japan despite being symptomatic at entry screening.”</italic>
<break></break>
<italic>“Health monitoring identified 8 infected individuals. Enhanced surveillance identified 812 individuals, 141 (18%) of whom had a history of international travel. 24 these 141 passengers picked up by enhanced surveillance had been developing symptoms on entry and were missed at screening.”</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B39-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Influenza Pandemic (H1N1) 2009/ Entry screening ad hoc/ Airport/Taiwan</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Comparing surveillance data of imported cases with entry screening results</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>“Cases identified among passengers screened out by quarantine measures and transferred to hospitals by quarantine officers account for 20.3% (12 cases) of all imported cases.”</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B33-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zika virus disease/ Entry screening ad hoc/ Airport/ Taiwan </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Comparing confirmed cases identified at points of entry with total imported cases</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>“As of October 31, 2016, Taiwan has no locally acquired Zika infections, but 13 imported cases have been identified, of which 38% were identified by airport border screening.”</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B7-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chikungunya infection / Entry screening ad hoc/ Airport/ Taiwan </td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Comparing confirmed cases identified at points of entry with total imported cases</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>“29/48 Confirmed cases identified at points of entry/total imported cases (60.4%)”</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[
<xref rid="B7-ijerph-16-04638" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
]</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
<affiliations>
<list></list>
<tree>
<noCountry>
<name sortKey="An Der Heiden, Maria" sort="An Der Heiden, Maria" uniqKey="An Der Heiden M" first="Maria" last="An Der Heiden">Maria An Der Heiden</name>
<name sortKey="Belfroid, Evelien" sort="Belfroid, Evelien" uniqKey="Belfroid E" first="Evelien" last="Belfroid">Evelien Belfroid</name>
<name sortKey="Christoforidou, Eleni P" sort="Christoforidou, Eleni P" uniqKey="Christoforidou E" first="Eleni P." last="Christoforidou">Eleni P. Christoforidou</name>
<name sortKey="Fanos, Margherita" sort="Fanos, Margherita" uniqKey="Fanos M" first="Margherita" last="Fanos">Margherita Fanos</name>
<name sortKey="Grote, Ulrike" sort="Grote, Ulrike" uniqKey="Grote U" first="Ulrike" last="Grote">Ulrike Grote</name>
<name sortKey="Hadjichristodoulou, Christos" sort="Hadjichristodoulou, Christos" uniqKey="Hadjichristodoulou C" first="Christos" last="Hadjichristodoulou">Christos Hadjichristodoulou</name>
<name sortKey="Menel Lemos, Cinthia" sort="Menel Lemos, Cinthia" uniqKey="Menel Lemos C" first="Cinthia" last="Menel Lemos">Cinthia Menel Lemos</name>
<name sortKey="Mouchtouri, Varvara A" sort="Mouchtouri, Varvara A" uniqKey="Mouchtouri V" first="Varvara A." last="Mouchtouri">Varvara A. Mouchtouri</name>
<name sortKey="Rexroth, Ute" sort="Rexroth, Ute" uniqKey="Rexroth U" first="Ute" last="Rexroth">Ute Rexroth</name>
<name sortKey="Swaan, Corien" sort="Swaan, Corien" uniqKey="Swaan C" first="Corien" last="Swaan">Corien Swaan</name>
</noCountry>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>

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