Preservation of viral genomes in 700-y-old caribou feces from a subarctic ice patch.
Identifieur interne : 000154 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 000153; suivant : 000155Preservation of viral genomes in 700-y-old caribou feces from a subarctic ice patch.
Auteurs : Terry Fei Fan Ng ; Li-Fang Chen ; Yanchen Zhou ; Beth Shapiro ; Mathias Stiller ; Peter D. Heintzman ; Arvind Varsani ; Nikola O. Kondov ; Walt Wong ; Xutao Deng ; Thomas D. Andrews ; Brian J. Moorman ; Thomas Meulendyk ; Glen Mackay ; Robert L. Gilbertson ; Eric DelwartSource :
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [ 1091-6490 ] ; 2014.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- geographic : Arctic Regions.
- virology : Feces.
- Animals, Genome, Viral, Molecular Sequence Data, Reindeer.
Abstract
Viruses preserved in ancient materials provide snapshots of past viral diversity and a means to trace viral evolution through time. Here, we use a metagenomics approach to identify filterable and nuclease-resistant nucleic acids preserved in 700-y-old caribou feces frozen in a permanent ice patch. We were able to recover and characterize two viruses in replicated experiments performed in two different laboratories: a small circular DNA viral genome (ancient caribou feces associated virus, or aCFV) and a partial RNA viral genome (Ancient Northwest Territories cripavirus, or aNCV). Phylogenetic analysis identifies aCFV as distantly related to the plant-infecting geminiviruses and the fungi-infecting Sclerotinia sclerotiorum hypovirulence-associated DNA virus 1 and aNCV as within the insect-infecting Cripavirus genus. We hypothesize that these viruses originate from plant material ingested by caribou or from flying insects and that their preservation can be attributed to protection within viral capsids maintained at cold temperatures. To investigate the tropism of aCFV, we used the geminiviral reverse genetic system and introduced a multimeric clone into the laboratory model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Evidence for infectivity came from the detection of viral DNA in newly emerged leaves and the precise excision of the viral genome from the multimeric clones in inoculated leaves. Our findings indicate that viral genomes may in some circumstances be protected from degradation for centuries.
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1410429111
PubMed: 25349412
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:25349412Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Preservation of viral genomes in 700-y-old caribou feces from a subarctic ice patch.</title><author><name sortKey="Ng, Terry Fei Fan" sort="Ng, Terry Fei Fan" uniqKey="Ng T" first="Terry Fei Fan" last="Ng">Terry Fei Fan Ng</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118;</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Li Fang" sort="Chen, Li Fang" uniqKey="Chen L" first="Li-Fang" last="Chen">Li-Fang Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616;</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Yanchen" sort="Zhou, Yanchen" uniqKey="Zhou Y" first="Yanchen" last="Zhou">Yanchen Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118;</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shapiro, Beth" sort="Shapiro, Beth" uniqKey="Shapiro B" first="Beth" last="Shapiro">Beth Shapiro</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064;</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stiller, Mathias" sort="Stiller, Mathias" uniqKey="Stiller M" first="Mathias" last="Stiller">Mathias Stiller</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064;</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heintzman, Peter D" sort="Heintzman, Peter D" uniqKey="Heintzman P" first="Peter D" last="Heintzman">Peter D. 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Moorman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N1N4; and.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meulendyk, Thomas" sort="Meulendyk, Thomas" uniqKey="Meulendyk T" first="Thomas" last="Meulendyk">Thomas Meulendyk</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C1A4.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mackay, Glen" sort="Mackay, Glen" uniqKey="Mackay G" first="Glen" last="Mackay">Glen Mackay</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, NT, Canada X1A2L9;</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gilbertson, Robert L" sort="Gilbertson, Robert L" uniqKey="Gilbertson R" first="Robert L" last="Gilbertson">Robert L. Gilbertson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616;</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delwart, Eric" sort="Delwart, Eric" uniqKey="Delwart E" first="Eric" last="Delwart">Eric Delwart</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118; delwarte@medicine.ucsf.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:25349412</idno><idno type="pmid">25349412</idno><idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1410429111</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000154</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000154</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Preservation of viral genomes in 700-y-old caribou feces from a subarctic ice patch.</title><author><name sortKey="Ng, Terry Fei Fan" sort="Ng, Terry Fei Fan" uniqKey="Ng T" first="Terry Fei Fan" last="Ng">Terry Fei Fan Ng</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118;</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Li Fang" sort="Chen, Li Fang" uniqKey="Chen L" first="Li-Fang" last="Chen">Li-Fang Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616;</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Yanchen" sort="Zhou, Yanchen" uniqKey="Zhou Y" first="Yanchen" last="Zhou">Yanchen Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118;</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shapiro, Beth" sort="Shapiro, Beth" uniqKey="Shapiro B" first="Beth" last="Shapiro">Beth Shapiro</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064;</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stiller, Mathias" sort="Stiller, Mathias" uniqKey="Stiller M" first="Mathias" last="Stiller">Mathias