Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Current controversies
Identifieur interne : 002113 ( PascalFrancis/Checkpoint ); précédent : 002112; suivant : 002114Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Current controversies
Auteurs : C. Warren Olanow [États-Unis] ; Yves Agid [France] ; Yoshi Mizuno [Japon] ; Alberto Albanese [Italie] ; U. Bonucelli [Italie] ; Philip Damier [France] ; Justo De Yebenes [Espagne] ; Oscar Gershanik [Argentine] ; Mark Guttman [Canada] ; F. Grandas [Espagne] ; Mark Hallett [États-Unis] ; Ole Hornykiewicz [Autriche] ; Peter Jenner [Royaume-Uni] ; R. Katzenschlager [Royaume-Uni] ; William J. Langston [États-Unis] ; Peter Lewitt [États-Unis] ; Eldad Melamed [Israël] ; M. A. Mena [Espagne] ; P. P. Michel [France] ; Catherine Mytilineou [États-Unis] ; Jose A. Obeso [Espagne] ; Werner Poewe [Autriche] ; Niall Quinn [Royaume-Uni] ; R. Raisman-Vozari [France] ; Ali H. Rajput [Canada] ; Olivier Rascol [France] ; Christina Sampaio ; Fabrizio StocchiSource :
- Movement disorders [ 0885-3185 ] ; 2004.
Descripteurs français
- Pascal (Inist)
English descriptors
Abstract
Levodopa is the most effective symptomatic agent in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) and the "gold standard" against which new agents must be compared. However, there remain two areas of controversy: (1) whether levodopa is toxic, and (2) whether levodopa directly causes motor complications. Levodopa is toxic to cultured dopamine neurons, and this may be a problem in PD where there is evidence of oxidative stress in the nigra. However, there is little firm evidence to suggest that levodopa is toxic in vivo or in PD. Clinical trials have not clarified this situation. Levodopa is also associated with motor complications. Increasing evidence suggests that they are related, at least in part, to the short half-life of the drug (and its potential to induce pulsatile stimulation of dopamine receptors) rather than to specific properties of the molecule. Treatment strategies that provide more continuous stimulation of dopamine receptors provide reduced motor complications in MPTP monkeys and PD patients. These studies raise the possibility that more continuous and physiological delivery of levodopa might reduce the risk of motor complications. Clinical trials to test this hypothesis are underway. We review current evidence relating to these areas of controversy.
Affiliations:
- Argentine, Autriche, Canada, Espagne, France, Israël, Italie, Japon, Royaume-Uni, États-Unis
- Angleterre, Californie, Communauté de Madrid, Grand Londres, Maryland, Michigan, Midi-Pyrénées, Ontario, Tyrol (Land), Vienne (Autriche), État de New York, Île-de-France
- Innsbruck, Londres, Madrid, Nantes, Paris, Tokyo, Toronto, Toulouse, Vienne (Autriche)
- Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Université autonome de Madrid, Université de Toronto, Université de Toulouse, Université de médecine d'Innsbruck
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Warren Olanow</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Nest York</s1><s2>New York</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agid, Yves" sort="Agid, Yves" uniqKey="Agid Y" first="Yves" last="Agid">Yves Agid</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Hopital de la Salpetriere</s1><s2>Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName><orgName type="hospital" n="4">Hôpital de la Salpêtrière</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mizuno, Yoshi" sort="Mizuno, Yoshi" uniqKey="Mizuno Y" first="Yoshi" last="Mizuno">Yoshi Mizuno</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Jutendo University School of Medicine</s1><s2>Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo</s2><s3>JPN</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Japon</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Albanese, Alberto" sort="Albanese, Alberto" uniqKey="Albanese A" first="Alberto" last="Albanese">Alberto Albanese</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Istituto Nazionale Neurologico</s1><s2>Milano</s2><s3>ITA</s3><sZ>4 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Italie</country><wicri:noRegion>Istituto Nazionale Neurologico</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonucelli, U" sort="Bonucelli, U" uniqKey="Bonucelli U" first="U." last="Bonucelli">U. Bonucelli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Department of Neuroscience, University of Pisa, Capezzano-Pianore</s1><s3>ITA</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Italie</country><wicri:noRegion>Department of Neuroscience, University of Pisa, Capezzano-Pianore</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Damier, Philip" sort="Damier, Philip" uniqKey="Damier P" first="Philip" last="Damier">Philip Damier</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>Hopital Laennec, Clinique Neurologique</s1><s2>Nantes</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Nantes</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Yebenes, Justo" sort="De Yebenes, Justo" uniqKey="De Yebenes J" first="Justo" last="De Yebenes">Justo De Yebenes</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid</s1><s2>Madrid</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Espagne</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université autonome de Madrid</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gershanik, Oscar" sort="Gershanik, Oscar" uniqKey="Gershanik