Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine and Tocilizumab in Patients With COVID-19: Single-Center Retrospective Chart Review.
Identifieur interne : 000619 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000618; suivant : 000620Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine and Tocilizumab in Patients With COVID-19: Single-Center Retrospective Chart Review.
Auteurs : Sohaib Roomi [États-Unis] ; Waqas Ullah [États-Unis] ; Faizan Ahmed [États-Unis] ; Soban Farooq [Pakistan] ; Usama Sadiq [États-Unis] ; Asad Chohan [États-Unis] ; Munnam Jafar [États-Unis] ; Maryum Saddique [États-Unis] ; Shristi Khanal [États-Unis] ; Robert Watson [États-Unis] ; Margot Boigon [États-Unis]Source :
- Journal of medical Internet research [ 1438-8871 ] ; 2020.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Adulte d'âge moyen (MeSH), Anticorps monoclonaux humanisés (pharmacologie), Anticorps monoclonaux humanisés (usage thérapeutique), Femelle (MeSH), Hospitalisation (statistiques et données numériques), Humains (MeSH), Hydroxychloroquine (effets indésirables), Hydroxychloroquine (pharmacologie), Hydroxychloroquine (usage thérapeutique), Infections à coronavirus (mortalité), Infections à coronavirus (traitement médicamenteux), Mortalité hospitalière (MeSH), Mâle (MeSH), Odds ratio (MeSH), Pandémies (MeSH), Pneumopathie virale (mortalité), Pneumopathie virale (traitement médicamenteux), Résultat thérapeutique (MeSH), Sujet âgé (MeSH), Études rétrospectives (MeSH).
- MESH :
- effets indésirables : Hydroxychloroquine.
- mortalité : Infections à coronavirus, Pneumopathie virale.
- pharmacologie : Anticorps monoclonaux humanisés, Hydroxychloroquine.
- statistiques et données numériques : Hospitalisation.
- traitement médicamenteux : Infections à coronavirus, Pneumopathie virale.
- usage thérapeutique : Anticorps monoclonaux humanisés, Hydroxychloroquine.
- Adulte d'âge moyen, Femelle, Humains, Mortalité hospitalière, Mâle, Odds ratio, Pandémies, Résultat thérapeutique, Sujet âgé, Études rétrospectives.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Aged (MeSH), Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized (pharmacology), Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized (therapeutic use), Coronavirus Infections (drug therapy), Coronavirus Infections (mortality), Female (MeSH), Hospital Mortality (MeSH), Hospitalization (statistics & numerical data), Humans (MeSH), Hydroxychloroquine (adverse effects), Hydroxychloroquine (pharmacology), Hydroxychloroquine (therapeutic use), Male (MeSH), Middle Aged (MeSH), Odds Ratio (MeSH), Pandemics (MeSH), Pneumonia, Viral (drug therapy), Pneumonia, Viral (mortality), Retrospective Studies (MeSH), Treatment Outcome (MeSH).
- MESH :
- chemical , adverse effects : Hydroxychloroquine.
- chemical , pharmacology : Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized, Hydroxychloroquine.
- chemical , therapeutic use : Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized, Hydroxychloroquine.
- drug therapy : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- mortality : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- statistics & numerical data : Hospitalization.
- Aged, Female, Hospital Mortality, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Odds Ratio, Pandemics, Retrospective Studies, Treatment Outcome.
Abstract
BACKGROUND
During the initial phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an unfounded fervor surrounding the use of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and tocilizumab (TCZ); however, evidence on their efficacy and safety have been controversial.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the overall clinical effectiveness of HCQ and TCZ in patients with COVID-19. We hypothesize that HCQ and TCZ use in these patients will be associated with a reduction in in-hospital mortality, upgrade to intensive medical care, invasive mechanical ventilation, or acute renal failure needing dialysis.
METHODS
A retrospective cohort study was performed to determine the impact of HCQ and TCZ use on hard clinical outcomes during hospitalization. A total of 176 hospitalized patients with a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis was included. Patients were divided into two comparison groups: (1) HCQ (n=144) vs no-HCQ (n=32) and (2) TCZ (n=32) vs no-TCZ (n=144). The mean age, baseline comorbidities, and other medications used during hospitalization were uniformly distributed among all the groups. Independent t tests and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to calculate mean differences and adjusted odds ratios with 95% CIs, respectively.
RESULTS
The unadjusted odds ratio for patients upgraded to a higher level of care (ie, intensive care unit) (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.19-5.69; P=.003) and reductions in C-reactive protein (CRP) level on day 7 of hospitalization (21% vs 56%, OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.08-0.55; P=.002) were significantly higher in the TCZ group compared to the control group. There was no significant difference in the odds of in-hospital mortality, upgrade to intensive medical care, need for invasive mechanical ventilation, acute kidney failure necessitating dialysis, or discharge from the hospital after recovery in both the HCQ and TCZ groups compared to their respective control groups. Adjusted odds ratios controlled for baseline comorbidities and medications closely followed the unadjusted estimates.
