Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Current controversies
Identifieur interne : 002074 ( PascalFrancis/Corpus ); précédent : 002073; suivant : 002075Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Current controversies
Auteurs : C. Warren Olanow ; Yves Agid ; Yoshi Mizuno ; Alberto Albanese ; U. Bonucelli ; Philip Damier ; Justo De Yebenes ; Oscar Gershanik ; Mark Guttman ; F. Grandas ; Mark Hallett ; Ole Hornykiewicz ; Peter Jenner ; R. Katzenschlager ; William J. Langston ; Peter Lewitt ; Eldad Melamed ; M. A. Mena ; P. P. Michel ; Catherine Mytilineou ; Jose A. Obeso ; Werner Poewe ; Niall Quinn ; R. Raisman-Vozari ; Ali H. Rajput ; Olivier Rascol ; Christina Sampaio ; Fabrizio StocchiSource :
- Movement disorders [ 0885-3185 ] ; 2004.
Descripteurs français
- Pascal (Inist)
English descriptors
Abstract
Levodopa is the most effective symptomatic agent in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) and the "gold standard" against which new agents must be compared. However, there remain two areas of controversy: (1) whether levodopa is toxic, and (2) whether levodopa directly causes motor complications. Levodopa is toxic to cultured dopamine neurons, and this may be a problem in PD where there is evidence of oxidative stress in the nigra. However, there is little firm evidence to suggest that levodopa is toxic in vivo or in PD. Clinical trials have not clarified this situation. Levodopa is also associated with motor complications. Increasing evidence suggests that they are related, at least in part, to the short half-life of the drug (and its potential to induce pulsatile stimulation of dopamine receptors) rather than to specific properties of the molecule. Treatment strategies that provide more continuous stimulation of dopamine receptors provide reduced motor complications in MPTP monkeys and PD patients. These studies raise the possibility that more continuous and physiological delivery of levodopa might reduce the risk of motor complications. Clinical trials to test this hypothesis are underway. We review current evidence relating to these areas of controversy.
Notice en format standard (ISO 2709)
Pour connaître la documentation sur le format Inist Standard.
| pA |
|
|---|
Format Inist (serveur)
| NO : | PASCAL 04-0549611 INIST |
|---|---|
| ET : | Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Current controversies |
| AU : | OLANOW (C. Warren); AGID (Yves); MIZUNO (Yoshi); ALBANESE (Alberto); BONUCELLI (U.); DAMIER (Philip); DE YEBENES (Justo); GERSHANIK (Oscar); GUTTMAN (Mark); GRANDAS (F.); HALLETT (Mark); HORNYKIEWICZ (Ole); JENNER (Peter); KATZENSCHLAGER (R.); LANGSTON (William J.); LEWITT (Peter); MELAMED (Eldad); MENA (M. A.); MICHEL (P. P.); MYTILINEOU (Catherine); OBESO (Jose A.); POEWE (Werner); QUINN (Niall); RAISMAN-VOZARI (R.); RAJPUT (Ali H.); RASCOL (Olivier); SAMPAIO (Christina); STOCCHI (Fabrizio) |
| AF : | Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Nest York/New York/Etats-Unis (1 aut.); Hopital de la Salpetriere/Paris/France (2 aut., 24 aut.); Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Jutendo University School of Medicine/Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo/Japon (3 aut.); Istituto Nazionale Neurologico/Milano/Italie (4 aut.); Department of Neuroscience, University of Pisa, Capezzano-Pianore/Italie (5 aut.); Hopital Laennec, Clinique Neurologique/Nantes/France (6 aut.); Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/Madrid/Espagne (7 aut.); Hopital Frances, Centro Neurold"gico, La Rioja/Buenos Aires/Argentine (8 aut.); University of Toronto/Markham, Ontario/Canada (9 aut.); Hopital General G Maranon, Libertad, Velilla De San Antonio/Madrid/Espagne (10 aut.); Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disease Center, National Institutes of Health/Bethesda, Maryland/Etats-Unis (11 aut.); Brain Research Institute, Vienna University Medical School/Vienna/Autriche (12 aut.); King's College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus/London/Royaume-Uni (13 aut.); National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery/London/Royaume-Uni (14 aut.); The Parkinson's Institute/Sunnyvale, California/Etats-Unis (15 aut.); Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Wayne State University School of Medicine/Detroit, Michigan/Etats-Unis (16 aut.); Department of Neurology, Robin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tiqva/Israël (17 aut.); Departmento Neurobiologia-Investigacion, Hospital Romon y Cajal, Ctra de Colmenar/Madrid/Espagne (18 aut.); Institute National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medical, Hopital de la Salpetriere/Paris/France (19 aut.); Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine/New York, New York/Etats-Unis (20 aut.); Universitarie of Navarra/Pamplona/Espagne (21 aut.); University Hospital Innsbruck, Department of Neurology/Innsbruck, Tyrol/Autriche (22 aut.); Institute of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurology, Queen Square/London/Royaume-Uni (23 aut.); Royal University Hospital/Saskatoon, Saskatchewan/Canada (25 aut.); Clinic University Center, Faculty of Medicine, Allees Jules-Guesde/Toulouse/France (26 aut.) |
| DT : | Publication en série; Niveau analytique |
| SO : | Movement disorders; ISSN 0885-3185; Etats-Unis; Da. 2004; Vol. 19; No. 9; Pp. 997-1005; Bibl. 131 ref. |
| LA : | Anglais |
