Influence of the connection design and titanium grades of the implant complex on resistance under static loading
Identifieur interne : 002F17 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 002F16; suivant : 002F18Influence of the connection design and titanium grades of the implant complex on resistance under static loading
Auteurs : Su-Jung Park [Corée du Sud] ; Suk-Won Lee [Corée du Sud] ; Richard Leesungbok [Corée du Sud] ; Su-Jin Ahn [Corée du Sud]Source :
- The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics [ 2005-7806 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the resistance to deformation under static overloading by measuring yield and fracture strength, and to analyze the failure characteristics of implant assemblies made of different titanium grades and connections.
Six groups of implant assemblies were fabricated according to ISO 14801 (n=10). These consisted of the combinations of 3 platform connections (external, internal, and morse tapered) and 2 materials (titanium grade 2 and titanium grade 4). Yield strength and fracture strength were evaluated with a computer-controlled Universal Testing Machine, and failed implant assemblies were classified and analyzed by optical microscopy. The data were analyzed using the One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student's t-test with the level of significance at
The group IT4S had the significantly highest values and group IT2 the lowest, for both yield strength and fracture strength. Groups IT4N and ET4 had similar yield and fracture strengths despite having different connection designs. Group MT2 and group IT2 had significant differences in yield and fracture strength although they were made by the same material as titanium grade 2. The implant system of the similar fixture-abutment interfaces and the same materials showed the similar characteristics of deformation.
A longer internal connection and titanium grade 4 of the implant system is advantageous for static overloading condition. However, it is not only the connection design that affects the stability. The strength of the titanium grade as material is also important since it affects the implant stability. When using the implant system made of titanium grade 2, a larger diameter fixture should be selected in order to provide enough strength to withstand overloading.
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DOI: 10.4047/jap.2016.8.5.388
PubMed: 27826389
PubMed Central: 5099131
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Influence of the connection design and titanium grades of the implant complex on resistance under static loading</title><author><name sortKey="Park, Su Jung" sort="Park, Su Jung" uniqKey="Park S" first="Su-Jung" last="Park">Su-Jung Park</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Biomaterials & Prosthodontics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biomaterials & Prosthodontics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Suk Won" sort="Lee, Suk Won" uniqKey="Lee S" first="Suk-Won" last="Lee">Suk-Won Lee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Biomaterials & Prosthodontics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biomaterials & Prosthodontics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leesungbok, Richard" sort="Leesungbok, Richard" uniqKey="Leesungbok R" first="Richard" last="Leesungbok">Richard Leesungbok</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Biomaterials & Prosthodontics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biomaterials & Prosthodontics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahn, Su Jin" sort="Ahn, Su Jin" uniqKey="Ahn S" first="Su-Jin" last="Ahn">Su-Jin Ahn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Biomaterials & Prosthodontics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biomaterials & Prosthodontics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27826389</idno><idno type="pmc">5099131</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5099131</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5099131</idno><idno type="doi">10.4047/jap.2016.8.5.388</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002F17</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002F17</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002F17</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002F17</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Influence of the connection design and titanium grades of the implant complex on resistance under static loading</title><author><name sortKey="Park, Su Jung" sort="Park, Su Jung" uniqKey="Park S" first="Su-Jung" last="Park">Su-Jung Park</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Biomaterials & Prosthodontics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biomaterials & Prosthodontics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Suk Won" sort="Lee, Suk Won" uniqKey="Lee S" first="Suk-Won" last="Lee">Suk-Won Lee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Biomaterials & Prosthodontics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biomaterials & Prosthodontics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leesungbok, Richard" sort="Leesungbok, Richard" uniqKey="Leesungbok R" first="Richard" last="Leesungbok">Richard Leesungbok</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Biomaterials & Prosthodontics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biomaterials & Prosthodontics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahn, Su Jin" sort="Ahn, Su Jin" uniqKey="Ahn S" first="Su-Jin" last="Ahn">Su-Jin Ahn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Biomaterials & Prosthodontics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biomaterials & Prosthodontics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics</title><idno type="ISSN">2005-7806</idno><idno type="eISSN">2005-7814</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>PURPOSE</title><p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the resistance to deformation under static overloading by measuring yield and fracture strength, and to analyze the failure characteristics of implant assemblies made of different titanium grades and connections.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>Six groups of implant assemblies were fabricated according to ISO 14801 (n=10). These consisted of the combinations of 3 platform connections (external, internal, and morse tapered) and 2 materials (titanium grade 2 and titanium grade 4). Yield strength and fracture strength were evaluated with a computer-controlled Universal Testing Machine, and failed implant assemblies were classified and analyzed by optical microscopy. The data were analyzed using the One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student's t-test with the level of significance at <italic>P</italic>=.05.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>The group IT4<sub>S</sub> had the significantly highest values and group IT2 the lowest, for both yield strength and fracture strength. Groups IT4<sub>N</sub> and ET4 had similar yield and fracture strengths despite having different connection designs. Group MT2 and group IT2 had significant differences in yield and fracture strength although they were made by the same material as titanium grade 2. The implant system of the similar fixture-abutment interfaces and the same materials showed the similar characteristics of deformation.