Preservation of viral genomes in 700-y-old caribou feces from a subarctic ice patch
Identifieur interne : 000D92 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000D91; suivant : 000D93Preservation of viral genomes in 700-y-old caribou feces from a subarctic ice patch
Auteurs : Terry Fei Fan Ng ; Li-Fang Chen ; Yanchen Zhou ; Beth Shapiro ; Mathias Stiller ; Peter D. Heintzman ; Arvind Varsani [Nouvelle-Zélande, Afrique du Sud] ; Nikola O. Kondov ; Walt Wong ; Xutao Deng ; Thomas D. Andrews [Canada] ; Brian J. Moorman [Canada] ; Thomas Meulendyk [Canada] ; Glen Mackay [Canada] ; Robert L. Gilbertson ; Eric DelwartSource :
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [ 0027-8424 ] ; 2014.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- geographic : Arctic Regions.
- virology : Feces.
- Animals, Genome, Viral, Molecular Sequence Data, Reindeer.
Abstract
Knowledge of ancient viruses is limited due to their low concentration and poor preservation in ancient specimens. Using a viral particle-associated nucleic acid enrichment approach, we genetically characterized one complete DNA and one partial RNA viral genome from a 700-y-old fecal sample preserved in ice. Using reverse genetics, we reconstituted the DNA virus, which replicated and systemically spread in a model plant species. Under constant freezing conditions, encapsidated viral nucleic acids may therefore be preserved for centuries. Our finding indicates that cryogenically preserved materials can be repositories of ancient viral nucleic acids, which in turn allow molecular genetics to regenerate viruses to study their biology.
Url:
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1410429111
PubMed: 25349412
PubMed Central: 4250163
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PMC:4250163Le document en format XML
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Heintzman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology,<institution>University of California, Santa Cruz</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95064;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Varsani, Arvind" sort="Varsani, Arvind" uniqKey="Varsani A" first="Arvind" last="Varsani">Arvind Varsani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5">School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre,<institution>University of Canterbury</institution>, Christchurch,<country>New Zealand</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute,<institution>University of Florida</institution>, Gainesville,<addr-line>FL</addr-line> 32611;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Electron Microscope Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences,<institution>University of Cape Town</institution>, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701,<country>South Africa</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kondov, Nikola O" sort="Kondov, Nikola O" uniqKey="Kondov N" first="Nikola O." last="Kondov">Nikola O. Kondov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Blood Systems Research Institute</institution>, San Francisco,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, Walt" sort="Wong, Walt" uniqKey="Wong W" first="Walt" last="Wong">Walt Wong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Blood Systems Research Institute</institution>, San Francisco,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deng, Xutao" sort="Deng, Xutao" uniqKey="Deng X" first="Xutao" last="Deng">Xutao Deng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Blood Systems Research Institute</institution>, San Francisco,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Laboratory Medicine,<institution>University of California, San Francisco</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andrews, Thomas D" sort="Andrews, Thomas D" uniqKey="Andrews T" first="Thomas D." last="Andrews">Thomas D. Andrews</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre,<institution>Government of the Northwest Territories</institution>, Yellowknife, NT,<country>Canada</country> X1A2L9;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moorman, Brian J" sort="Moorman, Brian J" uniqKey="Moorman B" first="Brian J." last="Moorman">Brian J. Moorman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff9">Department of Geography,<institution>University of Calgary</institution>, Calgary, AB,<country>Canada</country> T2N1N4</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meulendyk, Thomas" sort="Meulendyk, Thomas" uniqKey="Meulendyk T" first="Thomas" last="Meulendyk">Thomas Meulendyk</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10">Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences,<institution>University of Toronto, Scarborough</institution>, Toronto, Ontario,<country>Canada</country> M1C1A4</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mackay, Glen" sort="Mackay, Glen" uniqKey="Mackay G" first="Glen" last="Mackay">Glen Mackay</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre,<institution>Government of the Northwest Territories</institution>, Yellowknife, NT,<country>Canada</country> X1A2L9;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gilbertson, Robert L" sort="Gilbertson, Robert L" uniqKey="Gilbertson R" first="Robert L." last="Gilbertson">Robert L. Gilbertson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Plant Pathology,<institution>University of California, Davis</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95616;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delwart, Eric" sort="Delwart, Eric" uniqKey="Delwart E" first="Eric" last="Delwart">Eric Delwart</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Blood Systems Research Institute</institution>, San Francisco,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Laboratory Medicine,<institution>University of California, San Francisco</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="ISSN">0027-8424</idno><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Arctic Regions</term><term>Feces (virology)</term><term>Genome, Viral</term><term>Molecular Sequence Data</term><term>Reindeer</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" xml:lang="en"><term>Arctic