| EA : | Levodopa is the most effective symptomatic agent in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) and the "gold standard" against which new agents must be compared. However, there remain two areas of controversy: (1) whether levodopa is toxic, and (2) whether levodopa directly causes motor complications. Levodopa is toxic to cultured dopamine neurons, and this may be a problem in PD where there is evidence of oxidative stress in the nigra. However, there is little firm evidence to suggest that levodopa is toxic in vivo or in PD. Clinical trials have not clarified this situation. Levodopa is also associated with motor complications. Increasing evidence suggests that they are related, at least in part, to the short half-life of the drug (and its potential to induce pulsatile stimulation of dopamine receptors) rather than to specific properties of the molecule. Treatment strategies that provide more continuous stimulation of dopamine receptors provide reduced motor complications in MPTP monkeys and PD patients. These studies raise the possibility that more continuous and physiological delivery of levodopa might reduce the risk of motor complications. Clinical trials to test this hypothesis are underway. We review current evidence relating to these areas of controversy. |
| CC : | 002B17; 002B17G; 002B02U01 |
| FD : | Système nerveux pathologie; Lévodopa; Traitement; Parkinson maladie |
| FG : | Antiparkinsonien; Encéphale pathologie; Extrapyramidal syndrome; Maladie dégénérative; Système nerveux central pathologie |
| ED : | Nervous system diseases; Levodopa; Treatment; Parkinson disease |
| EG : | Antiparkinson agent; Cerebral disorder; Extrapyramidal syndrome; Degenerative disease; Central nervous system disease |
| SD : | Sistema nervioso patología; Levodopa; Tratamiento; Parkinson enfermedad |
| LO : | INIST-20953.354000122317190010 |
| ID : | 04-0549611 |
Links to Exploration step
Pascal:04-0549611Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Current controversies</title><author><name sortKey="Olanow, C Warren" sort="Olanow, C Warren" uniqKey="Olanow C" first="C. Warren" last="Olanow">C. Warren Olanow</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Nest York</s1><s2>New York</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agid, Yves" sort="Agid, Yves" uniqKey="Agid Y" first="Yves" last="Agid">Yves Agid</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Hopital de la Salpetriere</s1><s2>Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mizuno, Yoshi" sort="Mizuno, Yoshi" uniqKey="Mizuno Y" first="Yoshi" last="Mizuno">Yoshi Mizuno</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Jutendo University School of Medicine</s1><s2>Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo</s2><s3>JPN</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Albanese, Alberto" sort="Albanese, Alberto" uniqKey="Albanese A" first="Alberto" last="Albanese">Alberto Albanese</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Istituto Nazionale Neurologico</s1><s2>Milano</s2><s3>ITA</s3><sZ>4 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonucelli, U" sort="Bonucelli, U" uniqKey="Bonucelli U" first="U." last="Bonucelli">U. Bonucelli</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Department of Neuroscience, University of Pisa, Capezzano-Pianore</s1><s3>ITA</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Damier, Philip" sort="Damier, Philip" uniqKey="Damier P" first="Philip" last="Damier">Philip Damier</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>Hopital Laennec, Clinique Neurologique</s1><s2>Nantes</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Yebenes, Justo" sort="De Yebenes, Justo" uniqKey="De Yebenes J" first="Justo" last="De Yebenes">Justo De Yebenes</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid</s1><s2>Madrid</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gershanik, Oscar" sort="Gershanik, Oscar" uniqKey="Gershanik O" first="Oscar" last="Gershanik">Oscar Gershanik</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="08"><s1>Hopital Frances, Centro Neurold"gico, La Rioja</s1><s2>Buenos Aires</s2><s3>ARG</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guttman, Mark" sort="Guttman, Mark" uniqKey="Guttman M" first="Mark" last="Guttman">Mark Guttman</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="09"><s1>University of Toronto</s1><s2>Markham, Ontario</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grandas, F" sort="Grandas, F" uniqKey="Grandas F" first="F." last="Grandas">F. Grandas</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Hopital General G Maranon, Libertad, Velilla De San Antonio</s1><s2>Madrid</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hallett, Mark" sort="Hallett, Mark" uniqKey="Hallett M" first="Mark" last="Hallett">Mark Hallett</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disease Center, National Institutes of Health</s1><s2>Bethesda, Maryland</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hornykiewicz, Ole" sort="Hornykiewicz, Ole" uniqKey="Hornykiewicz O" first="Ole" last="Hornykiewicz">Ole Hornykiewicz</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="12"><s1>Brain Research Institute, Vienna University Medical School</s1><s2>Vienna</s2><s3>AUT</s3><sZ>12 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jenner, Peter" sort="Jenner, Peter" uniqKey="Jenner P" first="Peter" last="Jenner">Peter Jenner</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="13"><s1>King's