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>A longer internal connection and titanium grade 4 of the implant system is advantageous for static overloading condition. However, it is not only the connection design that affects the stability. The strength of the titanium grade as material is also important since it affects the implant stability. When using the implant system made of titanium grade 2, a larger diameter fixture should be selected in order to provide enough strength to withstand overloading.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cochran, Dl" uniqKey="Cochran D">DL Cochran</name></author><author><name sortKey="Buser, D" uniqKey="Buser D">D Buser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ten Bruggenkate, Cm" uniqKey="Ten Bruggenkate C">CM ten Bruggenkate</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weingart, D" uniqKey="Weingart D">D Weingart</name></author><author><name sortKey="Taylor, Tm" uniqKey="Taylor T">TM Taylor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bernard, Jp" uniqKey="Bernard J">JP Bernard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peters, F" uniqKey="Peters F">F Peters</name></author><author><name sortKey="Simpson, Jp" uniqKey="Simpson J">JP Simpson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nelson, K" 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Apicella</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ferrari, M" uniqKey="Ferrari M">M Ferrari</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Adv Prosthodont</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Adv Prosthodont</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JAP</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2005-7806</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2005-7814</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Korean Academy of Prosthodontics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27826389</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5099131</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4047/jap.2016.8.5.388</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Influence of the connection design and titanium grades of the implant complex on resistance under static loading</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4111-2231</contrib-id><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>Su-Jung</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2726-3567</contrib-id><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>Suk-Won</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8381-723X</contrib-id><name><surname>Leesungbok</surname><given-names>Richard</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2128-1561</contrib-id><name><surname>Ahn</surname><given-names>Su-Jin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1">Department of Biomaterials & Prosthodontics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.</aff><author-notes><corresp>Corresponding author: Richard Leesungbok. Department of Biomaterials & Prosthodontics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 892 Dongnam-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea. Tel. +8224407519: <email>sbykmw@yahoo.co.kr</email></corresp><corresp>Corresponding author: Su-Jin Ahn. Department of Biomaterials & Prosthodontics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 892 Dongnam-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea. Tel. +8224406208: <email>hswhsh@khu.ac.kr</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>10</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>10</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>388</fpage><lpage>395</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>15</day><month>3</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>24</day><month>6</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>08</day><month>8</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 The Korean Academy of Prosthodontics</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>PURPOSE</title><p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the resistance to deformation under static overloading by measuring yield and fracture strength, and to analyze the failure characteristics of implant assemblies made of different titanium grades and connections.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>Six groups of implant assemblies were fabricated according to ISO 14801 (n=10). These consisted of the combinations of 3 platform connections (external, internal, and morse tapered) and 2 materials (titanium grade 2 and titanium grade 4). Yield strength and fracture strength were evaluated with a computer-controlled Universal Testing Machine, and failed implant assemblies were classified and analyzed by optical microscopy. The data were analyzed using the One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student's t-test with the level of significance at <italic>P</italic>=.05.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>The group IT4<sub>S</sub> had the significantly highest values and group IT2 the lowest, for both yield strength and fracture strength. Groups IT4<sub>N</sub> and ET4 had similar yield and fracture strengths despite having different connection designs. Group MT2 and group IT2 had significant differences in yield and fracture strength although they were made by the same material as titanium grade 2. The implant system of the similar fixture-abutment interfaces and the same materials showed the similar characteristics of deformation.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>A longer internal connection and titanium grade 4 of the implant system is advantageous for static overloading condition. However, it is not only the connection design that affects the stability. The strength of the titanium grade as material is also important since it affects the implant stability. When using the implant system made of titanium grade 2, a larger diameter fixture should be selected in order to provide enough strength to withstand overloading.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Dental Implant-Abutment Connection</kwd><kwd>Titanium grade</kwd><kwd>Yield strength</kwd><kwd>Static loading</kwd><kwd>Implant failure</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source country="KR"><institution-wrap><institution>National Research Foundation of Korea</institution><institution-id institution-id-type="CrossRef">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003725</institution-id></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>NRF-2013R1A1A1061129</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="F1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><title>(A) Schematic illustration of the design of the testing apparatus following ISO 14801 (2007). The distance from the center of the hemisphere to the top face of the resin cylinder, representing the bone level, was standardized at 11 mm. The specimens were then clamped in a special jig (machine shop, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany) while ensuring a 30° angle between the implant axis and the direction of force transfer. (B) The set up for mechanical testing, with crowns positioned in a 30° off-axis orientation.