Nothing to smile about
Identifieur interne : 000205 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000204; suivant : 000206Nothing to smile about
Auteurs : Maria Luca [Italie] ; Antonina Luca [Italie] ; Carmelo Maria Augusto Vittorio Grasso [Italie] ; Carmela Calandra [Italie]Source :
- Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment [ 1176-6328 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the high incidence of periodontal disorders among patients suffering from mental illnesses, probably because of self-care impairment, the difficult financial conditions, and the lack of motivation. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of depression and alexithymia on periodontal status. Due to the influence of personality traits on behavior in general, the secondary aim of our study was to investigate the possible impact of personality disorders on dental status.
Patients with major depression (DP) referred to our psychiatry unit and healthy individuals (controls) were consecutively enrolled during the period April 2012–September 2012. All the participants to the study underwent a psychiatric evaluation (through questionnaires investigating the presence of depression, anxiety, personality disorders, and alexithymia) and a dental examination through the following indexes: plaque index, gingival index, simplified oral hygiene index, periodontal index.
Fifty DP (aged 56.7±15.2 years) and 40 controls (aged 56.1±15.9 years) were enrolled in the study. DP showed a worse oral hygiene status. In particular, statistically significant differences were found when comparing DP and controls in terms of plaque index, simplified oral hygiene index, gingival index, periodontal index, and oral health impact profile. In addition, periodontal health was found to be negatively related to the severity of depression and the presence of alexithymia. The strength of association between depression and dental indexes was reduced after adjusting for the other psychiatric variables (alexithymia and personality disorders) and was confirmed only for oral health impact profile.
Psychiatric variables seem to affect the patients’ periodontal status; due to the high frequency of dental problems, patients suffering from mental illnesses should be referred to the oral health services for evaluation.
Url:
DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S70127
PubMed: 25364254
PubMed Central: 4211900
Affiliations:
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Nothing to smile about</title><author><name sortKey="Luca, Maria" sort="Luca, Maria" uniqKey="Luca M" first="Maria" last="Luca">Maria Luca</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-ndt-10-1999">Department of Medical and Surgery Specialties, Psychiatry Unit, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele” of Catania, Sicily, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical and Surgery Specialties, Psychiatry Unit, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele” of Catania, Sicily</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sicily</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luca, Antonina" sort="Luca, Antonina" uniqKey="Luca A" first="Antonina" last="Luca">Antonina Luca</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-ndt-10-1999">Department “GF Ingrassia”, Section of Neuroscience, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele” of Catania, Sicily, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department “GF Ingrassia”, Section of Neuroscience, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele” of Catania, Sicily</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sicily</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grasso, Carmelo Maria Augusto Vittorio" sort="Grasso, Carmelo Maria Augusto Vittorio" uniqKey="Grasso C" first="Carmelo Maria Augusto Vittorio" last="Grasso">Carmelo Maria Augusto Vittorio Grasso</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-ndt-10-1999">Department of Medical and Surgery Specialties, Dental Unit, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele” of Catania, Sicily, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical and Surgery Specialties, Dental Unit, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele” of Catania, Sicily</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sicily</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Calandra, Carmela" sort="Calandra, Carmela" uniqKey="Calandra C" first="Carmela" last="Calandra">Carmela Calandra</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-ndt-10-1999">Department of Medical and Surgery Specialties, Psychiatry Unit, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele” of Catania, Sicily, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical and Surgery Specialties, Psychiatry Unit, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele” of Catania, Sicily</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sicily</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25364254</idno><idno type="pmc">4211900</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4211900</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4211900</idno><idno type="doi">10.2147/NDT.S70127</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000720</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000720</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000720</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000720</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000205</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000205</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Nothing to smile about</title><author><name sortKey="Luca, Maria" sort="Luca, Maria" uniqKey="Luca M" first="Maria" last="Luca">Maria Luca</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-ndt-10-1999">Department of Medical and Surgery Specialties, Psychiatry Unit, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele” of Catania, Sicily, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical and Surgery Specialties, Psychiatry Unit, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele” of Catania, Sicily</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sicily</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luca, Antonina" sort="Luca, Antonina" uniqKey="Luca A" first="Antonina" last="Luca">Antonina Luca</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-ndt-10-1999">Department “GF Ingrassia”, Section of Neuroscience, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele” of Catania, Sicily, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department “GF Ingrassia”, Section of Neuroscience, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele” of Catania, Sicily</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sicily</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grasso, Carmelo Maria Augusto Vittorio" sort="Grasso, Carmelo Maria Augusto Vittorio" uniqKey="Grasso C" first="Carmelo Maria Augusto Vittorio" last="Grasso">Carmelo Maria Augusto Vittorio Grasso</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-ndt-10-1999">Department of Medical and Surgery Specialties, Dental Unit, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele” of Catania, Sicily, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical and Surgery Specialties, Dental Unit, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele” of Catania, Sicily</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sicily</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Calandra, Carmela" sort="Calandra, Carmela" uniqKey="Calandra C" first="Carmela" last="Calandra">Carmela Calandra</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-ndt-10-1999">Department of Medical and Surgery Specialties, Psychiatry Unit, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele” of Catania, Sicily, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical and Surgery Specialties, Psychiatry Unit, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele” of Catania, Sicily</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sicily</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment</title><idno type="ISSN">1176-6328</idno><idno type="eISSN">1178-2021</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Several studies have demonstrated the high incidence of periodontal disorders among patients suffering from mental illnesses, probably because of self-care impairment, the difficult financial conditions, and the lack of motivation. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of depression and alexithymia on periodontal status. Due to the influence of personality traits on behavior in general, the secondary aim of our study was to investigate the possible impact of personality disorders on dental status.