College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus</s1><s2>London</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Katzenschlager, R" sort="Katzenschlager, R" uniqKey="Katzenschlager R" first="R." last="Katzenschlager">R. Katzenschlager</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="14"><s1>National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery</s1><s2>London</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Langston, William J" sort="Langston, William J" uniqKey="Langston W" first="William J." last="Langston">William J. Langston</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="15"><s1>The Parkinson's Institute</s1><s2>Sunnyvale, California</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>15 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lewitt, Peter" sort="Lewitt, Peter" uniqKey="Lewitt P" first="Peter" last="Lewitt">Peter Lewitt</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="16"><s1>Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Wayne State University School of Medicine</s1><s2>Detroit, Michigan</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>16 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melamed, Eldad" sort="Melamed, Eldad" uniqKey="Melamed E" first="Eldad" last="Melamed">Eldad Melamed</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="17"><s1>Department of Neurology, Robin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tiqva</s1><s3>ISR</s3><sZ>17 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mena, M A" sort="Mena, M A" uniqKey="Mena M" first="M. A." last="Mena">M. A. Mena</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="18"><s1>Departmento Neurobiologia-Investigacion, Hospital Romon y Cajal, Ctra de Colmenar</s1><s2>Madrid</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>18 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Michel, P P" sort="Michel, P P" uniqKey="Michel P" first="P. P." last="Michel">P. P. Michel</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="19"><s1>Institute National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medical, Hopital de la Salpetriere</s1><s2>Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mytilineou, Catherine" sort="Mytilineou, Catherine" uniqKey="Mytilineou C" first="Catherine" last="Mytilineou">Catherine Mytilineou</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="20"><s1>Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine</s1><s2>New York, New York</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Obeso, Jose A" sort="Obeso, Jose A" uniqKey="Obeso J" first="Jose A." last="Obeso">Jose A. Obeso</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="21"><s1>Universitarie of Navarra</s1><s2>Pamplona</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>21 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poewe, Werner" sort="Poewe, Werner" uniqKey="Poewe W" first="Werner" last="Poewe">Werner Poewe</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="22"><s1>University Hospital Innsbruck, Department of Neurology</s1><s2>Innsbruck, Tyrol</s2><s3>AUT</s3><sZ>22 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quinn, Niall" sort="Quinn, Niall" uniqKey="Quinn N" first="Niall" last="Quinn">Niall Quinn</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="23"><s1>Institute of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurology, Queen Square</s1><s2>London</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raisman Vozari, R" sort="Raisman Vozari, R" uniqKey="Raisman Vozari R" first="R." last="Raisman-Vozari">R. Raisman-Vozari</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Hopital de la Salpetriere</s1><s2>Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rajput, Ali H" sort="Rajput, Ali H" uniqKey="Rajput A" first="Ali H." last="Rajput">Ali H. Rajput</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="24"><s1>Royal University Hospital</s1><s2>Saskatoon, Saskatchewan</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>25 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rascol, Olivier" sort="Rascol, Olivier" uniqKey="Rascol O" first="Olivier" last="Rascol">Olivier Rascol</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="25"><s1>Clinic University Center, Faculty of Medicine, Allees Jules-Guesde</s1><s2>Toulouse</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>26 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sampaio, Christina" sort="Sampaio, Christina" uniqKey="Sampaio C" first="Christina" last="Sampaio">Christina Sampaio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stocchi, Fabrizio" sort="Stocchi, Fabrizio" uniqKey="Stocchi F" first="Fabrizio" last="Stocchi">Fabrizio Stocchi</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">INIST</idno><idno type="inist">04-0549611</idno><date when="2004">2004</date><idno type="stanalyst">PASCAL 04-0549611 INIST</idno><idno type="RBID">Pascal:04-0549611</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Corpus">002074</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Current controversies</title><author><name sortKey="Olanow, C Warren" sort="Olanow, C Warren" uniqKey="Olanow C" first="C. Warren" last="Olanow">C. Warren Olanow</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Nest York</s1><s2>New York</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agid, Yves" sort="Agid, Yves" uniqKey="Agid Y" first="Yves" last="Agid">Yves Agid</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Hopital de la