Camel production systems in Ethiopia: a review of literature with notes on MERS-CoV risk factors
Identifieur interne : 002671 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 002670; suivant : 002672Camel production systems in Ethiopia: a review of literature with notes on MERS-CoV risk factors
Auteurs : Tadele Mirkena [Éthiopie] ; Elias Walelign [Éthiopie] ; Nega Tewolde [Éthiopie] ; Getachew Gari [Éthiopie] ; Getachew Abebe [Éthiopie] ; Scott Newman [Ghana]Source :
- Pastoralism [ 2041-7136 ] ; 2018.
Abstract
Camels are the most adapted species to the harsh conditions of arid/semi-arid rangelands of Ethiopia where pastoralism is the dominant mode of life and mobility is an inherent strategy to efficiently utilize the spatially and temporally distributed pasture and water resources. Usually, large numbers of camels and other domestic animals from many different herds/flocks congregate at watering sites, and this may create a perfect condition for disease transmission and spread among animals. The same water sources are also shared by multitudes of wild animals. Camel herd sizes per household range from few heads (five to ten) to several hundreds. Female camels account for more than 75% of the herd. Male camels are usually sold early as pack animals or for slaughter. Female camels may remain fertile up to 25 years, during which time they produce eight to ten calves. Camels are herded during daytime on communal rangelands. During night, they are kept in traditional
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/s13570-018-0135-3
PubMed: 32226597
PubMed Central: 7099212
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="Par1">Camels are the most adapted species to the harsh conditions of arid/semi-arid rangelands of Ethiopia where pastoralism is the dominant mode of life and mobility is an inherent strategy to efficiently utilize the spatially and temporally distributed pasture and water resources. Usually, large numbers of camels and other domestic animals from many different herds/flocks congregate at watering sites, and this may create a perfect condition for disease transmission and spread among animals. The same water sources are also shared by multitudes of wild animals. Camel herd sizes per household range from few heads (five to ten) to several hundreds. Female camels account for more than 75% of the herd. Male camels are usually sold early as pack animals or for slaughter. Female camels may remain fertile up to 25 years, during which time they produce eight to ten calves. Camels are herded during daytime on communal rangelands. During night, they are kept in traditional <italic>kraals</italic>
around homesteads. Breeding time is short and seasonal and is affected by rainfall patterns and feed availability. Usually, only men milk camels. Milking frequency ranges from two to five times per day. Washing of hands, milking vessels, the udder and teats is not practised by many prior to milking the camels. Besides, the milking area is generally full of dust and dung and without shade. This affects the quality and safety of the produced milk. Pathogens and diseases of camelids are less well known; however, they are suspected as zoonotic sources for the human infection with the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. There is an increasing need to determine whether camels are clinically susceptible, act as potential reservoirs and maintenance or bridge hosts, to viral pathogens.</p>
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Accra, Ghana</nlm:aff>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Addis Ababa</wicri:noRegion>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Addis Ababa</wicri:noRegion>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Addis Ababa</wicri:noRegion>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Addis Ababa</wicri:noRegion>
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<institution>Regional Office for Africa,</institution>
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Accra, Ghana</nlm:aff>
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<wicri:regionArea>Accra</wicri:regionArea>
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<series><title level="j">Pastoralism</title>
<idno type="eISSN">2041-7136</idno>
<imprint><date when="2018">2018</date>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="Par1">Camels are the most adapted species to the harsh conditions of arid/semi-arid rangelands of Ethiopia where pastoralism is the dominant mode of life and mobility is an inherent strategy to efficiently utilize the spatially and temporally distributed pasture and water resources. Usually, large numbers of camels and other domestic animals from many different herds/flocks congregate at watering sites, and this may create a perfect condition for disease transmission and spread among animals. The same water sources are also shared by multitudes of wild animals. Camel herd sizes per household range from few heads (five to ten) to several hundreds. Female camels account for more than 75% of the herd. Male camels are usually sold early as pack animals or for slaughter. Female camels may remain fertile up to 25 years, during which time they produce eight to ten calves. Camels are herded during daytime on communal rangelands. During night, they are kept in traditional <italic>kraals</italic>