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Patients with major depression (DP) referred to our psychiatry unit and healthy individuals (controls) were consecutively enrolled during the period April 2012–September 2012. All the participants to the study underwent a psychiatric evaluation (through questionnaires investigating the presence of depression, anxiety, personality disorders, and alexithymia) and a dental examination through the following indexes: plaque index, gingival index, simplified oral hygiene index, periodontal index.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Fifty DP (aged 56.7±15.2 years) and 40 controls (aged 56.1±15.9 years) were enrolled in the study. DP showed a worse oral hygiene status. In particular, statistically significant differences were found when comparing DP and controls in terms of plaque index, simplified oral hygiene index, gingival index, periodontal index, and oral health impact profile. In addition, periodontal health was found to be negatively related to the severity of depression and the presence of alexithymia. The strength of association between depression and dental indexes was reduced after adjusting for the other psychiatric variables (alexithymia and personality disorders) and was confirmed only for oral health impact profile.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Psychiatric variables seem to affect the patients’ periodontal status; due to the high frequency of dental problems, patients suffering from mental illnesses should be referred to the oral health services for evaluation.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Petersen, Pe" uniqKey="Petersen P">PE Petersen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bourgeois, D" uniqKey="Bourgeois D">D Bourgeois</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ogawa, H" uniqKey="Ogawa H">H Ogawa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Estupinan Day, S" uniqKey="Estupinan Day S">S Estupinan-Day</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ndiaye, C" uniqKey="Ndiaye C">C 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1176-6328</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1178-2021</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Dove Medical Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25364254</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4211900</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/NDT.S70127</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ndt-10-1999</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Nothing to smile about</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Luca</surname><given-names>Maria</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ndt-10-1999">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Luca</surname><given-names>Antonina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ndt-10-1999">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Grasso</surname><given-names>Carmelo Maria Augusto Vittorio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ndt-10-1999">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Calandra</surname><given-names>Carmela</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ndt-10-1999">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ndt-10-1999"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-ndt-10-1999"><label>1</label>Department of Medical and Surgery Specialties, Psychiatry Unit, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele” of Catania, Sicily, Italy</aff><aff id="af2-ndt-10-1999"><label>2</label>Department “GF Ingrassia”, Section of Neuroscience, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele” of Catania, Sicily, Italy</aff><aff id="af3-ndt-10-1999"><label>3</label>Department of Medical and Surgery Specialties, Dental Unit, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele” of Catania, Sicily, Italy</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-ndt-10-1999">Correspondence: Carmela Calandra, Department of Medical and Surgery Specialties, Psychiatry Unit, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele” of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95100 Catania, Sicily, Italy, Tel/Fax +39 095 378 2636, Email <email>c.calandra@unict.it</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>10</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><fpage>1999</fpage><lpage>2008</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2014 Luca et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>The full terms of the License are available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>Several studies have demonstrated the high incidence of periodontal disorders among patients suffering from mental illnesses, probably because of self-care impairment, the difficult financial conditions, and the lack of motivation. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of depression and alexithymia on periodontal status. Due to the influence of personality traits on behavior in general, the secondary aim of our study was to investigate the possible impact of personality disorders on dental status.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Patients with major depression (DP) referred to our psychiatry unit and healthy individuals (controls) were consecutively enrolled during the period April 2012–September 2012. All the participants to the study underwent a psychiatric evaluation (through questionnaires investigating the presence of depression, anxiety, personality disorders, and alexithymia) and a dental examination through the following indexes: plaque index, gingival index, simplified oral hygiene index, periodontal index.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Fifty DP (aged 56.7±15.2 years) and 40 controls (aged 56.1±15.9 years) were enrolled in the study. DP showed a worse oral hygiene status. In particular, statistically significant differences were found when comparing DP and controls in terms of plaque index, simplified oral hygiene index, gingival index, periodontal index, and oral health impact profile. In addition, periodontal health was found to be negatively related to the severity of depression and the presence of alexithymia. The strength of association between depression and dental indexes was reduced after adjusting for the other psychiatric variables (alexithymia and personality disorders) and was confirmed only for oral health impact profile.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Psychiatric variables seem to affect the patients’ periodontal status; due to the high frequency of dental problems, patients suffering from mental illnesses should be referred to the oral health services for evaluation.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords</title><kwd>depression</kwd><kwd>alexithymia</kwd><kwd>oral health</kwd><kwd>dental health</kwd><kwd>oral health-related quality of life</kwd><kwd>dental indexes</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><table-wrap id="t1-ndt-10-1999" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Social and psychological characteristics of the sample</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1"></th><th colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">DP (n=50)
<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Controls (n=40)
<hr></hr></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">OR</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">95% CI</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value</th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age (mean ± SD)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.7±15.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.1±15.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.98–1.03</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.853</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Sex</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Women</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Men</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.64</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27–1.54</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.322</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Depression</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Absent</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mild depression</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Moderate depression</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Severe depression</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Marital status</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Married (reference)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Singles</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.45</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16–1.26</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.131</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Divorced/widowers</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.43</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.87–13.51</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Tobacco</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Non smokers (reference)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mild smokers</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.29</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4–4.14</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.665</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Moderate/heavy smokers</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.36</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.87–21.77</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Coffee</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No consumption</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Consumption of <3 cups/day</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.49</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.17–1.38</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.17</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Consumption of 3 or more cups/day</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.32</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08–1.30</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Alcohol</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No consumption (reference)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mild consumption</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.12–1.32</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.13</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Moderate consumption</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.81</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.32–10</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.49</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diabetes</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.45</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.79–7.61</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cocaine</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.97</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3–119</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.42</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anxiety</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.12</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.35–33.71</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><<bold>0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Alexithymia</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Absent (reference)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Borderline alexithymia</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.89</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.81–19.13</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><<bold>0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Present</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.04</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.4–145.44</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><<bold>0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Personality disorders</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Absent (reference)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Obsessive-compulsive</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.85</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.26–67.63</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><<bold>0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Others</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.46</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.54–30.57</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><<bold>0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Suicidal ideation</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.96</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.41–2.24</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.93</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Frequency of teeth-brushing</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2 times/day or less (reference)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3 or more times/day</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.92</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.36–2.36</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.87</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Type of toothbrush</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Manual (reference)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Electric</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02–2.51</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.24</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Use of mouthwash</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.17–1.40</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flossing</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.29</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05–1.59</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dentures</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.29</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.90–5.83</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Edentulous</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.21</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.19–7.62</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OHIP-14 (mean ± SD)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.3±13.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.9±5.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.16</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.08–1.25</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><<bold>0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">PI</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Excellent (reference)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Good</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.25</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.93–11.39</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Fair</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.93</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.77–69.88</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Poor</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.21–209.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.001</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Not applicable</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.73–43.94</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.094</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">OHI-S</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Good (reference)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Fair</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.55</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.19–1.59</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Poor</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.31–14.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.01</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Not applicable</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.21–10.30</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.68</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">GI</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Excellent (reference)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Good</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.58</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.57–4.37</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.37</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Fair/Poor</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.01–9.33</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.04</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Not applicable</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.28–12.86</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">PeI</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Excellent (reference)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Good</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.07</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.37–3.06</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.89</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Fair/Poor</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.43</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.42–13.75</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.009</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Not applicable</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.28–12.86</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-ndt-10-1999"><p><bold>Note:</bold> Bold <italic>P</italic>-values are statistically significant.</p></fn><fn id="tfn2-ndt-10-1999"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> DP, patients with major depression; N, number; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; OHIP-14, oral health impact profile; PI, plaque index; GI, gingival index; OHI-S, simplified oral hygiene index; PeI, periodontal index; SD, standard deviation.