Salpetriere</s1><s2>Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mizuno, Yoshi" sort="Mizuno, Yoshi" uniqKey="Mizuno Y" first="Yoshi" last="Mizuno">Yoshi Mizuno</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Jutendo University School of Medicine</s1><s2>Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo</s2><s3>JPN</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Albanese, Alberto" sort="Albanese, Alberto" uniqKey="Albanese A" first="Alberto" last="Albanese">Alberto Albanese</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Istituto Nazionale Neurologico</s1><s2>Milano</s2><s3>ITA</s3><sZ>4 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonucelli, U" sort="Bonucelli, U" uniqKey="Bonucelli U" first="U." last="Bonucelli">U. Bonucelli</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Department of Neuroscience, University of Pisa, Capezzano-Pianore</s1><s3>ITA</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Damier, Philip" sort="Damier, Philip" uniqKey="Damier P" first="Philip" last="Damier">Philip Damier</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>Hopital Laennec, Clinique Neurologique</s1><s2>Nantes</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Yebenes, Justo" sort="De Yebenes, Justo" uniqKey="De Yebenes J" first="Justo" last="De Yebenes">Justo De Yebenes</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid</s1><s2>Madrid</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gershanik, Oscar" sort="Gershanik, Oscar" uniqKey="Gershanik O" first="Oscar" last="Gershanik">Oscar Gershanik</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="08"><s1>Hopital Frances, Centro Neurold"gico, La Rioja</s1><s2>Buenos Aires</s2><s3>ARG</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guttman, Mark" sort="Guttman, Mark" uniqKey="Guttman M" first="Mark" last="Guttman">Mark Guttman</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="09"><s1>University of Toronto</s1><s2>Markham, Ontario</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grandas, F" sort="Grandas, F" uniqKey="Grandas F" first="F." last="Grandas">F. Grandas</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Hopital General G Maranon, Libertad, Velilla De San Antonio</s1><s2>Madrid</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hallett, Mark" sort="Hallett, Mark" uniqKey="Hallett M" first="Mark" last="Hallett">Mark Hallett</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disease Center, National Institutes of Health</s1><s2>Bethesda, Maryland</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hornykiewicz, Ole" sort="Hornykiewicz, Ole" uniqKey="Hornykiewicz O" first="Ole" last="Hornykiewicz">Ole Hornykiewicz</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="12"><s1>Brain Research Institute, Vienna University Medical School</s1><s2>Vienna</s2><s3>AUT</s3><sZ>12 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jenner, Peter" sort="Jenner, Peter" uniqKey="Jenner P" first="Peter" last="Jenner">Peter Jenner</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="13"><s1>King's College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus</s1><s2>London</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Katzenschlager, R" sort="Katzenschlager, R" uniqKey="Katzenschlager R" first="R." last="Katzenschlager">R. Katzenschlager</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="14"><s1>National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery</s1><s2>London</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Langston, William J" sort="Langston, William J" uniqKey="Langston W" first="William J." last="Langston">William J. Langston</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="15"><s1>The Parkinson's Institute</s1><s2>Sunnyvale, California</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>15 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lewitt, Peter" sort="Lewitt, Peter" uniqKey="Lewitt P" first="Peter" last="Lewitt">Peter Lewitt</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="16"><s1>Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Wayne State University School of Medicine</s1><s2>Detroit, Michigan</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>16 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melamed, Eldad" sort="Melamed, Eldad" uniqKey="Melamed E" first="Eldad" last="Melamed">Eldad Melamed</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="17"><s1>Department of Neurology, Robin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tiqva</s1><s3>ISR</s3><sZ>17 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mena, M A" sort="Mena, M A" uniqKey="Mena M" first="M. A." last="Mena">M. A. Mena</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="18"><s1>Departmento Neurobiologia-Investigacion, Hospital Romon y Cajal, Ctra de Colmenar</s1><s2>Madrid</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>18 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Michel, P P" sort="Michel, P P" uniqKey="Michel P" first="P. P." last="Michel">P. P. Michel</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="19"><s1>Institute National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medical, Hopital de la Salpetriere</s1><s2>Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mytilineou, Catherine" sort="Mytilineou, Catherine" uniqKey="Mytilineou C" first="Catherine" last="Mytilineou">Catherine Mytilineou</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="20"><s1>Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine</s1><s2>New