around homesteads. Breeding time is short and seasonal and is affected by rainfall patterns and feed availability. Usually, only men milk camels. Milking frequency ranges from two to five times per day. Washing of hands, milking vessels, the udder and teats is not practised by many prior to milking the camels. Besides, the milking area is generally full of dust and dung and without shade. This affects the quality and safety of the produced milk. Pathogens and diseases of camelids are less well known; however, they are suspected as zoonotic sources for the human infection with the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. There is an increasing need to determine whether camels are clinically susceptible, act as potential reservoirs and maintenance or bridge hosts, to viral pathogens.</p>
</div>
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<pubmed><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Camel production systems in Ethiopia: a review of literature with notes on MERS-CoV risk factors.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Mirkena, Tadele" sort="Mirkena, Tadele" uniqKey="Mirkena T" first="Tadele" last="Mirkena">Tadele Mirkena</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country>
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<wicri:noRegion>Addis Ababa</wicri:noRegion>
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<author><name sortKey="Walelign, Elias" sort="Walelign, Elias" uniqKey="Walelign E" first="Elias" last="Walelign">Elias Walelign</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Tewolde, Nega" sort="Tewolde, Nega" uniqKey="Tewolde N" first="Nega" last="Tewolde">Nega Tewolde</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Abebe, Getachew" sort="Abebe, Getachew" uniqKey="Abebe G" first="Getachew" last="Abebe">Getachew Abebe</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Newman, Scott" sort="Newman, Scott" uniqKey="Newman S" first="Scott" last="Newman">Scott Newman</name>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Camel production systems in Ethiopia: a review of literature with notes on MERS-CoV risk factors.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Mirkena, Tadele" sort="Mirkena, Tadele" uniqKey="Mirkena T" first="Tadele" last="Mirkena">Tadele Mirkena</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Addis Ababa</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Walelign, Elias" sort="Walelign, Elias" uniqKey="Walelign E" first="Elias" last="Walelign">Elias Walelign</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Addis Ababa</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tewolde, Nega" sort="Tewolde, Nega" uniqKey="Tewolde N" first="Nega" last="Tewolde">Nega Tewolde</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Addis Ababa</wicri:noRegion>
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<author><name sortKey="Gari, Getachew" sort="Gari, Getachew" uniqKey="Gari G" first="Getachew" last="Gari">Getachew Gari</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Abebe, Getachew" sort="Abebe, Getachew" uniqKey="Abebe G" first="Getachew" last="Abebe">Getachew Abebe</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country>
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<wicri:noRegion>Addis Ababa</wicri:noRegion>
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<author><name sortKey="Newman, Scott" sort="Newman, Scott" uniqKey="Newman S" first="Scott" last="Newman">Scott Newman</name>
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<series><title level="j">Pastoralism : research, policy and practice</title>
<idno type="ISSN">2041-7136</idno>
<imprint><date when="2018" type="published">2018</date>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Camels are the most adapted species to the harsh conditions of arid/semi-arid rangelands of Ethiopia where pastoralism is the dominant mode of life and mobility is an inherent strategy to efficiently utilize the spatially and temporally distributed pasture and water resources. Usually, large numbers of camels and other domestic animals from many different herds/flocks congregate at watering sites, and this may create a perfect condition for disease transmission and spread among animals. The same water sources are also shared by multitudes of wild animals. Camel herd sizes per household range from few heads (five to ten) to several hundreds. Female camels account for more than 75% of the herd. Male camels are usually sold early as pack animals or for slaughter. Female camels may remain fertile up to 25 years, during which time they produce eight to ten calves. Camels are herded during daytime on communal rangelands. During night, they are kept in traditional <i>kraals</i>
around homesteads. Breeding time is short and seasonal and is affected by rainfall patterns and feed availability. Usually, only men milk camels. Milking frequency ranges from two to five times per day. Washing of hands, milking vessels, the udder and teats is not practised by many prior to milking the camels. Besides, the milking area is generally full of dust and dung and without shade. This affects the quality and safety of the produced milk. Pathogens and diseases of camelids are less well known; however, they are suspected as zoonotic sources for the human infection with the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. There is an increasing need to determine whether camels are clinically susceptible, act as potential reservoirs and maintenance or bridge hosts, to viral pathogens.</div>
</front>
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