O" first="Oscar" last="Gershanik">Oscar Gershanik</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="08"><s1>Hopital Frances, Centro Neurold"gico, La Rioja</s1><s2>Buenos Aires</s2><s3>ARG</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Argentine</country><wicri:noRegion>Buenos Aires</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guttman, Mark" sort="Guttman, Mark" uniqKey="Guttman M" first="Mark" last="Guttman">Mark Guttman</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="09"><s1>University of Toronto</s1><s2>Markham, Ontario</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grandas, F" sort="Grandas, F" uniqKey="Grandas F" first="F." last="Grandas">F. Grandas</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Hopital General G Maranon, Libertad, Velilla De San Antonio</s1><s2>Madrid</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Espagne</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hallett, Mark" sort="Hallett, Mark" uniqKey="Hallett M" first="Mark" last="Hallett">Mark Hallett</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disease Center, National Institutes of Health</s1><s2>Bethesda, Maryland</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hornykiewicz, Ole" sort="Hornykiewicz, Ole" uniqKey="Hornykiewicz O" first="Ole" last="Hornykiewicz">Ole Hornykiewicz</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="12"><s1>Brain Research Institute, Vienna University Medical School</s1><s2>Vienna</s2><s3>AUT</s3><sZ>12 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Autriche</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Vienne (Autriche)</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Vienne (Autriche)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jenner, Peter" sort="Jenner, Peter" uniqKey="Jenner P" first="Peter" last="Jenner">Peter Jenner</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="13"><s1>King's College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus</s1><s2>London</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Katzenschlager, R" sort="Katzenschlager, R" uniqKey="Katzenschlager R" first="R." last="Katzenschlager">R. Katzenschlager</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="14"><s1>National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery</s1><s2>London</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Langston, William J" sort="Langston, William J" uniqKey="Langston W" first="William J." last="Langston">William J. Langston</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="15"><s1>The Parkinson's Institute</s1><s2>Sunnyvale, California</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>15 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lewitt, Peter" sort="Lewitt, Peter" uniqKey="Lewitt P" first="Peter" last="Lewitt">Peter Lewitt</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="16"><s1>Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Wayne State University School of Medicine</s1><s2>Detroit, Michigan</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>16 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Michigan</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melamed, Eldad" sort="Melamed, Eldad" uniqKey="Melamed E" first="Eldad" last="Melamed">Eldad Melamed</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="17"><s1>Department of Neurology, Robin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tiqva</s1><s3>ISR</s3><sZ>17 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Israël</country><wicri:noRegion>Department of Neurology, Robin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tiqva</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mena, M A" sort="Mena, M A" uniqKey="Mena M" first="M. A." last="Mena">M. A. Mena</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="18"><s1>Departmento Neurobiologia-Investigacion, Hospital Romon y Cajal, Ctra de Colmenar</s1><s2>Madrid</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>18 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Espagne</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Michel, P P" sort="Michel, P P" uniqKey="Michel P" first="P. P." last="Michel">P. P. Michel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="19"><s1>Institute National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medical, Hopital de la Salpetriere</s1><s2>Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mytilineou, Catherine" sort="Mytilineou, Catherine" uniqKey="Mytilineou C" first="Catherine" last="Mytilineou">Catherine Mytilineou</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="20"><s1>Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine</s1><s2>New York, New York</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Obeso, Jose A" sort="Obeso, Jose A" uniqKey="Obeso J" first="Jose A." last="Obeso">Jose A. Obeso</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="21"><s1>Universitarie of Navarra</s1><s2>Pamplona</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>21 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Espagne</country><wicri:noRegion>Universitarie of Navarra</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poewe, Werner" sort="Poewe, Werner" uniqKey="Poewe W" first="Werner" last="Poewe">Werner Poewe</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="22"><s1>University Hospital Innsbruck, Department of