Stiller</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064;</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heintzman, Peter D" sort="Heintzman, Peter D" uniqKey="Heintzman P" first="Peter D" last="Heintzman">Peter D. Heintzman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064;</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Varsani, Arvind" sort="Varsani, Arvind" uniqKey="Varsani A" first="Arvind" last="Varsani">Arvind Varsani</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; Electron Microscope Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa;</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kondov, Nikola O" sort="Kondov, Nikola O" uniqKey="Kondov N" first="Nikola O" last="Kondov">Nikola O. Kondov</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118;</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, Walt" sort="Wong, Walt" uniqKey="Wong W" first="Walt" last="Wong">Walt Wong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118;</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deng, Xutao" sort="Deng, Xutao" uniqKey="Deng X" first="Xutao" last="Deng">Xutao Deng</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118;</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andrews, Thomas D" sort="Andrews, Thomas D" uniqKey="Andrews T" first="Thomas D" last="Andrews">Thomas D. Andrews</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, NT, Canada X1A2L9;</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moorman, Brian J" sort="Moorman, Brian J" uniqKey="Moorman B" first="Brian J" last="Moorman">Brian J. Moorman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N1N4; and.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meulendyk, Thomas" sort="Meulendyk, Thomas" uniqKey="Meulendyk T" first="Thomas" last="Meulendyk">Thomas Meulendyk</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C1A4.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mackay, Glen" sort="Mackay, Glen" uniqKey="Mackay G" first="Glen" last="Mackay">Glen Mackay</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, NT, Canada X1A2L9;</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gilbertson, Robert L" sort="Gilbertson, Robert L" uniqKey="Gilbertson R" first="Robert L" last="Gilbertson">Robert L. Gilbertson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616;</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delwart, Eric" sort="Delwart, Eric" uniqKey="Delwart E" first="Eric" last="Delwart">Eric Delwart</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118; delwarte@medicine.ucsf.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2014" type="published">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Arctic Regions</term><term>Feces (virology)</term><term>Genome, Viral</term><term>Molecular Sequence Data</term><term>Reindeer</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" xml:lang="en"><term>Arctic Regions</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Feces</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Genome, Viral</term><term>Molecular Sequence Data</term><term>Reindeer</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Viruses preserved in ancient materials provide snapshots of past viral diversity and a means to trace viral evolution through time. Here, we use a metagenomics approach to identify filterable and nuclease-resistant nucleic acids preserved in 700-y-old caribou feces frozen in a permanent ice patch. We were able to recover and characterize two viruses in replicated experiments performed in two different laboratories: a small circular DNA viral genome (ancient caribou feces associated virus, or aCFV) and a partial RNA viral genome (Ancient Northwest Territories cripavirus, or aNCV). Phylogenetic analysis identifies aCFV as distantly related to the plant-infecting geminiviruses and the fungi-infecting Sclerotinia sclerotiorum hypovirulence-associated DNA virus 1 and aNCV as within the insect-infecting Cripavirus genus. We hypothesize that these viruses originate from plant material ingested by caribou or from flying insects and that their preservation can be attributed to protection within viral capsids maintained at cold temperatures. To investigate the tropism of aCFV, we used the geminiviral reverse genetic system and introduced a multimeric clone into the laboratory model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Evidence for infectivity came from the detection of viral DNA in newly emerged leaves and the precise excision of the viral genome from the multimeric clones in inoculated leaves. Our findings indicate that viral genomes may in some circumstances be protected from degradation for centuries.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">25349412</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2014</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>26</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2015</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>20</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2015</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>29</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1091-6490</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>111</Volume><Issue>47</Issue><PubDate><Year>2014</Year><Month>Nov</Month><Day>25</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Preservation of viral genomes in 700-y-old caribou feces from a subarctic ice patch.