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="jap-8-388-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 2</label><caption><title>Multiple comparisons from the analysis of the mean yield strengths of different types of implants (oneway ANOVA, n = 10).</title><p><sup>*</sup>Significant difference (<italic>P</italic> < .05).</p><p>IT4<sub>S</sub>: Straumann Bone level, IT4<sub>D</sub>: Dentium superline, IT4<sub>N</sub>: Neobiotech CMI IS, IT2: Dentsply Xive s, MT2: Ankylos C/X, ET4: Neobiotech CMI EB</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jap-8-388-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="F3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 3</label><caption><title>Multiple comparisons resulting from the analysis of the mean fracture strength of different types of implants (one-way ANOVA, n = 10).</title><p><sup>*</sup>Significant difference (<italic>P</italic> < .05)</p><p>IT4<sub>S</sub>: Straumann Bone level, IT4<sub>D</sub>: Dentium superline, IT4<sub>N</sub>: Neobiotech CMI IS, IT2: Dentsply Xive s, MT2: Ankylos C/X, ET4: Neobiotech CMI EB</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jap-8-388-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="F4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 4</label><caption><title>Longitudinal section images of failed systems taken with a digital microscope (×20). (A) IT4<sub>S</sub> (Straumann Bone level), (B) IT4<sub>D</sub> (Dentium superline), (C) IT4<sub>N</sub> (Neobiotech CMI IS), (D) IT2 (Dentsply Xive s), (E) MT2 (Ankylos C/X) (F) ET4 (Neobiotech CMI EB).</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="jap-8-388-g004"></graphic></fig><fig id="F5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 5</label><caption><title>(A) Bottom view of a failed screw and fixture in group IT2 (×60). Dimples, which are characteristic of ductile failure, can be seen on the surface of the fractured screw. (B) Bottom view of a failed screw and fixture in group IT2 (×60). The black arrow indicates a compression curl, which defines the fracture origin on the opposing tensile side (×100).</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="jap-8-388-g005"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="T1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Connection type and composition of the tested implant systems, and the torque required for screw tightening according to the manufacturers' instructions</title></caption><alternatives><graphic xlink:href="jap-8-388-i001"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="rows"><col width="8%" span="1"></col><col width="10%" span="1"></col><col width="8%" span="1"></col><col width="8%" span="1"></col><col width="8%" span="1"></col><col width="12%" span="1"></col><col width="12%" span="1"></col><col width="17%" span="1"></col><col width="17%" span="1"></col><thead><tr><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Connection type</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fixture</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Abutment</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Abutment screw</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Manufacturer's recommended torque (N)</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical working vertical dimension (mm)</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Implant</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Abutment</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IT4<sub>S</sub></td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IH</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ti 4</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ti 4</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TAN</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.2</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bone level implant<break></break>Ø4.1 RC/12 mm</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RC cementable<break></break>Ti abutment<break></break>GH 2.0 mm</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IT4<sub>D</sub></td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IH</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ti 4</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ti 4</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ti 5</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.8</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Superline platform<break></break>Ø4.0 body<break></break>Ø3.8/12 mm</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dual abutment<break></break>hex Ø4.5</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IT4<sub>N</sub></td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IH</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ti 4</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ti 5</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ti 5</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMI IS<break></break>Ø4.0/13 mm</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cementable hex<break></break>Ø5.2/1.0/5.5</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IT2</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IH</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ti 2</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ti 2</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unknown Ti alloy</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.8</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Xive s implant<break></break>Ø3.8/13 mm</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FRIADENT<break></break>EstheticBase straight<break></break>Ø3.8/ GH2</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MT2</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MT</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ti 2</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ti 2</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unknown Ti alloy</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.4</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ankylos C/X<break></break>Ø4.0/13 mm</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Regular/X abutment<break></break>GH1.5/A0</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ET4</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ET</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ti 4</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ti 5</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ti 5</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0030</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMI EB<break></break>Ø4.0/13 mm</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cementable hex<break></break>Ø5.2/1.0/6.0</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>IH: Internal Hex, MT: Morse Taper, Ti4: Commercially pure titanium grade 4, Ti2: Commercially pure titanium grade 2, Ti 5: Titanium grade 5 (Ti 6 Al 4 V), TAN: Ti 6Al 7Nb.