Neurology</s1><s2>Innsbruck, Tyrol</s2><s3>AUT</s3><sZ>22 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Autriche</country><wicri:noRegion>Innsbruck, Tyrol</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Innsbruck</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Tyrol (Land)</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de médecine d'Innsbruck</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quinn, Niall" sort="Quinn, Niall" uniqKey="Quinn N" first="Niall" last="Quinn">Niall Quinn</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="23"><s1>Institute of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurology, Queen Square</s1><s2>London</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raisman Vozari, R" sort="Raisman Vozari, R" uniqKey="Raisman Vozari R" first="R." last="Raisman-Vozari">R. Raisman-Vozari</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Hopital de la Salpetriere</s1><s2>Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rajput, Ali H" sort="Rajput, Ali H" uniqKey="Rajput A" first="Ali H." last="Rajput">Ali H. Rajput</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="24"><s1>Royal University Hospital</s1><s2>Saskatoon, Saskatchewan</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>25 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>Royal University Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rascol, Olivier" sort="Rascol, Olivier" uniqKey="Rascol O" first="Olivier" last="Rascol">Olivier Rascol</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="25"><s1>Clinic University Center, Faculty of Medicine, Allees Jules-Guesde</s1><s2>Toulouse</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>26 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement></placeName><placeName><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Midi-Pyrénées</region></placeName><orgName type="university" n="3">Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier</orgName><orgName type="institution" wicri:auto="newGroup">Université de Toulouse</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sampaio, Christina" sort="Sampaio, Christina" uniqKey="Sampaio C" first="Christina" last="Sampaio">Christina Sampaio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stocchi, Fabrizio" sort="Stocchi, Fabrizio" uniqKey="Stocchi F" first="Fabrizio" last="Stocchi">Fabrizio Stocchi</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">INIST</idno><idno type="inist">04-0549611</idno><date when="2004">2004</date><idno type="stanalyst">PASCAL 04-0549611 INIST</idno><idno type="RBID">Pascal:04-0549611</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Corpus">002074</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Curation">000C47</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Checkpoint">002113</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Current controversies</title><author><name sortKey="Olanow, C Warren" sort="Olanow, C Warren" uniqKey="Olanow C" first="C. Warren" last="Olanow">C. Warren Olanow</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Nest York</s1><s2>New York</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agid, Yves" sort="Agid, Yves" uniqKey="Agid Y" first="Yves" last="Agid">Yves Agid</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Hopital de la Salpetriere</s1><s2>Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName><orgName type="hospital" n="4">Hôpital de la Salpêtrière</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mizuno, Yoshi" sort="Mizuno, Yoshi" uniqKey="Mizuno Y" first="Yoshi" last="Mizuno">Yoshi Mizuno</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Jutendo University School of Medicine</s1><s2>Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo</s2><s3>JPN</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Japon</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Albanese, Alberto" sort="Albanese, Alberto" uniqKey="Albanese A" first="Alberto" last="Albanese">Alberto Albanese</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Istituto Nazionale Neurologico</s1><s2>Milano</s2><s3>ITA</s3><sZ>4 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Italie</country><wicri:noRegion>Istituto Nazionale Neurologico</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonucelli, U" sort="Bonucelli, U" uniqKey="Bonucelli U" first="U." last="Bonucelli">U. Bonucelli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Department of Neuroscience, University of Pisa, Capezzano-Pianore</s1><s3>ITA</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Italie</country><wicri:noRegion>Department of Neuroscience, University of Pisa, Capezzano-Pianore</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Damier, Philip" sort="Damier, Philip" uniqKey="Damier P" first="Philip" last="Damier">Philip Damier</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>Hopital Laennec, Clinique Neurologique</s1><s2>Nantes</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Nantes</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Yebenes, Justo" sort="De Yebenes, Justo" uniqKey="De Yebenes J" first="Justo" last="De Yebenes">Justo De Yebenes</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid</s1><s2>Madrid</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Espagne</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université autonome de Madrid</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gershanik, Oscar" sort="Gershanik, Oscar" uniqKey="Gershanik