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>16842-7</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1073/pnas.1410429111</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Viruses preserved in ancient materials provide snapshots of past viral diversity and a means to trace viral evolution through time. Here, we use a metagenomics approach to identify filterable and nuclease-resistant nucleic acids preserved in 700-y-old caribou feces frozen in a permanent ice patch. We were able to recover and characterize two viruses in replicated experiments performed in two different laboratories: a small circular DNA viral genome (ancient caribou feces associated virus, or aCFV) and a partial RNA viral genome (Ancient Northwest Territories cripavirus, or aNCV). Phylogenetic analysis identifies aCFV as distantly related to the plant-infecting geminiviruses and the fungi-infecting Sclerotinia sclerotiorum hypovirulence-associated DNA virus 1 and aNCV as within the insect-infecting Cripavirus genus. We hypothesize that these viruses originate from plant material ingested by caribou or from flying insects and that their preservation can be attributed to protection within viral capsids maintained at cold temperatures. To investigate the tropism of aCFV, we used the geminiviral reverse genetic system and introduced a multimeric clone into the laboratory model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Evidence for infectivity came from the detection of viral DNA in newly emerged leaves and the precise excision of the viral genome from the multimeric clones in inoculated leaves. Our findings indicate that viral genomes may in some circumstances be protected from degradation for centuries.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ng</LastName><ForeName>Terry Fei Fan</ForeName><Initials>TF</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4815-8697</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118;</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chen</LastName><ForeName>Li-Fang</ForeName><Initials>LF</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616;</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhou</LastName><ForeName>Yanchen</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118;</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shapiro</LastName><ForeName>Beth</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064;</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Stiller</LastName><ForeName>Mathias</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064;</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Heintzman</LastName><ForeName>Peter D</ForeName><Initials>PD</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6449-0219</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064;</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Varsani</LastName><ForeName>Arvind</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; Electron Microscope Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa;</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kondov</LastName><ForeName>Nikola O</ForeName><Initials>NO</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118;</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wong</LastName><ForeName>Walt</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118;</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Deng</LastName><ForeName>Xutao</ForeName><Initials>X</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118;</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Andrews</LastName><ForeName>Thomas D</ForeName><Initials>TD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, NT, Canada X1A2L9;</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Moorman</LastName><ForeName>Brian J</ForeName><Initials>BJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N1N4; and.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Meulendyk</LastName><ForeName>Thomas</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C1A4.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>MacKay</LastName><ForeName>Glen</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, NT, Canada X1A2L9;</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gilbertson</LastName><ForeName>Robert L</ForeName><Initials>RL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616;</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Delwart</LastName><ForeName>Eric</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118; delwarte@medicine.ucsf.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><DataBankList CompleteYN="Y"><DataBank><DataBankName>GENBANK</DataBankName><AccessionNumberList><AccessionNumber>KJ938716</AccessionNumber><AccessionNumber>KJ938718</AccessionNumber></AccessionNumberList></DataBank></DataBankList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2014</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>27</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>7505876</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0027-8424</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><CommentsCorrectionsList><CommentsCorrections 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MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001110" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">Arctic Regions</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005243" MajorTopicYN="N">Feces</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000821" MajorTopicYN="Y">virology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016679" MajorTopicYN="Y">Genome, Viral</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008969" MajorTopicYN="N">Molecular Sequence Data</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012053" MajorTopicYN="N">Reindeer</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><OtherID Source="NLM">PMC4250163</OtherID><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">aDNA</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">ancient virus</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">metagenomics</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">paleopathology</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">reverse genetics</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2014</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>29</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2014</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>29</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2015</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>22</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">25349412</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">1410429111</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1073/pnas.1410429111</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC4250163</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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