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>Yield strength and Fracture strength values for different types of implant</title></caption><alternatives><graphic xlink:href="jap-8-388-i002"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="rows"><col width="16%" span="1"></col><col width="12%" span="1"></col><col width="12%" span="1"></col><col width="12%" span="1"></col><col width="12%" span="1"></col><col width="12%" span="1"></col><col width="12%" span="1"></col><col width="12%" span="1"></col><thead><tr><th valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="8">Various implant systems under static loading</th></tr><tr><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"></th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IT4<sub>S</sub></th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IT4<sub>D</sub></th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IT4<sub>N</sub></th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IT2</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MT2</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ET4</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic> value<sup>1</sup></th></tr><tr><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n = 10</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n = 10</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n = 10</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n = 10</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n = 10</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n = 10</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yield strength (N)</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">550.44 ± 27.71</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">398.71 ± 46.01</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">367.85 ± 107.63</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">248.05 ± 15.45</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">437.94 ± 73.55</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">366.54 ± 69.08</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">< .05</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T<sup>2</sup></td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">a</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">b</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">b,c</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">c</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">a,b</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">b,c</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fracture strength (N)</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1255.3 ± 145.98</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1121.1 ± 125.89</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">810.75 ± 107.63</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">613.34 ± 70.86</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">917.07 78.29</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">798.89 ± 48.28</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T<sup>2</sup></td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">a</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">a</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">b</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">c</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">b</td><td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">b, c</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>IT4<sub>S</sub>: Straumann Bone level, IT4<sub>D</sub>: Dentium superline, IT4<sub>N</sub>: Neobiotech CMI IS, IT2: Dentsply Xive s, MT2: Ankylos C/X, ET4:Neobiotech CMI EB</p><p><sup>1</sup> Statistical significances between groups were tested by one-way analysis of variance.</p><p><sup>2</sup> Same letters indicate non-significant differences between groups based on Tukey's multiple comparison test.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><title>Frequency distribution of failure types after the fracture strength test</title></caption><alternatives><graphic xlink:href="jap-8-388-i003"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="rows"><col width="8%" span="1"></col><col width="15%" span="1"></col><col width="15%" span="1"></col><col width="15%" span="1"></col><col width="15%" span="1"></col><col width="17%" span="1"></col><col width="15%" span="1"></col><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"></th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="2">Abutment screw</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="2">Abutment</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Plastic deformation of fixture</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Mobility of abutment</th></tr><tr><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bending</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fracture (whole/partially)</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bending</th><th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fracture</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IT4<sub>S</sub></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10/10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0/10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10/10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0/10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0/10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0/10</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IT4<sub>D</sub></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5/10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (partially)/10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0/10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0/10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0/10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0/10</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IT4<sub>N</sub></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10/10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0/10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0/10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0/10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0/10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0/10</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IT2</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10/10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0/10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0/10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0/10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10/10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9/10</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MT2</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10/10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0/10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10/10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0/10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3/10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0/10</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ET4</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0/10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0/10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0/10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0/10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0/10</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0/10</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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