York, New York</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Obeso, Jose A" sort="Obeso, Jose A" uniqKey="Obeso J" first="Jose A." last="Obeso">Jose A. Obeso</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="21"><s1>Universitarie of Navarra</s1><s2>Pamplona</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>21 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poewe, Werner" sort="Poewe, Werner" uniqKey="Poewe W" first="Werner" last="Poewe">Werner Poewe</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="22"><s1>University Hospital Innsbruck, Department of Neurology</s1><s2>Innsbruck, Tyrol</s2><s3>AUT</s3><sZ>22 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quinn, Niall" sort="Quinn, Niall" uniqKey="Quinn N" first="Niall" last="Quinn">Niall Quinn</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="23"><s1>Institute of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurology, Queen Square</s1><s2>London</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raisman Vozari, R" sort="Raisman Vozari, R" uniqKey="Raisman Vozari R" first="R." last="Raisman-Vozari">R. Raisman-Vozari</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Hopital de la Salpetriere</s1><s2>Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rajput, Ali H" sort="Rajput, Ali H" uniqKey="Rajput A" first="Ali H." last="Rajput">Ali H. Rajput</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="24"><s1>Royal University Hospital</s1><s2>Saskatoon, Saskatchewan</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>25 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rascol, Olivier" sort="Rascol, Olivier" uniqKey="Rascol O" first="Olivier" last="Rascol">Olivier Rascol</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="25"><s1>Clinic University Center, Faculty of Medicine, Allees Jules-Guesde</s1><s2>Toulouse</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>26 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sampaio, Christina" sort="Sampaio, Christina" uniqKey="Sampaio C" first="Christina" last="Sampaio">Christina Sampaio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stocchi, Fabrizio" sort="Stocchi, Fabrizio" uniqKey="Stocchi F" first="Fabrizio" last="Stocchi">Fabrizio Stocchi</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j" type="main">Movement disorders</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Mov. disord.</title><idno type="ISSN">0885-3185</idno><imprint><date when="2004">2004</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">Movement disorders</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Mov. disord.</title><idno type="ISSN">0885-3185</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Levodopa</term><term>Nervous system diseases</term><term>Parkinson disease</term><term>Treatment</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Système nerveux pathologie</term><term>Lévodopa</term><term>Traitement</term><term>Parkinson maladie</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Levodopa is the most effective symptomatic agent in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) and the "gold standard" against which new agents must be compared. However, there remain two areas of controversy: (1) whether levodopa is toxic, and (2) whether levodopa directly causes motor complications. Levodopa is toxic to cultured dopamine neurons, and this may be a problem in PD where there is evidence of oxidative stress in the nigra. However, there is little firm evidence to suggest that levodopa is toxic in vivo or in PD. Clinical trials have not clarified this situation. Levodopa is also associated with motor complications. Increasing evidence suggests that they are related, at least in part, to the short half-life of the drug (and its potential to induce pulsatile stimulation of dopamine receptors) rather than to specific properties of the molecule. Treatment strategies that provide more continuous stimulation of dopamine receptors provide reduced motor complications in MPTP monkeys and PD patients. These studies raise the possibility that more continuous and physiological delivery of levodopa might reduce the risk of motor complications. Clinical trials to test this hypothesis are underway. We review current evidence relating to these areas of controversy.</div></front></TEI><inist><standard h6="B"><pA><fA01 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>0885-3185</s0></fA01><fA03 i2="1"><s0>Mov. disord.</s0></fA03><fA05><s2>19</s2></fA05><fA06><s2>9</s2></fA06><fA08 i1="01" i2="1" l="ENG"><s1>Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Current controversies</s1></fA08><fA11 i1="01" i2="1"><s1>OLANOW (C. Warren)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="02" i2="1"><s1>AGID (Yves)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="03" i2="1"><s1>MIZUNO (Yoshi)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="04" i2="1"><s1>ALBANESE (Alberto)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="05" i2="1"><s1>BONUCELLI (U.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="06" i2="1"><s1>DAMIER (Philip)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="07" i2="1"><s1>DE YEBENES (Justo)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="08" i2="1"><s1>GERSHANIK (Oscar)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="09" i2="1"><s1>GUTTMAN (Mark)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="10" i2="1"><s1>GRANDAS (F.