O" first="Oscar" last="Gershanik">Oscar Gershanik</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="08"><s1>Hopital Frances, Centro Neurold"gico, La Rioja</s1><s2>Buenos Aires</s2><s3>ARG</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Argentine</country><wicri:noRegion>Buenos Aires</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guttman, Mark" sort="Guttman, Mark" uniqKey="Guttman M" first="Mark" last="Guttman">Mark Guttman</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="09"><s1>University of Toronto</s1><s2>Markham, Ontario</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grandas, F" sort="Grandas, F" uniqKey="Grandas F" first="F." last="Grandas">F. Grandas</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Hopital General G Maranon, Libertad, Velilla De San Antonio</s1><s2>Madrid</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Espagne</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hallett, Mark" sort="Hallett, Mark" uniqKey="Hallett M" first="Mark" last="Hallett">Mark Hallett</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disease Center, National Institutes of Health</s1><s2>Bethesda, Maryland</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hornykiewicz, Ole" sort="Hornykiewicz, Ole" uniqKey="Hornykiewicz O" first="Ole" last="Hornykiewicz">Ole Hornykiewicz</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="12"><s1>Brain Research Institute, Vienna University Medical School</s1><s2>Vienna</s2><s3>AUT</s3><sZ>12 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Autriche</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Vienne (Autriche)</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Vienne (Autriche)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jenner, Peter" sort="Jenner, Peter" uniqKey="Jenner P" first="Peter" last="Jenner">Peter Jenner</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="13"><s1>King's College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus</s1><s2>London</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Katzenschlager, R" sort="Katzenschlager, R" uniqKey="Katzenschlager R" first="R." last="Katzenschlager">R. Katzenschlager</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="14"><s1>National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery</s1><s2>London</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Langston, William J" sort="Langston, William J" uniqKey="Langston W" first="William J." last="Langston">William J. Langston</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="15"><s1>The Parkinson's Institute</s1><s2>Sunnyvale, California</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>15 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lewitt, Peter" sort="Lewitt, Peter" uniqKey="Lewitt P" first="Peter" last="Lewitt">Peter Lewitt</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="16"><s1>Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Wayne State University School of Medicine</s1><s2>Detroit, Michigan</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>16 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Michigan</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melamed, Eldad" sort="Melamed, Eldad" uniqKey="Melamed E" first="Eldad" last="Melamed">Eldad Melamed</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="17"><s1>Department of Neurology, Robin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tiqva</s1><s3>ISR</s3><sZ>17 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Israël</country><wicri:noRegion>Department of Neurology, Robin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tiqva</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mena, M A" sort="Mena, M A" uniqKey="Mena M" first="M. A." last="Mena">M. A. Mena</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="18"><s1>Departmento Neurobiologia-Investigacion, Hospital Romon y Cajal, Ctra de Colmenar</s1><s2>Madrid</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>18 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Espagne</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Michel, P P" sort="Michel, P P" uniqKey="Michel P" first="P. P." last="Michel">P. P. Michel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="19"><s1>Institute National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medical, Hopital de la Salpetriere</s1><s2>Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mytilineou, Catherine" sort="Mytilineou, Catherine" uniqKey="Mytilineou C" first="Catherine" last="Mytilineou">Catherine Mytilineou</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="20"><s1>Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine</s1><s2>New York, New York</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Obeso, Jose A" sort="Obeso, Jose A" uniqKey="Obeso J" first="Jose A." last="Obeso">Jose A. Obeso</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="21"><s1>Universitarie of Navarra</s1><s2>Pamplona</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>21 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Espagne</country><wicri:noRegion>Universitarie of Navarra</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poewe, Werner" sort="Poewe, Werner" uniqKey="Poewe W" first="Werner" last="Poewe">Werner Poewe</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="22"><s1>University Hospital Innsbruck, Department