Regions</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Feces</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Genome, Viral</term><term>Molecular Sequence Data</term><term>Reindeer</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Significance</title><p>Knowledge of ancient viruses is limited due to their low concentration and poor preservation in ancient specimens. Using a viral particle-associated nucleic acid enrichment approach, we genetically characterized one complete DNA and one partial RNA viral genome from a 700-y-old fecal sample preserved in ice. Using reverse genetics, we reconstituted the DNA virus, which replicated and systemically spread in a model plant species. Under constant freezing conditions, encapsidated viral nucleic acids may therefore be preserved for centuries. Our finding indicates that cryogenically preserved materials can be repositories of ancient viral nucleic acids, which in turn allow molecular genetics to regenerate viruses to study their biology.</p></div></front></TEI><double pmid="25349412"><pmc><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Preservation of viral genomes in 700-y-old caribou feces from a subarctic ice patch</title><author><name sortKey="Ng, Terry Fei Fan" sort="Ng, Terry Fei Fan" uniqKey="Ng T" first="Terry Fei Fan" last="Ng">Terry Fei Fan Ng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Blood Systems Research Institute</institution>, San Francisco,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Laboratory Medicine,<institution>University of California, San Francisco</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Li Fang" sort="Chen, Li Fang" uniqKey="Chen L" first="Li-Fang" last="Chen">Li-Fang Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Plant Pathology,<institution>University of California, Davis</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95616;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Yanchen" sort="Zhou, Yanchen" uniqKey="Zhou Y" first="Yanchen" last="Zhou">Yanchen Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Blood Systems Research Institute</institution>, San Francisco,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Laboratory Medicine,<institution>University of California, San Francisco</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shapiro, Beth" sort="Shapiro, Beth" uniqKey="Shapiro B" first="Beth" last="Shapiro">Beth Shapiro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology,<institution>University of California, Santa Cruz</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95064;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stiller, Mathias" sort="Stiller, Mathias" uniqKey="Stiller M" first="Mathias" last="Stiller">Mathias Stiller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology,<institution>University of California, Santa Cruz</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95064;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heintzman, Peter D" sort="Heintzman, Peter D" uniqKey="Heintzman P" first="Peter D." last="Heintzman">Peter D. Heintzman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology,<institution>University of California, Santa Cruz</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95064;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Varsani, Arvind" sort="Varsani, Arvind" uniqKey="Varsani A" first="Arvind" last="Varsani">Arvind Varsani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5">School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre,<institution>University of Canterbury</institution>, Christchurch,<country>New Zealand</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute,<institution>University of Florida</institution>, Gainesville,<addr-line>FL</addr-line> 32611;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Electron Microscope Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences,<institution>University of Cape Town</institution>, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701,<country>South Africa</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kondov, Nikola O" sort="Kondov, Nikola O" uniqKey="Kondov N" first="Nikola O." last="Kondov">Nikola O. Kondov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Blood Systems Research Institute</institution>, San Francisco,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, Walt" sort="Wong, Walt" uniqKey="Wong W" first="Walt" last="Wong">Walt Wong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Blood Systems Research Institute</institution>, San Francisco,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deng, Xutao" sort="Deng, Xutao" uniqKey="Deng X" first="Xutao" last="Deng">Xutao Deng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Blood Systems Research Institute</institution>, San Francisco,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Laboratory Medicine,<institution>University of California, San Francisco</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andrews, Thomas D" sort="Andrews, Thomas D" uniqKey="Andrews T" first="Thomas D." last="Andrews">Thomas D. Andrews</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre,<institution>Government of the Northwest Territories</institution>, Yellowknife, NT,<country>Canada</country> X1A2L9;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moorman, Brian J" sort="Moorman, Brian J" uniqKey="Moorman B" first="Brian J." last="Moorman">Brian J. Moorman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff9">Department of Geography,<institution>University of Calgary</institution>, Calgary, AB,<country>Canada</country> T2N1N4</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meulendyk, Thomas" sort="Meulendyk, Thomas" uniqKey="Meulendyk T" first="Thomas" last="Meulendyk">Thomas Meulendyk</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10">Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences,<institution>University of Toronto, Scarborough</institution>, Toronto, Ontario,<country>Canada</country> M1C1A4</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mackay, Glen" sort="Mackay, Glen" uniqKey="Mackay G" first="Glen" last="Mackay">Glen Mackay</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre,<institution>Government of the Northwest