Race and 1918 Influenza Pandemic in the United States: A Review of the Literature
Identifieur interne : 001F84 ( Ncbi/Curation ); précédent : 001F83; suivant : 001F85Race and 1918 Influenza Pandemic in the United States: A Review of the Literature
Auteurs : Helene Kland [Norvège] ; Svenn-Erik Mamelund [Norvège]Source :
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [ 1661-7827 ] ; 2019.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- MESH :
- Wicri :
- geographic : États-Unis.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- geographic , epidemiology : United States.
- epidemiology : Influenza, Human.
- history : Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919, Influenza, Human.
- African Americans, European Continental Ancestry Group, History, 20th Century, Humans, Surveys and Questionnaires.
Abstract
During epidemics, the poorest part of the population usually suffers the most. Alfred Crosby noted that the norm changed during the 1918 influenza pandemic in the US: The black population (which were expected to have higher influenza morbidity and mortality) had lower morbidity and mortality than the white population during the autumn of 1918. Crosby’s explanation for this was that black people were more exposed to a mild spring/summer wave of influenza earlier that same year. In this paper, we review the literature from the pandemic of 1918 to better understand the crossover in the role of race on mortality. The literature has used insurance, military, survey, and routine notification data. Results show that the black population had lower morbidity, and during September, October, and November, lower mortality but higher case fatality than the white population. The results also show that the black population had lower influenza morbidity prior to 1918. The reasons for lower morbidity among the black population both at baseline and during the herald and later waves in 1918 remain unclear. Results may imply that black people had a lower risk of developing the disease given exposure, but when they did get sick, they had a higher risk of dying.
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142487
PubMed: 31336864
PubMed Central: 6678782
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Box 4, St. Olavs Plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Work Research Institute, OsloMet—Oslo Metropolitan University, PO. Box 4, St. Olavs Plass, 0130 Oslo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement><region nuts="2">Østlandet</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</title><idno type="ISSN">1661-7827</idno><idno type="eISSN">1660-4601</idno><imprint><date when="2019">2019</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>African Americans</term><term>European Continental Ancestry Group</term><term>History, 20th Century</term><term>Humans</term><term>Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919 (history)</term><term>Influenza, Human (epidemiology)</term><term>Influenza, Human (history)</term><term>Surveys and Questionnaires</term><term>United States (epidemiology)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Afro-Américains</term><term>Enquêtes et questionnaires</term><term>Grippe humaine (histoire)</term><term>Grippe humaine (épidémiologie)</term><term>Histoire du 20ème siècle</term><term>Humains</term><term>Pandémie de grippe de 1918-1919 (histoire)</term><term>Population d'origine européenne</term><term>États-Unis d'Amérique (épidémiologie)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>United States</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza, Human</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="histoire" xml:lang="fr"><term>Grippe humaine</term><term>Pandémie de grippe de 1918-1919</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="history" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919</term><term>Influenza, Human</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Grippe humaine</term><term>États-Unis d'Amérique</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>African Americans</term><term>European Continental Ancestry Group</term><term>History, 20th Century</term><term>Humans</term><term>Surveys and Questionnaires</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Afro-Américains</term><term>Enquêtes et questionnaires</term><term>Histoire du 20ème siècle</term><term>Humains</term><term>Population d'origine européenne</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="geographic" xml:lang="fr"><term>États-Unis</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>During epidemics, the poorest part of the population usually suffers the most. Alfred Crosby noted that the norm changed during the 1918 influenza pandemic in the US: The black population (which were expected to have higher influenza morbidity and mortality) had lower morbidity and mortality than the white population during the autumn of 1918. Crosby’s explanation for this was that black people were more exposed to a mild spring/summer wave of influenza earlier that same year. In this paper, we review the literature from the pandemic of 1918 to better understand the crossover in the role of race on mortality. The literature has used insurance, military, survey, and routine notification data. Results show that the black population had lower morbidity, and during September, October, and November, lower mortality but higher case fatality than the white population. The results also show that the black population had lower influenza morbidity prior to 1918. The reasons for lower morbidity among the black population both at baseline and during the herald and later waves in 1918 remain unclear. Results may imply that black people had a lower risk of developing the disease given exposure, but when they did get sick, they had a higher risk of dying.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Johnson, N P" uniqKey="Johnson N">N.P. Johnson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mueller, J" uniqKey="Mueller J">J. Mueller</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Crosby, A" uniqKey="Crosby A">A. Crosby</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Crosby, A W" uniqKey="Crosby A">A.W. Crosby</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Crouse, Q S" uniqKey="Crouse Q">Q.S. Crouse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Supriya, K" uniqKey="Supriya K">K. 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Miller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hallman, S A" uniqKey="Hallman S">S.A. Hallman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bourbeau, R" uniqKey="Bourbeau R">R. Bourbeau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Herring, D A" uniqKey="Herring D">D.A. Herring</name></author><author><name sortKey="Earn, D J" uniqKey="Earn D">D.J. Earn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Madrenas, J" uniqKey="Madrenas J">J. Madrenas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hallman, S" uniqKey="Hallman S">S. Hallman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gagnon, A" uniqKey="Gagnon A">A. Gagnon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gamble, V N" uniqKey="Gamble V">V.N. Gamble</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Crowell, B" uniqKey="Crowell B">B. Crowell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, R" uniqKey="Wilson R">R. 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