CONCLUSIONS
In this cohort of patients with COVID-19, neither HCQ nor TCZ offered a significant reduction in in-hospital mortality, upgrade to intensive medical care, invasive mechanical ventilation, or acute renal failure needing dialysis. These results are similar to the recently published preliminary results of the HCQ arm of the Recovery trial, which showed no clinical benefit from the use of HCQ in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 (the TCZ arm is ongoing). Double-blinded randomized controlled trials are needed to further evaluate the impact of these drugs in larger patient samples so that data-driven guidelines can be deduced to combat this global pandemic.
DOI: 10.2196/21758
PubMed: 32784192
PubMed Central: PMC7470234
Affiliations:
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
Le document en format XML
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sortKey="Roomi, Sohaib" sort="Roomi, Sohaib" uniqKey="Roomi S" first="Sohaib" last="Roomi">Sohaib Roomi</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Jefferson Health Abington, Abington, PA, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Jefferson Health Abington, Abington, PA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ullah, Waqas" sort="Ullah, Waqas" uniqKey="Ullah W" first="Waqas" last="Ullah">Waqas Ullah</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Jefferson Health Abington, Abington, PA, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Jefferson Health Abington, Abington, PA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, Faizan" sort="Ahmed, Faizan" uniqKey="Ahmed F" first="Faizan" last="Ahmed">Faizan Ahmed</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Jefferson Health Abington, Abington, PA, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Jefferson Health Abington, Abington, PA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Farooq, Soban" sort="Farooq, Soban" uniqKey="Farooq S" first="Soban" last="Farooq">Soban Farooq</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country><wicri:regionArea>King Edward Medical University, Lahore</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lahore</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sadiq, Usama" sort="Sadiq, Usama" uniqKey="Sadiq U" first="Usama" last="Sadiq">Usama Sadiq</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Jefferson Health Abington, Abington, PA, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Jefferson Health Abington, Abington, PA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chohan, Asad" sort="Chohan, Asad" uniqKey="Chohan A" first="Asad" last="Chohan">Asad Chohan</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Newark Beth Israel Medical Center, Newark, NJ, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Newark Beth Israel Medical Center, Newark, NJ</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jafar, Munnam" sort="Jafar, Munnam" uniqKey="Jafar M" first="Munnam" last="Jafar">Munnam Jafar</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Jefferson Health Abington, Abington, PA, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Jefferson Health Abington, Abington, PA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saddique, Maryum" sort="Saddique, Maryum" uniqKey="Saddique M" first="Maryum" last="Saddique">Maryum Saddique</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khanal, Shristi" sort="Khanal, Shristi" uniqKey="Khanal S" first="Shristi" last="Khanal">Shristi Khanal</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Jefferson Health Abington, Abington, PA, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Jefferson Health Abington, Abington, PA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Watson, Robert" sort="Watson, Robert" uniqKey="Watson R" first="Robert" last="Watson">Robert Watson</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Jefferson Health Abington, Abington, PA, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Jefferson Health Abington, Abington, PA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boigon, Margot" sort="Boigon, Margot" uniqKey="Boigon M" first="Margot" last="Boigon">Margot Boigon</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Jefferson Health Abington, Abington, PA, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Jefferson Health Abington, Abington, PA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of medical Internet research</title><idno type="eISSN">1438-8871</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized (pharmacology)</term><term>Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized (therapeutic use)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (drug therapy)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (mortality)</term><term>Female (MeSH)</term><term>Hospital Mortality (MeSH)</term><term>Hospitalization (statistics & numerical data)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine (adverse effects)</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine (pharmacology)</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine (therapeutic use)</term><term>Male (MeSH)</term><term>Middle Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Odds Ratio (MeSH)</term><term>Pandemics (MeSH)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (drug therapy)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (mortality)</term><term>Retrospective Studies (MeSH)</term><term>Treatment Outcome (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte d'âge moyen (MeSH)</term><term>Anticorps monoclonaux humanisés (pharmacologie)</term><term>Anticorps monoclonaux humanisés (usage thérapeutique)</term><term>Femelle (MeSH)</term><term>Hospitalisation (statistiques et données numériques)</term><term>Humains (MeSH)</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine (effets indésirables)</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine (pharmacologie)</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine (usage thérapeutique)</term><term>Infections à coronavirus (mortalité)</term><term>Infections à coronavirus (traitement médicamenteux)</term><term>Mortalité hospitalière (MeSH)</term><term>Mâle (MeSH)</term><term>Odds ratio (MeSH)</term><term>Pandémies (MeSH)</term><term>Pneumopathie virale (mortalité)</term><term>Pneumopathie virale (traitement médicamenteux)</term><term>Résultat thérapeutique (MeSH)</term><term>Sujet âgé (MeSH)</term><term>Études rétrospectives (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="adverse effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Hydroxychloroquine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacology" xml:lang="en"><term>Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="effets indésirables" xml:lang="fr"><term>Hydroxychloroquine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="mortality" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="mortalité" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à