Differences in the mandibular premolar positions in Angle Class I subjects with different vertical facial types: A cone-beam computed tomography study
Identifieur interne : 000379 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000378; suivant : 000380Differences in the mandibular premolar positions in Angle Class I subjects with different vertical facial types: A cone-beam computed tomography study
Auteurs : Jun Duan [République populaire de Chine] ; Feng Deng [République populaire de Chine] ; Wan-Shan Li [République populaire de Chine] ; Xue-Lei Li [République populaire de Chine] ; Lei-Lei Zheng [République populaire de Chine] ; Gui-Yuan Li [République populaire de Chine] ; Yan-Jie Bai [République populaire de Chine]Source :
- Korean Journal of Orthodontics [ 2234-7518 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
To compare the positions of the mandibular premolars in Angle Class I subjects according to vertical facial type. The results will provide a theoretical basis for predicting effective tooth movement in orthodontic treatment.
Cephalometric parameters were determined using cone-beam computed tomography in 120 Angle Class I subjects. Subjects were categorized as short, normal, and long face types according to the Frankfort mandibular angle. Parameters indicating the position of the mandibular right premolars and the mandible were also measured.
The angle between the mandibular first premolar axis and buccal cortex, the distance between the root apex and buccal cortex, angle of vestibularization, arc of vestibularization, and root apex maximum movable distance were significantly greater in the short face type than in the long and norm face types. The angle between the mandibular second premolar axis and buccal cortex, the distance from root apex to buccal cortex, and the arc of vestibularization were significantly greater in the short face type than in the normal face type.
There are significant differences in the mandibular premolar positions in Class I subjects according to vertical facial type.
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DOI: 10.4041/kjod.2015.45.4.180
PubMed: 26258064
PubMed Central: 4524957
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wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Wan Shan" sort="Li, Wan Shan" uniqKey="Li W" first="Wan-Shan" last="Li">Wan-Shan Li</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Stomatology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Stomatology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Xue Lei" sort="Li, Xue Lei" uniqKey="Li X" first="Xue-Lei" last="Li">Xue-Lei Li</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zheng, Lei Lei" sort="Zheng, Lei Lei" uniqKey="Zheng L" first="Lei-Lei" last="Zheng">Lei-Lei Zheng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Gui Yuan" sort="Li, Gui Yuan" uniqKey="Li G" first="Gui-Yuan" last="Li">Gui-Yuan Li</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Stomatology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Stomatology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bai, Yan Jie" sort="Bai, Yan Jie" uniqKey="Bai Y" first="Yan-Jie" last="Bai">Yan-Jie Bai</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26258064</idno><idno type="pmc">4524957</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4524957</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4524957</idno><idno type="doi">10.4041/kjod.2015.45.4.180</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000379</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000379</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000379</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000379</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Differences in the mandibular premolar positions in Angle Class I subjects with different vertical facial types: A cone-beam computed tomography study</title><author><name sortKey="Duan, Jun" sort="Duan, Jun" uniqKey="Duan J" first="Jun" last="Duan">Jun Duan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Stomatology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Stomatology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deng, Feng" sort="Deng, Feng" uniqKey="Deng F" first="Feng" last="Deng">Feng Deng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Wan Shan" sort="Li, Wan Shan" uniqKey="Li W" first="Wan-Shan" last="Li">Wan-Shan Li</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Stomatology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Stomatology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Xue Lei" sort="Li, Xue Lei" uniqKey="Li X" first="Xue-Lei" last="Li">Xue-Lei Li</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zheng, Lei Lei" sort="Zheng, Lei Lei" uniqKey="Zheng L" first="Lei-Lei" last="Zheng">Lei-Lei Zheng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Gui Yuan" sort="Li, Gui Yuan" uniqKey="Li G" first="Gui-Yuan" last="Li">Gui-Yuan Li</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Department of Stomatology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Stomatology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bai, Yan Jie" sort="Bai, Yan Jie" uniqKey="Bai Y" first="Yan-Jie" last="Bai">Yan-Jie Bai</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Korean Journal of Orthodontics</title><idno type="ISSN">2234-7518</idno><idno type="eISSN">2005-372X</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objective</title><p>To compare the positions of the mandibular premolars in Angle Class I subjects according to vertical facial type. The results will provide a theoretical basis for predicting effective tooth movement in orthodontic treatment.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Cephalometric parameters were determined using cone-beam computed tomography in 120 Angle Class I subjects. Subjects were categorized as short, normal, and long face types according to the Frankfort mandibular angle. Parameters indicating the position of the mandibular right premolars and the mandible were also measured.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The angle between the mandibular first premolar axis and buccal cortex, the distance between the root apex and buccal cortex, angle of vestibularization, arc of vestibularization, and root apex maximum movable distance were significantly greater in the short face type than in the long and norm face types. The angle between the mandibular second premolar axis and buccal cortex, the distance from root apex to buccal cortex, and the arc of vestibularization were significantly greater in the short face type than in the normal face type.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>There are significant differences in the mandibular premolar positions in Class I subjects according to vertical facial type.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ingervall, B" uniqKey="Ingervall B">B Ingervall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thilander, B" uniqKey="Thilander B">B Thilander</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bassil Nassif, N" uniqKey="Bassil Nassif N">N Bassil-Nassif</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bouserhal, J" uniqKey="Bouserhal J">J Bouserhal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia, R" uniqKey="Garcia R">R 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Korean J Orthod</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Korean J Orthod</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">KJOD</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Korean Journal of Orthodontics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2234-7518</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2005-372X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Korean Association of Orthodontists</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26258064</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4524957</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4041/kjod.2015.45.4.180</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Differences in the mandibular premolar positions in Angle Class I subjects with different vertical facial types: A cone-beam computed tomography study</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Duan</surname><given-names>Jun</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Deng</surname><given-names>Feng</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">b</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">c</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Wan-Shan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Xue-Lei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">d</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zheng</surname><given-names>Lei-Lei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">b</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">c</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Gui-Yuan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Bai</surname><given-names>Yan-Jie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">b</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">c</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>a</label>Department of Stomatology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.