of Neurology</s1><s2>Innsbruck, Tyrol</s2><s3>AUT</s3><sZ>22 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Autriche</country><wicri:noRegion>Innsbruck, Tyrol</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Innsbruck</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Tyrol (Land)</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de médecine d'Innsbruck</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quinn, Niall" sort="Quinn, Niall" uniqKey="Quinn N" first="Niall" last="Quinn">Niall Quinn</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="23"><s1>Institute of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurology, Queen Square</s1><s2>London</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raisman Vozari, R" sort="Raisman Vozari, R" uniqKey="Raisman Vozari R" first="R." last="Raisman-Vozari">R. Raisman-Vozari</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Hopital de la Salpetriere</s1><s2>Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rajput, Ali H" sort="Rajput, Ali H" uniqKey="Rajput A" first="Ali H." last="Rajput">Ali H. Rajput</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="24"><s1>Royal University Hospital</s1><s2>Saskatoon, Saskatchewan</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>25 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>Royal University Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rascol, Olivier" sort="Rascol, Olivier" uniqKey="Rascol O" first="Olivier" last="Rascol">Olivier Rascol</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="25"><s1>Clinic University Center, Faculty of Medicine, Allees Jules-Guesde</s1><s2>Toulouse</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>26 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement></placeName><placeName><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Midi-Pyrénées</region></placeName><orgName type="university" n="3">Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier</orgName><orgName type="institution" wicri:auto="newGroup">Université de Toulouse</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sampaio, Christina" sort="Sampaio, Christina" uniqKey="Sampaio C" first="Christina" last="Sampaio">Christina Sampaio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stocchi, Fabrizio" sort="Stocchi, Fabrizio" uniqKey="Stocchi F" first="Fabrizio" last="Stocchi">Fabrizio Stocchi</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j" type="main">Movement disorders</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Mov. disord.</title><idno type="ISSN">0885-3185</idno><imprint><date when="2004">2004</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">Movement disorders</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Mov. disord.</title><idno type="ISSN">0885-3185</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Levodopa</term><term>Nervous system diseases</term><term>Parkinson disease</term><term>Treatment</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Système nerveux pathologie</term><term>Lévodopa</term><term>Traitement</term><term>Parkinson maladie</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Levodopa is the most effective symptomatic agent in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) and the "gold standard" against which new agents must be compared. However, there remain two areas of controversy: (1) whether levodopa is toxic, and (2) whether levodopa directly causes motor complications. Levodopa is toxic to cultured dopamine neurons, and this may be a problem in PD where there is evidence of oxidative stress in the nigra. However, there is little firm evidence to suggest that levodopa is toxic in vivo or in PD. Clinical trials have not clarified this situation. Levodopa is also associated with motor complications. Increasing evidence suggests that they are related, at least in part, to the short half-life of the drug (and its potential to induce pulsatile stimulation of dopamine receptors) rather than to specific properties of the molecule. Treatment strategies that provide more continuous stimulation of dopamine receptors provide reduced motor complications in MPTP monkeys and PD patients. These studies raise the possibility that more continuous and physiological delivery of levodopa might reduce the risk of motor complications. Clinical trials to test this hypothesis are underway. We review current evidence relating to these areas of controversy.</div></front></TEI><inist><standard h6="B"><pA><fA01 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>0885-3185</s0></fA01><fA03 i2="1"><s0>Mov. disord.</s0></fA03><fA05><s2>19</s2></fA05><fA06><s2>9</s2></fA06><fA08 i1="01" i2="1" l="ENG"><s1>Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Current controversies</s1></fA08><fA11 i1="01" i2="1"><s1>OLANOW (C. Warren)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="02" i2="1"><s1>AGID (Yves)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="03" i2="1"><s1>MIZUNO (Yoshi)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="04" i2="1"><s1>ALBANESE (Alberto)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="05" i2="1"><s1>BONUCELLI (U.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="06" i2="1"><s1>DAMIER (Philip)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="07" i2="1"><s1>DE YEBENES (Justo)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="08" i2="1"><s1>GERSHANIK (Oscar)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="09" i2="1"><s1>GUTTMAN (Mark)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="10" i2="1"><s1>GRANDAS (F.