Camel production systems in Ethiopia: a review of literature with notes on MERS-CoV risk factors.
Identifieur interne : 000A33 ( PubMed/Curation ); précédent : 000A32; suivant : 000A34Camel production systems in Ethiopia: a review of literature with notes on MERS-CoV risk factors.
Auteurs : Tadele Mirkena [Éthiopie] ; Elias Walelign [Éthiopie] ; Nega Tewolde [Éthiopie] ; Getachew Gari [Éthiopie] ; Getachew Abebe [Éthiopie] ; Scott Newman [Ghana]Source :
- Pastoralism : research, policy and practice [ 2041-7136 ] ; 2018.
Abstract
Camels are the most adapted species to the harsh conditions of arid/semi-arid rangelands of Ethiopia where pastoralism is the dominant mode of life and mobility is an inherent strategy to efficiently utilize the spatially and temporally distributed pasture and water resources. Usually, large numbers of camels and other domestic animals from many different herds/flocks congregate at watering sites, and this may create a perfect condition for disease transmission and spread among animals. The same water sources are also shared by multitudes of wild animals. Camel herd sizes per household range from few heads (five to ten) to several hundreds. Female camels account for more than 75% of the herd. Male camels are usually sold early as pack animals or for slaughter. Female camels may remain fertile up to 25 years, during which time they produce eight to ten calves. Camels are herded during daytime on communal rangelands. During night, they are kept in traditional kraals around homesteads. Breeding time is short and seasonal and is affected by rainfall patterns and feed availability. Usually, only men milk camels. Milking frequency ranges from two to five times per day. Washing of hands, milking vessels, the udder and teats is not practised by many prior to milking the camels. Besides, the milking area is generally full of dust and dung and without shade. This affects the quality and safety of the produced milk. Pathogens and diseases of camelids are less well known; however, they are suspected as zoonotic sources for the human infection with the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. There is an increasing need to determine whether camels are clinically susceptible, act as potential reservoirs and maintenance or bridge hosts, to viral pathogens.
DOI: 10.1186/s13570-018-0135-3
PubMed: 32226597
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and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tewolde, Nega" sort="Tewolde, Nega" uniqKey="Tewolde N" first="Nega" last="Tewolde">Nega Tewolde</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gari, Getachew" sort="Gari, Getachew" uniqKey="Gari G" first="Getachew" last="Gari">Getachew Gari</name><affiliation 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sort="Newman, Scott" uniqKey="Newman S" first="Scott" last="Newman">Scott Newman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>2Regional Office for Africa, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>2Regional Office for Africa, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Pastoralism : research, policy and practice</title><idno type="ISSN">2041-7136</idno><imprint><date when="2018" type="published">2018</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Camels are the most adapted species to the harsh conditions of arid/semi-arid rangelands of Ethiopia where pastoralism is the dominant mode of life and mobility is an inherent strategy to efficiently utilize the spatially and temporally distributed pasture and water resources. Usually, large numbers of camels and other domestic animals from many different herds/flocks congregate at watering sites, and this may create a perfect condition for disease transmission and spread among animals. The same water sources are also shared by multitudes of wild animals. Camel herd sizes per household range from few heads (five to ten) to several hundreds. Female camels account for more than 75% of the herd. Male camels are usually sold early as pack animals or for slaughter. Female camels may remain fertile up to 25 years, during which time they produce eight to ten calves. Camels are herded during daytime on communal rangelands. During night, they are kept in traditional <i>kraals</i> around homesteads. Breeding time is short and seasonal and is affected by rainfall patterns and feed availability. Usually, only men milk camels. Milking frequency ranges from two to five times per day. Washing of hands, milking vessels, the udder and teats is not practised by many prior to milking the camels. Besides, the milking area is generally full of dust and dung and without shade. This affects the quality and safety of the produced milk. Pathogens and diseases of camelids are less well known; however, they are suspected as zoonotic sources for the human infection with the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. There is an increasing need to determine whether camels are clinically susceptible, act as potential reservoirs and maintenance or bridge hosts, to viral pathogens.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="PubMed-not-MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32226597</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>03</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">2041-7136</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>8</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><PubDate><Year>2018</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Pastoralism : research, policy and practice</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Pastoralism</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Camel production systems in Ethiopia: a review of literature with notes on MERS-CoV risk factors.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>30</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1186/s13570-018-0135-3</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Camels are the most adapted species to the harsh conditions of arid/semi-arid rangelands of Ethiopia where pastoralism is the dominant mode of life and mobility is an inherent strategy to efficiently utilize the spatially and temporally distributed pasture and water resources. Usually, large numbers of camels and other domestic animals from many different herds/flocks congregate at watering sites, and this may create a perfect condition for disease transmission and spread among animals. The same water sources are also shared by multitudes of wild animals. Camel herd sizes per household range from few heads (five to ten) to several hundreds. Female camels account for more than 75% of the herd. Male camels are usually sold early as pack animals or for slaughter. Female camels may remain fertile up to 25 years, during which time they produce eight to ten calves. Camels are herded during daytime on communal rangelands. During night, they are kept in traditional <i>kraals</i> around homesteads. Breeding time is short and seasonal and is affected by rainfall patterns and feed availability. Usually, only men milk camels. Milking frequency ranges from two to five times per day. Washing of hands, milking vessels, the udder and teats is not practised by many prior to milking the camels. Besides, the milking area is generally full of dust and dung and without shade. This affects the quality and safety of the produced milk. Pathogens and diseases of camelids are less well known; however, they are suspected as zoonotic sources for the human infection with the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. There is an increasing need to determine whether camels are clinically susceptible, act as potential reservoirs and maintenance or bridge hosts, to viral pathogens.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>© The Author(s). 2018.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mirkena</LastName><ForeName>Tadele</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-5629-3074</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Walelign</LastName><ForeName>Elias</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tewolde</LastName><ForeName>Nega</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gari</LastName><ForeName>Getachew</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Abebe</LastName><ForeName>Getachew</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Newman</LastName><ForeName>Scott</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>2Regional Office for Africa, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana.</Affiliation><Identifier Source="GRID">grid.463285.e</Identifier></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016454">Review</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2018</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>21</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Germany</Country><MedlineTA>Pastoralism</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101630011</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2041-7136</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Dromedary camel</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Ethiopia</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">MERS-CoV</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Pastoralism</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Production system</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2018</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>23</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2018</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>09</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>1</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2018</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>1</Day><Hour>0</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2018</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>1</Day><Hour>0</Hour><Minute>1</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32226597</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1186/s13570-018-0135-3</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">135</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7099212</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><pmc-dir>pmcsd</pmc-dir>
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