Territories</institution>, Yellowknife, NT,<country>Canada</country> X1A2L9;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gilbertson, Robert L" sort="Gilbertson, Robert L" uniqKey="Gilbertson R" first="Robert L." last="Gilbertson">Robert L. Gilbertson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Plant Pathology,<institution>University of California, Davis</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95616;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delwart, Eric" sort="Delwart, Eric" uniqKey="Delwart E" first="Eric" last="Delwart">Eric Delwart</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Blood Systems Research Institute</institution>, San Francisco,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Laboratory Medicine,<institution>University of California, San Francisco</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25349412</idno><idno type="pmc">4250163</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4250163</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4250163</idno><idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1410429111</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000311</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000311</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000311</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000311</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000083</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000083</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Preservation of viral genomes in 700-y-old caribou feces from a subarctic ice patch</title><author><name sortKey="Ng, Terry Fei Fan" sort="Ng, Terry Fei Fan" uniqKey="Ng T" first="Terry Fei Fan" last="Ng">Terry Fei Fan Ng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Blood Systems Research Institute</institution>, San Francisco,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Laboratory Medicine,<institution>University of California, San Francisco</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Li Fang" sort="Chen, Li Fang" uniqKey="Chen L" first="Li-Fang" last="Chen">Li-Fang Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Plant Pathology,<institution>University of California, Davis</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95616;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Yanchen" sort="Zhou, Yanchen" uniqKey="Zhou Y" first="Yanchen" last="Zhou">Yanchen Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Blood Systems Research Institute</institution>, San Francisco,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Laboratory Medicine,<institution>University of California, San Francisco</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shapiro, Beth" sort="Shapiro, Beth" uniqKey="Shapiro B" first="Beth" last="Shapiro">Beth Shapiro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology,<institution>University of California, Santa Cruz</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95064;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stiller, Mathias" sort="Stiller, Mathias" uniqKey="Stiller M" first="Mathias" last="Stiller">Mathias Stiller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology,<institution>University of California, Santa Cruz</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95064;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heintzman, Peter D" sort="Heintzman, Peter D" uniqKey="Heintzman P" first="Peter D." last="Heintzman">Peter D. Heintzman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology,<institution>University of California, Santa Cruz</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95064;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Varsani, Arvind" sort="Varsani, Arvind" uniqKey="Varsani A" first="Arvind" last="Varsani">Arvind Varsani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5">School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre,<institution>University of Canterbury</institution>, Christchurch,<country>New Zealand</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute,<institution>University of Florida</institution>, Gainesville,<addr-line>FL</addr-line> 32611;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Electron Microscope Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences,<institution>University of Cape Town</institution>, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701,<country>South Africa</country>;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kondov, Nikola O" sort="Kondov, Nikola O" uniqKey="Kondov N" first="Nikola O." last="Kondov">Nikola O. Kondov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Blood Systems Research Institute</institution>, San Francisco,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, Walt" sort="Wong, Walt" uniqKey="Wong W" first="Walt" last="Wong">Walt Wong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Blood Systems Research Institute</institution>, San Francisco,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deng, Xutao" sort="Deng, Xutao" uniqKey="Deng X" first="Xutao" last="Deng">Xutao Deng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Blood Systems Research Institute</institution>, San Francisco,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Laboratory Medicine,<institution>University of California, San Francisco</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andrews, Thomas D" sort="Andrews, Thomas D" uniqKey="Andrews T" first="Thomas D." last="Andrews">Thomas D. Andrews</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre,<institution>Government of the Northwest Territories</institution>, Yellowknife, NT,<country>Canada</country> X1A2L9;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moorman, Brian J" sort="Moorman, Brian J" uniqKey="Moorman B" first="Brian J." last="Moorman">Brian J. Moorman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff9">Department of Geography,<institution>University of Calgary</institution>, Calgary, AB,<country>Canada</country> T2N1N4</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meulendyk, Thomas" sort="Meulendyk, Thomas" uniqKey="Meulendyk T" first="Thomas" last="Meulendyk">Thomas