The effectiveness of articaine in mandibular facial infiltrations
Identifieur interne : 000380 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000379; suivant : 000381The effectiveness of articaine in mandibular facial infiltrations
Auteurs : Dennis F. Flanagan [États-Unis]Source :
- Local and Regional Anesthesia [ 1178-7112 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Four percent articaine local anesthetic has been successfully used to attain local anesthesia for dental procedures. Mandibular block anesthesia may consume longer time to attain and have a higher failure of local anesthesia compared to infiltration. Mandibular facial infiltration has been reported to successfully attain effective local anesthesia for dental procedures. This study involved only several tooth sites and found that 1.8 cc of 4% articaine facial infiltration in the mandible may be effective when the facial mandibular cortex is <2.0–3.0 mm. A waiting time of 5–10 minutes may be required for effective anesthesia. An additional 1.8 cc of dose may be required to attain anesthesia if an initial 1.8 cc of dose fails. The need for additional anesthetic may be predicted by a measurement of the facial cortex using cone beam computerized tomography. A study of mandibular sites is needed to delineate the anatomical dimensions, density of cortical bone, and apical neural location for ensuring successful local anesthetic infiltration.
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DOI: 10.2147/LRA.S94647
PubMed: 26730209
PubMed Central: 4694664
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The effectiveness of articaine in mandibular facial infiltrations</title><author><name sortKey="Flanagan, Dennis F" sort="Flanagan, Dennis F" uniqKey="Flanagan D" first="Dennis F" last="Flanagan">Dennis F. Flanagan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-lra-9-001">Windham Dental Group, Willimantic, CT, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Windham Dental Group, Willimantic, CT</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26730209</idno><idno type="pmc">4694664</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4694664</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4694664</idno><idno type="doi">10.2147/LRA.S94647</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000380</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000380</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000380</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000380</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The effectiveness of articaine in mandibular facial infiltrations</title><author><name sortKey="Flanagan, Dennis F" sort="Flanagan, Dennis F" uniqKey="Flanagan D" first="Dennis F" last="Flanagan">Dennis F. Flanagan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-lra-9-001">Windham Dental Group, Willimantic, CT, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Windham Dental Group, Willimantic, CT</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Local and Regional Anesthesia</title><idno type="eISSN">1178-7112</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Four percent articaine local anesthetic has been successfully used to attain local anesthesia for dental procedures. Mandibular block anesthesia may consume longer time to attain and have a higher failure of local anesthesia compared to infiltration. Mandibular facial infiltration has been reported to successfully attain effective local anesthesia for dental procedures. This study involved only several tooth sites and found that 1.8 cc of 4% articaine facial infiltration in the mandible may be effective when the facial mandibular cortex is <2.0–3.0 mm. A waiting time of 5–10 minutes may be required for effective anesthesia. An additional 1.8 cc of dose may be required to attain anesthesia if an initial 1.8 cc of dose fails. The need for additional anesthetic may be predicted by a measurement of the facial cortex using cone beam computerized tomography. A study of mandibular sites is needed to delineate the anatomical dimensions, density of cortical bone, and apical neural location for ensuring successful local anesthetic infiltration.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yapp, Ke" uniqKey="Yapp K">KE Yapp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hopcraft, Ms" uniqKey="Hopcraft M">MS Hopcraft</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parashos, P" uniqKey="Parashos P">P Parashos</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oertel, R" uniqKey="Oertel R">R Oertel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rahn, R" uniqKey="Rahn R">R Rahn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kirch, W" uniqKey="Kirch W">W Kirch</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pogrel, Ma" uniqKey="Pogrel M">MA Pogrel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bryan, J" uniqKey="Bryan J">J Bryan</name></author><author><name 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Local Reg Anesth</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Local Reg Anesth</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Local and Regional Anesthesia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Local and Regional Anesthesia</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1178-7112</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Dove Medical Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26730209</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4694664</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/LRA.S94647</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">lra-9-001</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The effectiveness of articaine in mandibular facial infiltrations</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Flanagan</surname><given-names>Dennis F</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-lra-9-001"></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-lra-9-001"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-lra-9-001">Windham Dental Group, Willimantic, CT, USA</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-lra-9-001">Correspondence: Dennis F Flanagan, Windham Dental Group, 1671 Main Street, Willimantic, CT 06226, USA, Tel +1 860 456 3153, Fax +1 860 456 8759, Email <email>dffdds@comcast.net</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>12</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>6</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 Flanagan. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license><license-p>The full terms of the License are available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Four percent articaine local anesthetic has been successfully used to attain local anesthesia for dental procedures. Mandibular block anesthesia may consume longer time to attain and have a higher failure of local anesthesia compared to infiltration. Mandibular facial infiltration has been reported to successfully attain effective local anesthesia for dental procedures. This study involved only several tooth sites and found that 1.8 cc of 4% articaine facial infiltration in the mandible may be effective when the facial mandibular cortex is <2.0–3.0 mm. A waiting time of 5–10 minutes may be required for effective anesthesia. An additional 1.8 cc of dose may be required to attain anesthesia if an initial 1.8 cc of dose fails. The need for additional anesthetic may be predicted by a measurement of the facial cortex using cone beam computerized tomography. A study of mandibular sites is needed to delineate the anatomical dimensions, density of cortical bone, and apical neural location for ensuring successful local anesthetic infiltration.</p></abstract><abstract abstract-type="graphical"><title>Video abstract</title><p><media xlink:href="lra-9-1-s.avi" xlink:type="simple" id="d36e76" position="anchor"></media></p></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords</title><kwd>articaine</kwd><kwd>local anesthesia</kwd><kwd>infiltration</kwd><kwd>dental implant</kwd><kwd>dental restoration</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-lra-9-001" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Mandibular infiltration is delivered to the facial aspect of the mandible.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="lra-9-001Fig1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-lra-9-001" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Measurements were taken on the CBCT from the tooth apex to the facial aspect of the mandible and the thickness of the cortex at that location.</p><p><bold>Abbreviation:</bold> CBCT, cone beam computerized tomography.