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="11" i2="1"><s1>HALLETT (Mark)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="12" i2="1"><s1>HORNYKIEWICZ (Ole)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="13" i2="1"><s1>JENNER (Peter)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="14" i2="1"><s1>KATZENSCHLAGER (R.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="15" i2="1"><s1>LANGSTON (William J.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="16" i2="1"><s1>LEWITT (Peter)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="17" i2="1"><s1>MELAMED (Eldad)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="18" i2="1"><s1>MENA (M. A.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="19" i2="1"><s1>MICHEL (P. P.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="20" i2="1"><s1>MYTILINEOU (Catherine)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="21" i2="1"><s1>OBESO (Jose A.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="22" i2="1"><s1>POEWE (Werner)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="23" i2="1"><s1>QUINN (Niall)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="24" i2="1"><s1>RAISMAN-VOZARI (R.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="25" i2="1"><s1>RAJPUT (Ali H.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="26" i2="1"><s1>RASCOL (Olivier)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="27" i2="1"><s1>SAMPAIO (Christina)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="28" i2="1"><s1>STOCCHI (Fabrizio)</s1></fA11><fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Nest York</s1><s2>New York</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="02"><s1>Hopital de la Salpetriere</s1><s2>Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="03"><s1>Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Jutendo University School of Medicine</s1><s2>Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo</s2><s3>JPN</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="04"><s1>Istituto Nazionale Neurologico</s1><s2>Milano</s2><s3>ITA</s3><sZ>4 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="05"><s1>Department of Neuroscience, University of Pisa, Capezzano-Pianore</s1><s3>ITA</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="06"><s1>Hopital Laennec, Clinique Neurologique</s1><s2>Nantes</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="07"><s1>Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid</s1><s2>Madrid</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="08"><s1>Hopital Frances, Centro Neurold"gico, La Rioja</s1><s2>Buenos Aires</s2><s3>ARG</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="09"><s1>University of Toronto</s1><s2>Markham, Ontario</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="10"><s1>Hopital General G Maranon, Libertad, Velilla De San Antonio</s1><s2>Madrid</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="11"><s1>Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disease Center, National Institutes of Health</s1><s2>Bethesda, Maryland</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="12"><s1>Brain Research Institute, Vienna University Medical School</s1><s2>Vienna</s2><s3>AUT</s3><sZ>12 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="13"><s1>King's College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus</s1><s2>London</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="14"><s1>National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery</s1><s2>London</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="15"><s1>The Parkinson's Institute</s1><s2>Sunnyvale, California</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>15 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="16"><s1>Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Wayne State University School of Medicine</s1><s2>Detroit, Michigan</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>16 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="17"><s1>Department of Neurology, Robin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tiqva</s1><s3>ISR</s3><sZ>17 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="18"><s1>Departmento Neurobiologia-Investigacion, Hospital Romon y Cajal, Ctra de Colmenar</s1><s2>Madrid</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>18 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="19"><s1>Institute National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medical, Hopital de la Salpetriere</s1><s2>Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="20"><s1>Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine</s1><s2>New York, New York</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="21"><s1>Universitarie of Navarra</s1><s2>Pamplona</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>21 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="22"><s1>University Hospital Innsbruck, Department of Neurology</s1><s2>Innsbruck, Tyrol</s2><s3>AUT</s3><sZ>22 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="23"><s1>Institute of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurology, Queen Square</s1><s2>London</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="24"><s1>Royal University Hospital</s1><s2>Saskatoon, Saskatchewan</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>25 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="25"><s1>Clinic University Center, Faculty of Medicine, Allees Jules-Guesde</s1><s2>Toulouse</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>26 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA20><s1>997-1005</s1></fA20><fA21><s1>2004</s1></fA21><fA23 i1="01"><s0>ENG</s0></fA23><fA43 i1="01"><s1>INIST</s1><s2>20953</s2><s5>354000122317190010</s5></fA43><fA44><s0>0000</s0><s1>© 2004 INIST-CNRS. All rights reserved.