Meulendyk</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10">Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences,<institution>University of Toronto, Scarborough</institution>, Toronto, Ontario,<country>Canada</country> M1C1A4</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mackay, Glen" sort="Mackay, Glen" uniqKey="Mackay G" first="Glen" last="Mackay">Glen Mackay</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre,<institution>Government of the Northwest Territories</institution>, Yellowknife, NT,<country>Canada</country> X1A2L9;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gilbertson, Robert L" sort="Gilbertson, Robert L" uniqKey="Gilbertson R" first="Robert L." last="Gilbertson">Robert L. Gilbertson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Plant Pathology,<institution>University of California, Davis</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 95616;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delwart, Eric" sort="Delwart, Eric" uniqKey="Delwart E" first="Eric" last="Delwart">Eric Delwart</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Blood Systems Research Institute</institution>, San Francisco,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Laboratory Medicine,<institution>University of California, San Francisco</institution>,<addr-line>CA</addr-line> 94118;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="ISSN">0027-8424</idno><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Significance</title><p>Knowledge of ancient viruses is limited due to their low concentration and poor preservation in ancient specimens. Using a viral particle-associated nucleic acid enrichment approach, we genetically characterized one complete DNA and one partial RNA viral genome from a 700-y-old fecal sample preserved in ice. Using reverse genetics, we reconstituted the DNA virus, which replicated and systemically spread in a model plant species. Under constant freezing conditions, encapsidated viral nucleic acids may therefore be preserved for centuries. Our finding indicates that cryogenically preserved materials can be repositories of ancient viral nucleic acids, which in turn allow molecular genetics to regenerate viruses to study their biology.</p></div></front></TEI></pmc><pubmed><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Preservation of viral genomes in 700-y-old caribou feces from a subarctic ice patch.</title><author><name sortKey="Ng, Terry Fei Fan" sort="Ng, Terry Fei Fan" uniqKey="Ng T" first="Terry Fei Fan" last="Ng">Terry Fei Fan Ng</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Li Fang" sort="Chen, Li Fang" uniqKey="Chen L" first="Li-Fang" last="Chen">Li-Fang Chen</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Yanchen" sort="Zhou, Yanchen" uniqKey="Zhou Y" first="Yanchen" last="Zhou">Yanchen Zhou</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shapiro, Beth" sort="Shapiro, Beth" uniqKey="Shapiro B" first="Beth" last="Shapiro">Beth Shapiro</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stiller, Mathias" sort="Stiller, Mathias" uniqKey="Stiller M" first="Mathias" last="Stiller">Mathias Stiller</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heintzman, Peter D" sort="Heintzman, Peter D" uniqKey="Heintzman P" first="Peter D" last="Heintzman">Peter D. Heintzman</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Varsani, Arvind" sort="Varsani, Arvind" uniqKey="Varsani A" first="Arvind" last="Varsani">Arvind Varsani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; Electron Microscope Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; Electron Microscope Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>7701</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kondov, Nikola O" sort="Kondov, Nikola O" uniqKey="Kondov N" first="Nikola O" last="Kondov">Nikola O. Kondov</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, Walt" sort="Wong, Walt" uniqKey="Wong W" first="Walt" last="Wong">Walt Wong</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deng, Xutao" sort="Deng, Xutao" uniqKey="Deng X" first="Xutao" last="Deng">Xutao Deng</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andrews, Thomas D" sort="Andrews, Thomas D" uniqKey="Andrews T" first="Thomas D" last="Andrews">Thomas D. Andrews</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, NT, Canada X1A2L9;</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, NT</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NT</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moorman, Brian J" sort="Moorman, Brian J" uniqKey="Moorman B" first="Brian J" last="Moorman">Brian J. Moorman</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N1N4; and.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Calgary</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Calgary</settlement><region type="state">Alberta</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meulendyk, Thomas" sort="Meulendyk, Thomas" uniqKey="Meulendyk T" first="Thomas" last="Meulendyk">Thomas Meulendyk</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C1A4.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mackay, Glen" sort="Mackay, Glen" uniqKey="Mackay G" first="Glen" last="Mackay">Glen Mackay</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, NT, Canada X1A2L9;</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, NT</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NT</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gilbertson, Robert L" sort="Gilbertson, Robert L" uniqKey="Gilbertson R" first="Robert L" last="Gilbertson">Robert L. Gilbertson</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delwart, Eric" sort="Delwart, Eric" uniqKey="Delwart E" first="Eric" last="Delwart">Eric Delwart</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118; delwarte@medicine.ucsf.edu.</nlm:affiliation><country wicri:rule="url">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">San Francisco</settlement><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:25349412</idno><idno type="pmid">25349412</idno><idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1410429111</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000154</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000154</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">000154</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">000154</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">000154</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">000154</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Preservation of viral genomes in 700-y-old caribou feces from a subarctic ice patch.