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-ndt-10-1999" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Oral hygiene habits and periodontal parameters according to depression severity</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild depression (n=7)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderate depression (n=19)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Severe depression (n=24)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="5" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Frequency of teeth-brushing (n, %)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <2 times per day</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (71.4%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 (68.4%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 (79.2%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3 or more times per day</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (28.6%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (31.6%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (20.8%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Type of toothbrush (n, %)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Manual toothbrush</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (100%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 (100%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 (95.8%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Electric toothbrush</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (4.2%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Use of mouthwash (n, %)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (14.3%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (15.8%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (16.7%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flossing (n, %)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (8.3%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dentures (n, %)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (28.6%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (31.6%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (50%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Edentulous (n, %)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (12.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OHIP-14 (mean ± SD)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.1±13.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.6±14</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.8±13.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">PI (n, %)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Excellent</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (57.1%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ndt-10-1999">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (4.2%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ndt-10-1999">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><<bold>0.05</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Good</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (14.3%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ndt-10-1999">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (52.6%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ndt-10-1999">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (4.2%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ndt-10-1999">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><<bold>0.05</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Fair</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (14.3%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (15.8%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (29.2%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Poor</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (14.3%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (31.6%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (50%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Not applicable</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (12.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">GI (n, %)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Excellent</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (85.7%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ndt-10-1999">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (21.1%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ndt-10-1999">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (20.8%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ndt-10-1999">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><<bold>0.05</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Good</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (42.1%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (29.2%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Fair</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (14.3%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (26.3%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (25%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Poor</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (10.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (12.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Not applicable</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (12.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">OHI-S (n, %)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Good</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (85.7%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ndt-10-1999">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (26.3%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ndt-10-1999">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (16.7%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ndt-10-1999">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><<bold>0.05</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Fair</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (36.8%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (12.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Poor</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (14.3%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (36.8%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 (58.3%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Not applicable</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (12.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">PeI (n, %)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Excellent</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (85.7%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ndt-10-1999">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (15.8%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ndt-10-1999">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (25%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ndt-10-1999">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><<bold>0.05</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Good</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (52.6%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ndt-10-1999">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (4.2%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ndt-10-1999">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><<bold>0.05</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Fair</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (14.3%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (21.1%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (50%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Poor</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (10.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (8.3%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Very poor</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Not applicable</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (12.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>Notes:</bold></p></fn><fn id="tfn3-ndt-10-1999"><label>*</label><p>Represents which variable is significant versus another with <italic>P</italic><0.05. Bold <italic>P</italic>-values are statistically significant.</p></fn><fn id="tfn4-ndt-10-1999"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> OHIP-14, oral health impact profile; PI, plaque index; GI, gingival index; OHI-S, simplified oral hygiene index; PeI, periodontal index; ns, not significant; SD, standard deviation.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-ndt-10-1999" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Oral hygiene habits, periodontal parameters, and alexithymia in DP</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absence of alexithymia (n=8)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Borderline alexithymia (n=13)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Presence of alexithymia (n=29)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="5" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Frequency of teeth-brushing (n, %)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <2 times per day</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (75%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (92.3%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 (65.