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="11" i2="1"><s1>HALLETT (Mark)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="12" i2="1"><s1>HORNYKIEWICZ (Ole)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="13" i2="1"><s1>JENNER (Peter)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="14" i2="1"><s1>KATZENSCHLAGER (R.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="15" i2="1"><s1>LANGSTON (William J.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="16" i2="1"><s1>LEWITT (Peter)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="17" i2="1"><s1>MELAMED (Eldad)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="18" i2="1"><s1>MENA (M. A.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="19" i2="1"><s1>MICHEL (P. P.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="20" i2="1"><s1>MYTILINEOU (Catherine)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="21" i2="1"><s1>OBESO (Jose A.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="22" i2="1"><s1>POEWE (Werner)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="23" i2="1"><s1>QUINN (Niall)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="24" i2="1"><s1>RAISMAN-VOZARI (R.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="25" i2="1"><s1>RAJPUT (Ali H.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="26" i2="1"><s1>RASCOL (Olivier)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="27" i2="1"><s1>SAMPAIO (Christina)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="28" i2="1"><s1>STOCCHI (Fabrizio)</s1></fA11><fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Nest York</s1><s2>New York</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="02"><s1>Hopital de la Salpetriere</s1><s2>Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="03"><s1>Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Jutendo University School of Medicine</s1><s2>Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo</s2><s3>JPN</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="04"><s1>Istituto Nazionale Neurologico</s1><s2>Milano</s2><s3>ITA</s3><sZ>4 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="05"><s1>Department of Neuroscience, University of Pisa, Capezzano-Pianore</s1><s3>ITA</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="06"><s1>Hopital Laennec, Clinique Neurologique</s1><s2>Nantes</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="07"><s1>Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid</s1><s2>Madrid</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="08"><s1>Hopital Frances, Centro Neurold"gico, La Rioja</s1><s2>Buenos Aires</s2><s3>ARG</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="09"><s1>University of Toronto</s1><s2>Markham, Ontario</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="10"><s1>Hopital General G Maranon, Libertad, Velilla De San Antonio</s1><s2>Madrid</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="11"><s1>Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disease Center, National Institutes of Health</s1><s2>Bethesda, Maryland</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="12"><s1>Brain Research Institute, Vienna University Medical School</s1><s2>Vienna</s2><s3>AUT</s3><sZ>12 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="13"><s1>King's College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus</s1><s2>London</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="14"><s1>National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery</s1><s2>London</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="15"><s1>The Parkinson's Institute</s1><s2>Sunnyvale, California</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>15 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="16"><s1>Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Wayne State University School of Medicine</s1><s2>Detroit, Michigan</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>16 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="17"><s1>Department of Neurology, Robin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tiqva</s1><s3>ISR</s3><sZ>17 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="18"><s1>Departmento Neurobiologia-Investigacion, Hospital Romon y Cajal, Ctra de Colmenar</s1><s2>Madrid</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>18 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="19"><s1>Institute National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medical, Hopital de la Salpetriere</s1><s2>Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="20"><s1>Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine</s1><s2>New York, New York</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="21"><s1>Universitarie of Navarra</s1><s2>Pamplona</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>21 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="22"><s1>University Hospital Innsbruck, Department of Neurology</s1><s2>Innsbruck, Tyrol</s2><s3>AUT</s3><sZ>22 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="23"><s1>Institute of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurology, Queen Square</s1><s2>London</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="24"><s1>Royal University Hospital</s1><s2>Saskatoon, Saskatchewan</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>25 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="25"><s1>Clinic University Center, Faculty of Medicine, Allees Jules-Guesde</s1><s2>Toulouse</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>26 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA20><s1>997-1005</s1></fA20><fA21><s1>2004</s1></fA21><fA23 i1="01"><s0>ENG</s0></fA23><fA43 i1="01"><s1>INIST</s1><s2>20953</s2><s5>354000122317190010</s5></fA43><fA44><s0>0000</s0><s1>© 2004 INIST-CNRS. All rights reserved.