coronavirus</term><term>Pneumopathie virale</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pharmacologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Anticorps monoclonaux humanisés</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="statistics & numerical data" xml:lang="en"><term>Hospitalization</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="statistiques et données numériques" xml:lang="fr"><term>Hospitalisation</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="traitement médicamenteux" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à coronavirus</term><term>Pneumopathie virale</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="usage thérapeutique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Anticorps monoclonaux humanisés</term><term>Hydroxychloroquine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Aged</term><term>Female</term><term>Hospital Mortality</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Odds Ratio</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>Retrospective Studies</term><term>Treatment Outcome</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Humains</term><term>Mortalité hospitalière</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Odds ratio</term><term>Pandémies</term><term>Résultat thérapeutique</term><term>Sujet âgé</term><term>Études rétrospectives</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>BACKGROUND</b></p><p>During the initial phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an unfounded fervor surrounding the use of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and tocilizumab (TCZ); however, evidence on their efficacy and safety have been controversial.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>OBJECTIVE</b></p><p>The purpose of this study is to evaluate the overall clinical effectiveness of HCQ and TCZ in patients with COVID-19. We hypothesize that HCQ and TCZ use in these patients will be associated with a reduction in in-hospital mortality, upgrade to intensive medical care, invasive mechanical ventilation, or acute renal failure needing dialysis.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>METHODS</b></p><p>A retrospective cohort study was performed to determine the impact of HCQ and TCZ use on hard clinical outcomes during hospitalization. A total of 176 hospitalized patients with a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis was included. Patients were divided into two comparison groups: (1) HCQ (n=144) vs no-HCQ (n=32) and (2) TCZ (n=32) vs no-TCZ (n=144). The mean age, baseline comorbidities, and other medications used during hospitalization were uniformly distributed among all the groups. Independent t tests and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to calculate mean differences and adjusted odds ratios with 95% CIs, respectively.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>The unadjusted odds ratio for patients upgraded to a higher level of care (ie, intensive care unit) (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.19-5.69; P=.003) and reductions in C-reactive protein (CRP) level on day 7 of hospitalization (21% vs 56%, OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.08-0.55; P=.002) were significantly higher in the TCZ group compared to the control group. There was no significant difference in the odds of in-hospital mortality, upgrade to intensive medical care, need for invasive mechanical ventilation, acute kidney failure necessitating dialysis, or discharge from the hospital after recovery in both the HCQ and TCZ groups compared to their respective control groups. Adjusted odds ratios controlled for baseline comorbidities and medications closely followed the unadjusted estimates.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b></p><p>In this cohort of patients with COVID-19, neither HCQ nor TCZ offered a significant reduction in in-hospital mortality, upgrade to intensive medical care, invasive mechanical ventilation, or acute renal failure needing dialysis. These results are similar to the recently published preliminary results of the HCQ arm of the Recovery trial, which showed no clinical benefit from the use of HCQ in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 (the TCZ arm is ongoing). Double-blinded randomized controlled trials are needed to further evaluate the impact of these drugs in larger patient samples so that data-driven guidelines can be deduced to combat this global pandemic.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" IndexingMethod="Curated" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32784192</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>09</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>18</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1438-8871</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>22</Volume><Issue>9</Issue><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>01</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Journal of medical Internet research</Title><ISOAbbreviation>J Med Internet Res</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine and Tocilizumab in Patients With COVID-19: Single-Center Retrospective Chart Review.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>e21758</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.2196/21758</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND">During the initial phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an unfounded fervor surrounding the use of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and tocilizumab (TCZ); however, evidence on their efficacy and safety have been controversial.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="OBJECTIVE">The purpose of this study is to evaluate the overall clinical effectiveness of HCQ and TCZ in patients with COVID-19. We hypothesize that HCQ and TCZ use in these patients will be associated with a reduction in in-hospital mortality, upgrade to intensive medical care, invasive mechanical ventilation, or acute renal failure needing dialysis.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODS">A retrospective cohort study was performed to determine the impact of HCQ and TCZ use on hard clinical outcomes during hospitalization. A total of 176 hospitalized patients with a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis was included. Patients were divided into two comparison groups: (1) HCQ (n=144) vs no-HCQ (n=32) and (2) TCZ (n=32) vs no-TCZ (n=144). The mean age, baseline comorbidities, and other medications used during hospitalization were uniformly distributed among all the groups. Independent t tests and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to calculate mean differences and adjusted odds ratios with 95% CIs, respectively.