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="lra-9-001Fig2"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-lra-9-001" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>An electrical pulp tester was used to determine if the subject tooth was anesthetized at 2, 5, and 10 minutes after infiltration of articaine</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patient</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tooth number</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apical cortical thickness on CBCT (mm)</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apex to facial cortex on CBCT (mm)</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pulp test at 2 minutes</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pulp test at 5 minutes</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pulp test at 10 minutes</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Approximate cortical/trabecular HU values</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Procedure</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patient 1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 M</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.20 M</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.6 M</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,360/190</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Restoration</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 D</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.30 D</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.70 D</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,321/167</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patient 2</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.35</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.14</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">801/167</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adjacent implant</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patient 3</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.15</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.24</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,230/345</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adjacent implant</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patient 4</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.67</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.65</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,022/442</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patient 5</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.83</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.23</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">940/580</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.35</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.27</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">951/568</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.11</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.81</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">294/179</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.33</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.96</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">858/241</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patient 6</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.72</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.01</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">960/444</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patient 6</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.76</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.99</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">824/647</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patient 7</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.33</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.44</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,253/256</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adjacent implant</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.62</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.47</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,405/848</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adjacent implant</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.93</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.12</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,508/624</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adjacent implant</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.74</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.48</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,444/477</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adjacent implant</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patient 8</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.60</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.29</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">487/271</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adjacent implant</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.17</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.18</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">831/203</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adjacent implant</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.60</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.54</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">520/281</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adjacent implant</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patient 9</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.06</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.34</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">636/361</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Restoration</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.66</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.11</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,328/424</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Restoration</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-lra-9-001"><p><bold>Notes:</bold> Each cortical thickness was measured using the CBCT. Each distance from the tooth apex to the facial aspect of the cortex was measured using the CBCT. Cortical and trabecular HU values were measured for each site. Each tooth was slated for a restoration, an extraction, or an adjacent edentulous implant. All teeth were sensate at zero start time and after 2 minutes. After 5 minutes, 14 teeth were sensate and six were insensate. After 10 minutes, all teeth were insensate except one first molar. + = sensate, − = insensate.</p></fn><fn id="tfn2-lra-9-001"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> CBCT, cone beam computerized tomography; HU, Hounsfield units; M, mesial; D, distal.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-lra-9-001" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>The average cortical thicknesses of each site were calculated</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Average cortical thickness (mm) – sensate at 5 minutes</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Average cortical thickness (mm) – insensate at 5 minutes</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Average cortical thickness (mm) – sensate at 10 minutes (one molar with two roots)</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Average cortical thickness (mm) – insensate at 10 minutes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.12</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.25</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.94</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn3-lra-9-001"><p><bold>Note:</bold> The thickest cortices did not attain anesthesia.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-lra-9-001" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>The average apex to facial cortex distance was measured</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Average apical distance (mm) – sensate at 5 minutes</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Average apical distance (mm) –insensate at 5 minutes</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Average apicaldistance (mm) – sensate at 10 minutes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.33</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.65</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.65</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn4-lra-9-001"><p><bold>Note:</bold> The position of the tooth apex from the facial aspect of the cortex did not appear to influence the attainment of anesthesia.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t4-lra-9-001" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>The HU values for each site, cortical/trabecular, were measured using the CBCT</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Average HU – sensate at 5 minutes</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Average HU – insensate at 5 minutes</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Average HU – sensate at 10 minutes</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Average HU – insensate at 10 minutes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,065/383</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">844/392</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,341/179</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">961/409</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn5-lra-9-001"><p><bold>Note:</bold> HU measurements using the CBCT are not accurate for bone density due to technical anatomical factors.</p></fn><fn id="tfn6-lra-9-001"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> HU, Hounsfield units; CBCT, cone beam computerized tomography.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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