</s1></fA44><fA45><s0>131 ref.</s0></fA45><fA47 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>04-0549611</s0></fA47><fA60><s1>P</s1></fA60><fA61><s0>A</s0></fA61><fA64 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>Movement disorders</s0></fA64><fA66 i1="01"><s0>USA</s0></fA66><fC01 i1="01" l="ENG"><s0>Levodopa is the most effective symptomatic agent in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) and the "gold standard" against which new agents must be compared. However, there remain two areas of controversy: (1) whether levodopa is toxic, and (2) whether levodopa directly causes motor complications. Levodopa is toxic to cultured dopamine neurons, and this may be a problem in PD where there is evidence of oxidative stress in the nigra. However, there is little firm evidence to suggest that levodopa is toxic in vivo or in PD. Clinical trials have not clarified this situation. Levodopa is also associated with motor complications. Increasing evidence suggests that they are related, at least in part, to the short half-life of the drug (and its potential to induce pulsatile stimulation of dopamine receptors) rather than to specific properties of the molecule. Treatment strategies that provide more continuous stimulation of dopamine receptors provide reduced motor complications in MPTP monkeys and PD patients. These studies raise the possibility that more continuous and physiological delivery of levodopa might reduce the risk of motor complications. Clinical trials to test this hypothesis are underway. We review current evidence relating to these areas of controversy.</s0></fC01><fC02 i1="01" i2="X"><s0>002B17</s0></fC02><fC02 i1="02" i2="X"><s0>002B17G</s0></fC02><fC02 i1="03" i2="X"><s0>002B02U01</s0></fC02><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Système nerveux pathologie</s0><s5>01</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Nervous system diseases</s0><s5>01</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Sistema nervioso patología</s0><s5>01</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Lévodopa</s0><s2>NK</s2><s2>FR</s2><s5>02</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Levodopa</s0><s2>NK</s2><s2>FR</s2><s5>02</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Levodopa</s0><s2>NK</s2><s2>FR</s2><s5>02</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Traitement</s0><s5>03</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Treatment</s0><s5>03</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Tratamiento</s0><s5>03</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Parkinson maladie</s0><s5>04</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Parkinson disease</s0><s5>04</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Parkinson enfermedad</s0><s5>04</s5></fC03><fC07 i1="01" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Antiparkinsonien</s0><s5>37</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="01" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Antiparkinson agent</s0><s5>37</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="01" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Antiparkinsoniano</s0><s5>37</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="02" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Encéphale pathologie</s0><s5>38</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="02" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Cerebral disorder</s0><s5>38</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="02" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Encéfalo patología</s0><s5>38</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="03" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Extrapyramidal syndrome</s0><s5>39</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="03" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Extrapyramidal syndrome</s0><s5>39</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="03" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Extrapiramidal síndrome</s0><s5>39</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="04" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Maladie dégénérative</s0><s5>40</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="04" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Degenerative disease</s0><s5>40</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="04" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Enfermedad degenerativa</s0><s5>40</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="05" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Système nerveux central pathologie</s0><s5>41</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="05" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Central nervous system disease</s0><s5>41</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="05" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Sistema nervosio central patología</s0><s5>41</s5></fC07><fN21><s1>313</s1></fN21><fN44 i1="01"><s1>OTO</s1></fN44><fN82><s1>OTO</s1></fN82></pA></standard><server><NO>PASCAL 04-0549611 INIST</NO><ET>Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Current controversies</ET><AU>OLANOW (C. Warren); AGID (Yves); MIZUNO (Yoshi); ALBANESE (Alberto); BONUCELLI (U.); DAMIER (Philip); DE YEBENES (Justo); GERSHANIK (Oscar); GUTTMAN (Mark); GRANDAS (F.); HALLETT (Mark); HORNYKIEWICZ (Ole); JENNER (Peter); KATZENSCHLAGER (R.); LANGSTON (William J.); LEWITT (Peter); MELAMED (Eldad); MENA (M. A.); MICHEL (P. P.); MYTILINEOU (Catherine); OBESO (Jose A.); POEWE (Werner); QUINN (Niall); RAISMAN-VOZARI (R.); RAJPUT (Ali H.); RASCOL (Olivier); SAMPAIO (Christina); STOCCHI (Fabrizio)</AU><AF>Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Nest York/New York/Etats-Unis (1 aut.); Hopital de la Salpetriere/Paris/France (2 aut., 24 aut.); Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Jutendo University School of Medicine/Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo/Japon (3 aut.); Istituto Nazionale Neurologico/Milano/Italie (4 aut.); Department of Neuroscience, University of Pisa, Capezzano-Pianore/Italie (5 aut.); Hopital Laennec, Clinique Neurologique/Nantes/France (6 aut.); Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/Madrid/Espagne (7 aut.); Hopital Frances, Centro Neurold"gico, La Rioja/Buenos Aires/Argentine (8 aut.); University of Toronto/Markham, Ontario/Canada (9 aut.); Hopital General G Maranon, Libertad, Velilla De San Antonio/Madrid/Espagne (10 aut.); Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disease Center, National Institutes of Health/Bethesda, Maryland/Etats-Unis (11 aut.); Brain Research Institute, Vienna University Medical School/Vienna/Autriche (12 aut.); King's College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus/London/Royaume-Uni (13 aut.); National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery/London/Royaume-Uni (14 aut.); The Parkinson's Institute/Sunnyvale, California/Etats-Unis (15 aut.); Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Wayne State University School of Medicine/Detroit, Michigan/Etats-Unis (16 aut.); Department of Neurology, Robin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tiqva/Israël (17 aut.); Departmento Neurobiologia-Investigacion, Hospital Romon y Cajal, Ctra de Colmenar/Madrid/Espagne (18 aut.); Institute National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medical, Hopital de la Salpetriere/Paris/France (19 aut.); Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine/New York, New York/Etats-Unis (20 aut.); Universitarie of Navarra/Pamplona/Espagne (21 aut.); University Hospital Innsbruck, Department of Neurology/Innsbruck, Tyrol/Autriche (22 aut.); Institute of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurology, Queen Square/London/Royaume-Uni (23 aut.); Royal University Hospital/Saskatoon, Saskatchewan/Canada (25 aut.); Clinic University Center, Faculty of Medicine, Allees Jules-Guesde/Toulouse/France (26 aut.)</AF><DT>Publication en série; Niveau analytique</DT><SO>Movement disorders; ISSN 0885-3185; Etats-Unis; Da. 2004; Vol. 19; No. 9; Pp. 997-1005; Bibl. 131 ref.</SO><LA>Anglais</LA><EA>Levodopa is the most effective symptomatic agent in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) and the "gold standard" against which new agents must be compared. However, there remain two areas of controversy: (1) whether levodopa is toxic, and (2) whether levodopa directly causes motor complications. Levodopa is toxic to cultured dopamine neurons, and this may be a problem in PD where there is evidence of oxidative stress in the nigra. However, there is little firm evidence to suggest that levodopa is toxic in vivo or in PD. Clinical trials have not clarified this situation. Levodopa is also associated with motor complications. Increasing evidence suggests that they are related, at least in part, to the short half-life of the drug (and its potential to induce pulsatile stimulation of dopamine receptors) rather than to specific properties of the molecule. Treatment strategies that provide more continuous stimulation of dopamine receptors provide reduced motor complications in MPTP monkeys and PD patients. These studies raise the possibility that more continuous and physiological delivery of levodopa might reduce the risk of motor complications. Clinical trials to test this hypothesis are underway. We review current evidence relating to these areas of controversy.</EA><CC>002B17; 002B17G; 002B02U01</CC><FD>Système nerveux pathologie; Lévodopa; Traitement; Parkinson maladie</FD><FG>Antiparkinsonien; Encéphale pathologie; Extrapyramidal syndrome; Maladie dégénérative; Système nerveux central pathologie</FG><ED>Nervous system diseases; Levodopa; Treatment; Parkinson disease</ED><EG>Antiparkinson agent; Cerebral disorder; Extrapyramidal syndrome; Degenerative disease; Central nervous system disease</EG><SD>Sistema nervioso patología; Levodopa; Tratamiento; Parkinson enfermedad</SD><LO>INIST-20953.354000122317190010</LO><ID>04-0549611</ID></server></inist></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Santé/explor/MovDisordV3/Data/PascalFrancis/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 002074 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/PascalFrancis/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 002074 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Santé
|area= MovDisordV3
|flux= PascalFrancis
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= Pascal:04-0549611
|texte= Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Current controversies
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.23. |  |