Race and 1918 Influenza Pandemic in the United States: A Review of the Literature
Identifieur interne : 000B01 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000B00; suivant : 000B02Race and 1918 Influenza Pandemic in the United States: A Review of the Literature
Auteurs : Helene Kland [Norvège] ; Svenn-Erik Mamelund [Norvège]Source :
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [ 1661-7827 ] ; 2019.
Abstract
During epidemics, the poorest part of the population usually suffers the most. Alfred Crosby noted that the norm changed during the 1918 influenza pandemic in the US: The black population (which were expected to have higher influenza morbidity and mortality) had lower morbidity and mortality than the white population during the autumn of 1918. Crosby’s explanation for this was that black people were more exposed to a mild spring/summer wave of influenza earlier that same year. In this paper, we review the literature from the pandemic of 1918 to better understand the crossover in the role of race on mortality. The literature has used insurance, military, survey, and routine notification data. Results show that the black population had lower morbidity, and during September, October, and November, lower mortality but higher case fatality than the white population. The results also show that the black population had lower influenza morbidity prior to 1918. The reasons for lower morbidity among the black population both at baseline and during the herald and later waves in 1918 remain unclear. Results may imply that black people had a lower risk of developing the disease given exposure, but when they did get sick, they had a higher risk of dying.
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DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142487
PubMed: 31336864
PubMed Central: 6678782
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Box 4, St. Olavs Plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Work Research Institute, OsloMet—Oslo Metropolitan University, PO. Box 4, St. Olavs Plass, 0130 Oslo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</title><idno type="ISSN">1661-7827</idno><idno type="eISSN">1660-4601</idno><imprint><date when="2019">2019</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>During epidemics, the poorest part of the population usually suffers the most. Alfred Crosby noted that the norm changed during the 1918 influenza pandemic in the US: The black population (which were expected to have higher influenza morbidity and mortality) had lower morbidity and mortality than the white population during the autumn of 1918. Crosby’s explanation for this was that black people were more exposed to a mild spring/summer wave of influenza earlier that same year. In this paper, we review the literature from the pandemic of 1918 to better understand the crossover in the role of race on mortality. The literature has used insurance, military, survey, and routine notification data. Results show that the black population had lower morbidity, and during September, October, and November, lower mortality but higher case fatality than the white population. The results also show that the black population had lower influenza morbidity prior to 1918. The reasons for lower morbidity among the black population both at baseline and during the herald and later waves in 1918 remain unclear. Results may imply that black people had a lower risk of developing the disease given exposure, but when they did get sick, they had a higher risk of dying.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Johnson, N P" uniqKey="Johnson N">N.P. Johnson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mueller, J" uniqKey="Mueller J">J. Mueller</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Crosby, A" uniqKey="Crosby A">A. Crosby</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Crosby, A W" uniqKey="Crosby A">A.W. Crosby</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Crouse, Q S" uniqKey="Crouse Q">Q.S. Crouse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Supriya, K" uniqKey="Supriya K">K. Supriya</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Keene, J" uniqKey="Keene J">J. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Environ Res Public Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Environ Res Public Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijerph</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1661-7827</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1660-4601</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">31336864</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">6678782</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijerph16142487</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijerph-16-02487</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Race and 1918 Influenza Pandemic in the United States: A Review of the Literature</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Økland</surname><given-names>Helene</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-16-02487">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3980-3818</contrib-id><name><surname>Mamelund</surname><given-names>Svenn-Erik</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijerph-16-02487">2</xref><xref rid="c1-ijerph-16-02487" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-ijerph-16-02487"><label>1</label>Department of Business, History and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Raveien 215, 3184 Borre, Norway</aff><aff id="af2-ijerph-16-02487"><label>2</label>Work Research Institute, OsloMet—Oslo Metropolitan University, PO. Box 4, St. Olavs Plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-ijerph-16-02487"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>masv@oslomet.no</email>; Tel.: +47-97100044</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>7</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>7</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>14</issue><elocation-id>2487</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>25</day><month>6</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>09</day><month>7</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2019 by the authors.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>During epidemics, the poorest part of the population usually suffers the most. Alfred Crosby noted that the norm changed during the 1918 influenza pandemic in the US: The black population (which were expected to have higher influenza morbidity and mortality) had lower morbidity and mortality than the white population during the autumn of 1918. Crosby’s explanation for this was that black people were more exposed to a mild spring/summer wave of influenza earlier that same year. In this paper, we review the literature from the pandemic of 1918 to better understand the crossover in the role of race on mortality. The literature has used insurance, military, survey, and routine notification data. Results show that the black population had lower morbidity, and during September, October, and November, lower mortality but higher case fatality than the white population. The results also show that the black population had lower influenza morbidity prior to 1918. The reasons for lower morbidity among the black population both at baseline and during the herald and later waves in 1918 remain unclear. Results may imply that black people had a lower risk of developing the disease given exposure, but when they did get sick, they had a higher risk of dying.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>influenza</kwd><kwd>pneumonia</kwd><kwd>pandemic</kwd><kwd>inequality</kwd><kwd>race</kwd><kwd>morbidity</kwd><kwd>mortality</kwd><kwd>case fatality</kwd><kwd>1918</kwd><kwd>USA</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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