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3 or more times per day</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (25%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (7.7%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (34.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Type of toothbrush (n, %)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Manual toothbrush</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (100%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (92.3%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 (100%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Electric toothbrush</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (7.7%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Use of mouthwash (n, %)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (12.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (15.4%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (17.2%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flossing (n, %)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (12.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (100%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (3.4%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dentures (n, %)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (37.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (38.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (41.4%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Edentulous (n, %)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (12.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (7.7%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (3.4%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OHIP-14 (mean ± SD)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.2±6.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.5±11.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.3±16</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">PI (n, %)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Excellent</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (12.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (23.1%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (3.4%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Good</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (50%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (15.4%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (20.7%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Fair</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (12.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (38.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (17.2%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Poor</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (12.5%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn5-ndt-10-1999">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (15.4%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn5-ndt-10-1999">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (55.2%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn5-ndt-10-1999">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><<bold>0.05</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Not applicable</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (12.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (7.7%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (3.4%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">GI (n, %)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Excellent</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (50%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (46.2%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (17.2%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Good</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (37.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (15.4%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (34.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Fair</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (23.1%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (31%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Poor</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (7.7%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (13.8%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Not applicable</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (12.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (7.7%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (3.4%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">OHI-S (n, %)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Good</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (50%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (46.1%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (17.3%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Fair</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (25%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (15.4%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (20.7%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Poor</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (12.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (30.8%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (58.6%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Not applicable</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (12.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (7.7%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (3.4%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">PeI (n, %)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Excellent</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (37.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (53.8%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn5-ndt-10-1999">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (17.2%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn5-ndt-10-1999">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><<bold>0.05</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Good</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (37.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (23.1%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (17.2%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Fair</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (12.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (7.7%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn5-ndt-10-1999">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 (51.7%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn5-ndt-10-1999">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><<bold>0.05</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Poor</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (7.7%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (10.3%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Very poor (n, %)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Not applicable</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (12.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (7.7%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (3.4%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>Notes:</bold></p></fn><fn id="tfn5-ndt-10-1999"><label>*</label><p>Represents which variable is significant versus another with <italic>P</italic><0.05. Bold <italic>P</italic>-values are statistically significant.</p></fn><fn id="tfn6-ndt-10-1999"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> DP, patients with major depression; OHIP-14, oral health impact profile; PI, plaque index; GI, gingival index; OHI-S, simplified oral hygiene index; PeI, periodontal index; ns, not significant; SD, standard deviation.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Italie</li></country></list><tree><country name="Italie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Luca, Maria" sort="Luca, Maria" uniqKey="Luca M" first="Maria" last="Luca">Maria Luca</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Calandra, Carmela" sort="Calandra, Carmela" uniqKey="Calandra C" first="Carmela" last="Calandra">Carmela Calandra</name><name sortKey="Grasso, Carmelo Maria Augusto Vittorio" sort="Grasso, Carmelo Maria Augusto Vittorio" uniqKey="Grasso C" first="Carmelo Maria Augusto Vittorio" last="Grasso">Carmelo Maria Augusto Vittorio Grasso</name><name sortKey="Luca, Antonina" sort="Luca, Antonina" uniqKey="Luca A" first="Antonina" last="Luca">Antonina Luca</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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