</s1></fA44><fA45><s0>131 ref.</s0></fA45><fA47 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>04-0549611</s0></fA47><fA60><s1>P</s1></fA60><fA61><s0>A</s0></fA61><fA64 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>Movement disorders</s0></fA64><fA66 i1="01"><s0>USA</s0></fA66><fC01 i1="01" l="ENG"><s0>Levodopa is the most effective symptomatic agent in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) and the "gold standard" against which new agents must be compared. However, there remain two areas of controversy: (1) whether levodopa is toxic, and (2) whether levodopa directly causes motor complications. Levodopa is toxic to cultured dopamine neurons, and this may be a problem in PD where there is evidence of oxidative stress in the nigra. However, there is little firm evidence to suggest that levodopa is toxic in vivo or in PD. Clinical trials have not clarified this situation. Levodopa is also associated with motor complications. Increasing evidence suggests that they are related, at least in part, to the short half-life of the drug (and its potential to induce pulsatile stimulation of dopamine receptors) rather than to specific properties of the molecule. Treatment strategies that provide more continuous stimulation of dopamine receptors provide reduced motor complications in MPTP monkeys and PD patients. These studies raise the possibility that more continuous and physiological delivery of levodopa might reduce the risk of motor complications. Clinical trials to test this hypothesis are underway. We review current evidence relating to these areas of controversy.</s0></fC01><fC02 i1="01" i2="X"><s0>002B17</s0></fC02><fC02 i1="02" i2="X"><s0>002B17G</s0></fC02><fC02 i1="03" i2="X"><s0>002B02U01</s0></fC02><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Système nerveux pathologie</s0><s5>01</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Nervous system diseases</s0><s5>01</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Sistema nervioso patología</s0><s5>01</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Lévodopa</s0><s2>NK</s2><s2>FR</s2><s5>02</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Levodopa</s0><s2>NK</s2><s2>FR</s2><s5>02</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Levodopa</s0><s2>NK</s2><s2>FR</s2><s5>02</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Traitement</s0><s5>03</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Treatment</s0><s5>03</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Tratamiento</s0><s5>03</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Parkinson maladie</s0><s5>04</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Parkinson disease</s0><s5>04</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Parkinson enfermedad</s0><s5>04</s5></fC03><fC07 i1="01" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Antiparkinsonien</s0><s5>37</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="01" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Antiparkinson agent</s0><s5>37</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="01" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Antiparkinsoniano</s0><s5>37</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="02" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Encéphale pathologie</s0><s5>38</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="02" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Cerebral disorder</s0><s5>38</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="02" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Encéfalo patología</s0><s5>38</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="03" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Extrapyramidal syndrome</s0><s5>39</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="03" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Extrapyramidal syndrome</s0><s5>39</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="03" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Extrapiramidal síndrome</s0><s5>39</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="04" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Maladie dégénérative</s0><s5>40</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="04" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Degenerative disease</s0><s5>40</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="04" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Enfermedad degenerativa</s0><s5>40</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="05" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Système nerveux central pathologie</s0><s5>41</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="05" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Central nervous system disease</s0><s5>41</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="05" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Sistema