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS">The unadjusted odds ratio for patients upgraded to a higher level of care (ie, intensive care unit) (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.19-5.69; P=.003) and reductions in C-reactive protein (CRP) level on day 7 of hospitalization (21% vs 56%, OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.08-0.55; P=.002) were significantly higher in the TCZ group compared to the control group. There was no significant difference in the odds of in-hospital mortality, upgrade to intensive medical care, need for invasive mechanical ventilation, acute kidney failure necessitating dialysis, or discharge from the hospital after recovery in both the HCQ and TCZ groups compared to their respective control groups. Adjusted odds ratios controlled for baseline comorbidities and medications closely followed the unadjusted estimates.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS">In this cohort of patients with COVID-19, neither HCQ nor TCZ offered a significant reduction in in-hospital mortality, upgrade to intensive medical care, invasive mechanical ventilation, or acute renal failure needing dialysis. These results are similar to the recently published preliminary results of the HCQ arm of the Recovery trial, which showed no clinical benefit from the use of HCQ in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 (the TCZ arm is ongoing). Double-blinded randomized controlled trials are needed to further evaluate the impact of these drugs in larger patient samples so that data-driven guidelines can be deduced to combat this global pandemic.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>©Sohaib Roomi, Waqas Ullah, Faizan Ahmed, Soban Farooq, Usama Sadiq, Asad Chohan, Munnam Jafar, Maryum Saddique, Shristi Khanal, Robert Watson, Margot Boigon. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 01.09.2020.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Roomi</LastName><ForeName>Sohaib</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-5998-9309</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Jefferson Health Abington, Abington, PA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ullah</LastName><ForeName>Waqas</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-4850-0309</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Jefferson Health Abington, Abington, PA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ahmed</LastName><ForeName>Faizan</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-3113-5410</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Jefferson Health Abington, Abington, PA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Farooq</LastName><ForeName>Soban</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-1797-9118</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sadiq</LastName><ForeName>Usama</ForeName><Initials>U</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-5174-0477</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Jefferson Health Abington, Abington, PA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chohan</LastName><ForeName>Asad</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-1801-9792</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Newark Beth Israel Medical Center, Newark, NJ, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jafar</LastName><ForeName>Munnam</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-9954-1290</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Jefferson Health Abington, Abington, PA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Saddique</LastName><ForeName>Maryum</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-2412-7842</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Khanal</LastName><ForeName>Shristi</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-0443-1620</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Jefferson Health Abington, Abington, PA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Watson</LastName><ForeName>Robert</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-8500-5115</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Jefferson Health Abington, Abington, PA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Boigon</LastName><ForeName>Margot</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-3531-7089</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Jefferson Health Abington, Abington, PA, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>01</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Canada</Country><MedlineTA>J Med Internet Res</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>100959882</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1438-8871</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D061067">Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>4QWG6N8QKH</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance 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MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008875" MajorTopicYN="N">Middle Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016017" MajorTopicYN="N">Odds Ratio</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058873" MajorTopicYN="N">Pandemics</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011024" MajorTopicYN="N">Pneumonia, Viral</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug therapy</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000401" MajorTopicYN="Y">mortality</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012189" MajorTopicYN="N">Retrospective Studies</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016896" MajorTopicYN="N">Treatment Outcome</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">COVID-19</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">hydroxychloroquine</Keyword><Keyword 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uniqKey="Roomi S" first="Sohaib" last="Roomi">Sohaib Roomi</name></region><name sortKey="Ahmed, Faizan" sort="Ahmed, Faizan" uniqKey="Ahmed F" first="Faizan" last="Ahmed">Faizan Ahmed</name><name sortKey="Boigon, Margot" sort="Boigon, Margot" uniqKey="Boigon M" first="Margot" last="Boigon">Margot Boigon</name><name sortKey="Chohan, Asad" sort="Chohan, Asad" uniqKey="Chohan A" first="Asad" last="Chohan">Asad Chohan</name><name sortKey="Jafar, Munnam" sort="Jafar, Munnam" uniqKey="Jafar M" first="Munnam" last="Jafar">Munnam Jafar</name><name sortKey="Khanal, Shristi" sort="Khanal, Shristi" uniqKey="Khanal S" first="Shristi" last="Khanal">Shristi Khanal</name><name sortKey="Saddique, Maryum" sort="Saddique, Maryum" uniqKey="Saddique M" first="Maryum" last="Saddique">Maryum Saddique</name><name sortKey="Sadiq, Usama" sort="Sadiq, Usama" uniqKey="Sadiq U" first="Usama" last="Sadiq">Usama Sadiq</name><name sortKey="Ullah, Waqas" sort="Ullah, Waqas" uniqKey="Ullah W" first="Waqas" 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