</aff><aff id="A2"><label>b</label>Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.</aff><aff id="A3"><label>c</label>Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.</aff><aff id="A4"><label>d</label>Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.</aff><author-notes><corresp>Corresponding author: Yan-Jie Bai. Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, 426 Songshibei Road, Chongqing 401147, China. Tel +86-23-88860107, <email>yanjiebai@aol.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>7</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>7</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>45</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>180</fpage><lpage>189</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>17</day><month>8</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>29</day><month>10</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>24</day><month>11</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2015 The Korean Association of Orthodontists.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</ext-link>) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Objective</title><p>To compare the positions of the mandibular premolars in Angle Class I subjects according to vertical facial type. The results will provide a theoretical basis for predicting effective tooth movement in orthodontic treatment.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Cephalometric parameters were determined using cone-beam computed tomography in 120 Angle Class I subjects. Subjects were categorized as short, normal, and long face types according to the Frankfort mandibular angle. Parameters indicating the position of the mandibular right premolars and the mandible were also measured.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The angle between the mandibular first premolar axis and buccal cortex, the distance between the root apex and buccal cortex, angle of vestibularization, arc of vestibularization, and root apex maximum movable distance were significantly greater in the short face type than in the long and norm face types. The angle between the mandibular second premolar axis and buccal cortex, the distance from root apex to buccal cortex, and the arc of vestibularization were significantly greater in the short face type than in the normal face type.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>There are significant differences in the mandibular premolar positions in Class I subjects according to vertical facial type.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Cone-beam computed tomography</kwd><kwd>Mandibular premolar</kwd><kwd>Tooth position</kwd><kwd>Vertical facial type</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source country="CN">Natural Science Foundation</funding-source><award-id>No.81470772</award-id><award-id>No.31301021</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source country="CN">Health Bureau of Chongqing</funding-source><award-id>No.2012-2-132</award-id><award-id>No.2012-2-218</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="F1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><title>The cone-beam computed tomography image of the craniofacial region using InvivoDental 5.1 software. The transverse (A), sagittal (B), and coronal planes (C) are indicated.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="kjod-45-180-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><title>Angle between the axis and the buccal cortex (Premo ax/bucc cort), and angle between the axis and the lingual cortex (Premo ax/ling cort). A representative cone-beam computed tomography image of the mandible through the coronal plane is shown.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="kjod-45-180-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="F3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><title>Alveolar thickness and height measurements. A representative cone-beam computed tomography image of the mandible through the coronal plane is shown. Bucc, Buccal; Ling, lingual.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="kjod-45-180-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="F4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><title>Distance from the resistance center of the mandibular premolar to its apex (R center-Apex) , and distance from the apex to the mandible edge (Apex-Mand edge). A representative cone-beam computed tomography image of the mandible through the coronal plane is shown.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="kjod-45-180-g004"></graphic></fig><fig id="F5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><title>Parameters indicating the range in tooth movement. A, Measurement of the vestibularization and lingualization angles (Ang vestibule and Ang lingual). B, Measurement of the vestibularization and lingualization arcs (Arc vestibule and Arc lingual). A representative cone-beam computed tomography image of the mandible through the coronal plane is shown.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="kjod-45-180-g005"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="T1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Parameters indicating the mandibular first premolar position in Class I subjects grouped into three different facial types</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="kjod-45-180-i001"></graphic><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.</p><p>All values compared to the short face type.</p><p><sup>*</sup><italic>p</italic> < 0.05; <sup>†</sup><italic>p</italic> < 0.01; <sup>‡</sup><italic>p</italic> < 0.001.</p><p>Premo ax/bucc cort, angle between the axis and the buccal cortex; Premo ax/ling cort, angle between the axis and the lingual cortex; Bucc cort-apex, the distance between the mandibular premolar root apex and the buccal cortical bone; Ling cort-apex, the distance between the mandibular premolar root apex and the lingual cortical bone; Bucc cort height, heights of the buccal alveolar bone; Ling cort height, the heights of the lingual alveolar bone; Resist center-apex, distance from the resistance center of the mandibular premolar to its apex; Apex- mand edge, distance from the apex to the mandible edge; Ang vestibule, angle of vestibularization in which one of the two sides corresponded to the distance between the center of resistance and the point at which the apex contacted the internal buccal cortex; Ang lingual, angle of lingualization in which one of the two sides corresponded to the distance between the center of resistance and the point at which the apex contacted the internal lingual cortex; Arc vestibule, arc of vestibularization, defined as the distance traveled by the apex until it contacted the internal buccal cortex during vestibularization, indicating the maximum possible inclination of the apex in the buccal direction without provoking resorption; Arc lingual, arc of lingualization, defined as the distance traveled by the apex until it contacted the internal lingual cortex during lingualization, indicating the maximum possible inclination of the apex in the lingual direction without provoking resorption; Max poss movem: maximum possible movement, defined as the sum of the arcs of vestibularization and lingualization.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>Parameters indicating the mandibular second premolar position in Class I subjects grouped into three different facial types</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="kjod-45-180-i002"></graphic><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.</p><p>All values compared to the short face type.</p><p><sup>*</sup><italic>p</italic> < 0.05; <sup>†</sup><italic>p</italic> < 0.01.</p><p>See the footnotes of <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref> for the abbreviations.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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