</title><author><name sortKey="Ng, Terry Fei Fan" sort="Ng, Terry Fei Fan" uniqKey="Ng T" first="Terry Fei Fan" last="Ng">Terry Fei Fan Ng</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Li Fang" sort="Chen, Li Fang" uniqKey="Chen L" first="Li-Fang" last="Chen">Li-Fang Chen</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Yanchen" sort="Zhou, Yanchen" uniqKey="Zhou Y" first="Yanchen" last="Zhou">Yanchen Zhou</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shapiro, Beth" sort="Shapiro, Beth" uniqKey="Shapiro B" first="Beth" last="Shapiro">Beth Shapiro</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stiller, Mathias" sort="Stiller, Mathias" uniqKey="Stiller M" first="Mathias" last="Stiller">Mathias Stiller</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heintzman, Peter D" sort="Heintzman, Peter D" uniqKey="Heintzman P" first="Peter D" last="Heintzman">Peter D. Heintzman</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Varsani, Arvind" sort="Varsani, Arvind" uniqKey="Varsani A" first="Arvind" last="Varsani">Arvind Varsani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; Electron Microscope Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; Electron Microscope Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>7701</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kondov, Nikola O" sort="Kondov, Nikola O" uniqKey="Kondov N" first="Nikola O" last="Kondov">Nikola O. Kondov</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, Walt" sort="Wong, Walt" uniqKey="Wong W" first="Walt" last="Wong">Walt Wong</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deng, Xutao" sort="Deng, Xutao" uniqKey="Deng X" first="Xutao" last="Deng">Xutao Deng</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andrews, Thomas D" sort="Andrews, Thomas D" uniqKey="Andrews T" first="Thomas D" last="Andrews">Thomas D. Andrews</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, NT, Canada X1A2L9;</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, NT</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NT</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moorman, Brian J" sort="Moorman, Brian J" uniqKey="Moorman B" first="Brian J" last="Moorman">Brian J. Moorman</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N1N4; and.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Calgary</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Calgary</settlement><region type="state">Alberta</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meulendyk, Thomas" sort="Meulendyk, Thomas" uniqKey="Meulendyk T" first="Thomas" last="Meulendyk">Thomas Meulendyk</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C1A4.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mackay, Glen" sort="Mackay, Glen" uniqKey="Mackay G" first="Glen" last="Mackay">Glen Mackay</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, NT, Canada X1A2L9;</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, NT</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>NT</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gilbertson, Robert L" sort="Gilbertson, Robert L" uniqKey="Gilbertson R" first="Robert L" last="Gilbertson">Robert L. Gilbertson</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616;</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delwart, Eric" sort="Delwart, Eric" uniqKey="Delwart E" first="Eric" last="Delwart">Eric Delwart</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118; delwarte@medicine.ucsf.edu.</nlm:affiliation><country wicri:rule="url">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">San Francisco</settlement><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2014" type="published">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Arctic Regions</term><term>Feces (virology)</term><term>Genome, Viral</term><term>Molecular Sequence Data</term><term>Reindeer</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" xml:lang="en"><term>Arctic Regions</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Feces</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Genome, Viral</term><term>Molecular Sequence Data</term><term>Reindeer</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Viruses preserved in ancient materials provide snapshots of past viral diversity and a means to trace viral evolution through time. Here, we use a metagenomics approach to identify filterable and nuclease-resistant nucleic acids preserved in 700-y-old caribou feces frozen in a permanent ice patch. We were able to recover and characterize two viruses in replicated experiments performed in two different laboratories: a small circular DNA viral genome (ancient caribou feces associated virus, or aCFV) and a partial RNA viral genome (Ancient Northwest Territories cripavirus, or aNCV). Phylogenetic analysis identifies aCFV as distantly related to the plant-infecting geminiviruses and the fungi-infecting Sclerotinia sclerotiorum hypovirulence-associated DNA virus 1 and aNCV as within the insect-infecting Cripavirus genus. We hypothesize that these viruses originate from plant material ingested by caribou or from flying insects and that their preservation can be attributed to protection within viral capsids maintained at cold temperatures. To investigate the tropism of aCFV, we used the geminiviral reverse genetic system and introduced a multimeric clone into the laboratory model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Evidence for infectivity came from the detection of viral DNA in newly emerged leaves and the precise excision of the viral genome from the multimeric clones in inoculated leaves. Our findings indicate that viral genomes may in some circumstances be protected from degradation for centuries.</div></front></TEI></pubmed></double></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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