nervosio central patología</s0><s5>41</s5></fC07><fN21><s1>313</s1></fN21><fN44 i1="01"><s1>OTO</s1></fN44><fN82><s1>OTO</s1></fN82></pA></standard></inist><affiliations><list><country><li>Argentine</li><li>Autriche</li><li>Canada</li><li>Espagne</li><li>France</li><li>Israël</li><li>Italie</li><li>Japon</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>Californie</li><li>Communauté de Madrid</li><li>Grand Londres</li><li>Maryland</li><li>Michigan</li><li>Midi-Pyrénées</li><li>Ontario</li><li>Tyrol (Land)</li><li>Vienne (Autriche)</li><li>État de New York</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Innsbruck</li><li>Londres</li><li>Madrid</li><li>Nantes</li><li>Paris</li><li>Tokyo</li><li>Toronto</li><li>Toulouse</li><li>Vienne (Autriche)</li></settlement><orgName><li>Hôpital de la Salpêtrière</li><li>Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier</li><li>Université autonome de Madrid</li><li>Université de Toronto</li><li>Université de Toulouse</li><li>Université de médecine d'Innsbruck</li></orgName></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Sampaio, Christina" sort="Sampaio, Christina" uniqKey="Sampaio C" first="Christina" last="Sampaio">Christina Sampaio</name><name sortKey="Stocchi, Fabrizio" sort="Stocchi, Fabrizio" uniqKey="Stocchi F" first="Fabrizio" last="Stocchi">Fabrizio Stocchi</name></noCountry><country name="États-Unis"><region name="État de New York"><name sortKey="Olanow, C Warren" sort="Olanow, C Warren" uniqKey="Olanow C" first="C. Warren" last="Olanow">C. Warren Olanow</name></region><name sortKey="Hallett, Mark" sort="Hallett, Mark" uniqKey="Hallett M" first="Mark" last="Hallett">Mark Hallett</name><name sortKey="Langston, William J" sort="Langston, William J" uniqKey="Langston W" first="William J." last="Langston">William J. Langston</name><name sortKey="Lewitt, Peter" sort="Lewitt, Peter" uniqKey="Lewitt P" first="Peter" last="Lewitt">Peter Lewitt</name><name sortKey="Mytilineou, Catherine" sort="Mytilineou, Catherine" uniqKey="Mytilineou C" first="Catherine" last="Mytilineou">Catherine Mytilineou</name></country><country name="France"><noRegion><name sortKey="Agid, Yves" sort="Agid, Yves" uniqKey="Agid Y" first="Yves" last="Agid">Yves Agid</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Damier, Philip" sort="Damier, Philip" uniqKey="Damier P" first="Philip" last="Damier">Philip Damier</name><name sortKey="Michel, P P" sort="Michel, P P" uniqKey="Michel P" first="P. P." last="Michel">P. P. Michel</name><name sortKey="Raisman Vozari, R" sort="Raisman Vozari, R" uniqKey="Raisman Vozari R" first="R." last="Raisman-Vozari">R. Raisman-Vozari</name><name sortKey="Rascol, Olivier" sort="Rascol, Olivier" uniqKey="Rascol O" first="Olivier" last="Rascol">Olivier Rascol</name></country><country name="Japon"><noRegion><name sortKey="Mizuno, Yoshi" sort="Mizuno, Yoshi" uniqKey="Mizuno Y" first="Yoshi" last="Mizuno">Yoshi Mizuno</name></noRegion></country><country name="Italie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Albanese, Alberto" sort="Albanese, Alberto" uniqKey="Albanese A" first="Alberto" last="Albanese">Alberto Albanese</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Bonucelli, U" sort="Bonucelli, U" uniqKey="Bonucelli U" first="U." last="Bonucelli">U. Bonucelli</name></country><country name="Espagne"><region name="Communauté de Madrid"><name sortKey="De Yebenes, Justo" sort="De Yebenes, Justo" uniqKey="De Yebenes J" first="Justo" last="De Yebenes">Justo De Yebenes</name></region><name sortKey="Grandas, F" sort="Grandas, F" uniqKey="Grandas F" first="F." last="Grandas">F. Grandas</name><name sortKey="Mena, M A" sort="Mena, M A" uniqKey="Mena M" first="M. A." last="Mena">M. A. Mena</name><name sortKey="Obeso, Jose A" sort="Obeso, Jose A" uniqKey="Obeso J" first="Jose A." last="Obeso">Jose A. Obeso</name></country><country name="Argentine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Gershanik, Oscar" sort="Gershanik, Oscar" uniqKey="Gershanik O" first="Oscar" last="Gershanik">Oscar Gershanik</name></noRegion></country><country name="Canada"><region name="Ontario"><name sortKey="Guttman, Mark" sort="Guttman, Mark" uniqKey="Guttman M" first="Mark" last="Guttman">Mark Guttman</name></region><name sortKey="Rajput, Ali H" sort="Rajput, Ali H" uniqKey="Rajput A" first="Ali H." last="Rajput">Ali H. Rajput</name></country><country name="Autriche"><region name="Vienne (Autriche)"><name sortKey="Hornykiewicz, Ole" sort="Hornykiewicz, Ole" uniqKey="Hornykiewicz O" first="Ole" last="Hornykiewicz">Ole Hornykiewicz</name></region><name sortKey="Poewe, Werner" sort="Poewe, Werner" uniqKey="Poewe W" first="Werner" last="Poewe">Werner Poewe</name></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><region name="Angleterre"><name sortKey="Jenner, Peter" sort="Jenner, Peter" uniqKey="Jenner P" first="Peter" last="Jenner">Peter Jenner</name></region><name sortKey="Katzenschlager, R" sort="Katzenschlager, R" uniqKey="Katzenschlager R" first="R." last="Katzenschlager">R. Katzenschlager</name><name sortKey="Quinn, Niall" sort="Quinn, Niall" uniqKey="Quinn N" first="Niall" last="Quinn">Niall Quinn</name></country><country name="Israël"><noRegion><name sortKey="Melamed, Eldad" sort="Melamed, Eldad" uniqKey="Melamed E" first="Eldad" last="Melamed">Eldad Melamed</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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