Serveur d'exploration Xenakis

Attention, ce site est en cours de développement !
Attention, site généré par des moyens informatiques à partir de corpus bruts.
Les informations ne sont donc pas validées.

Motivations and Methodologies for Automation of the Compositional Process

Identifieur interne : 000539 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000538; suivant : 000540

Motivations and Methodologies for Automation of the Compositional Process

Auteurs : Marcus Pearce ; David Meredith ; Geraint Wiggins

Source :

RBID : ISTEX:0F76E0001EA0407166A6C9D397195710D2ABD4EF

English descriptors

Abstract

Our aim in this paper is to clarify the range of motivations that have inspired the development of computer programs for the composition of music. We consider this to be important since different methodologies are appropriate for different motivations and goals. We argue that a widespread failure to specify the motivations and goals involved has lead to a methodological malaise in music related research. A brief consideration of some of the earliest attempts to produce computational systems for the composition of music leads us to identify four activities involving the development of computer programs which compose music each of which is inspired by different practical or theoretical motivations. These activities are algorithmic composition, the design of compositional tools, the computational modelling of musical styles and the computational modelling of music cognition. We consider these four motivations in turn, illustrating the problems that have arisen from failing to distinguish between them. We propose a terminology that clearly differentiates the activities defined by the four motivations and present methodological suggestions for research in each domain. While it is dearly important for researchers to embrace developments in related disciplines, we argue that research in the four domains will continueto stagnate unless the motivations and aims of research projects are clearly stated and appropriate methodologies are adopted for developing and evaluating systems that compose music.
Nuestro objetivo en este trabajo es clarificar el cojunto de motivaciones que han inspirado el desarrollo de progamas informáticos destinados a la composición musical. Consideramos la importancia de esto desde diferentes metodologías apropiadas para diferentes motivaciones y objetos. Argüimos que un extendido error al especificar las motivaciones y objetivos buscados ha conducido a un fracaso metodológico en la investigación relacionada con la música. Una breve consideración de algunos de los más tempranos intentos de conseguir sistemas informáticos para la composición musical nos lleva a identificar cuatro actividades relacionadas con el desarrollo de programas informáticos que componen música, cada uno de los cuales está inspirado por diferentes motivaciones prácticas o teóricas. Dichas actividades son la composición algorítmica, el diseño de herramientas compositivas, la modelización informática de estilos musicales y la modelización informática de la cognición musical. Consideramos estas cuatro motivaciones de nuevo, ilustrando los problemas que implica una distinción errónea entre ellas. Proponemos una terminología que diferencie claramente las actividades definidas por las cuatro motivaciones y presente sugerencias metodológicas para la investigación en cada campo. Aunque es claramente importante para los investigadores abrazar desarrollos en disciplinas afines, sostenemos que la investigación de los cuatro campos continuará estancada a menos que las motivaciones y objetivos de los proyectos de investigación estén claramente establecidos y se adopten las metodologías apropiadas para desarrollar y evaluar los sistemas de composición musical.
Lo scopo del presente articolo è di chiarire la serie di motivazioni che ha ispirato lo sviluppo di software per la composizione musicale. Riteniamo importante tale chiarimento, considerato che metodologie differenti sono appropriate per motivazioni e scopi differenti. Sosteniamo che una diffusa negligenza nello specificare le motivazioni e gli scopi in questione abbia portato ad un malessere metodologico nella relativa ricerca musicale. Una breve rassegna di alcuni fra i primi tentativi di produrre sistemi informatici per la composizione musicale ci porta a identificare quattro attività riguardanti lo sviluppo di programmi informatici in grado di comporre musica, ognuna delle quali è mossa a da differenti motivazioni pratiche o teoriche. Tali attività sono la composizione algoritmica, la progettazione di strumenti per la composizione, i modelli informatici degli stili musicali e i modelli informatici della cognizione musicale. Prendiamo in considerazione una per una queste quattro motivazioni, illustrando i problemi che sono sorti dalla mancanza di distinzione fra di esse. Proponiamo una terminologia che differenzi chiaramente le attività definite dalle quattro motivazioni, e presentiamo suggerimenti metodologici per la ricerca in ognuno di tali ambiti. Mentre è certamente importante che i ricercatori accolgano gli sviluppi delle discipline correlate, sosteniamo che la ricerca in quei quattro ambiti continuerà a ristagnare a meno che le motivazioni e gli scopi dei progetti di ricerca non vengano chiaramente determinati, e non vengano adottate metodologie appropriate per lo sviluppo e la valutazione dei sistemi per la composizione musicale.
On cherche ici à éclaircir les motivations sur lesquelles se fondent le développement de programmes informatiques destinés à la composition musicale. A notre sens, il s'agit là d'une question importante, puisque les méthodologies sont à la fois fonction des motivations et des buts. Nous soutenons même que l'ignorance largement répandue des motivations et des buts qui entrent ici en jeu est à l'origine d'un malaise méthodologique au sein de la recherche musicale. Un survol de quelques-uns des tout premiers systèmes informatiques destinés à la composition musicale donne à penser que quatre activités interviennent dans le développement de ces programmes informatiques et que chacune d'elles découle de motivations pratiques et théoriques distinctes. ***Il s'agit d'une part de la composition algorithmique, de la conception d'outils compositionnels et de la modélisation informatique des styles musicaux, et, de l'autre, de la cognition musicale. On étudie successivement ces quatre motivations, en mettant chaque fois l'accent sur l'un des problèmes issus d'une non-identification précise desdites motivations. C'est pourquoi nous proposons une terminologie où sont clairement différenciées les activités inhérentes aux quatre motivations ainsi que des méthodologies de recherche propres à chacun de ces domaines. Certes, la recherche ne peut ignorer les développements des disciplines connexes, mais, s'agissant des quatre domaines en question, elle continuera à stagner tant que ne seront pas clairement fixés les motivations et les buts ni adoptées des méthodologies en adéquation avec le développement et l'évaluation des systèmes de composition musicale.
Ziel dieses Beitrages ist es, die verschiedenen Beweggründe für die Entwicklung von Computerprogrammen zur Komposition von Musik zu erhellen. Dies erscheint wichtig, da unterschiedliche Motivationen und Ziele unterschiedliche Vorgehensweisen verlangen. Es wird die Ansicht vertreten, daß ein weitgehender Verzicht auf die Spezifizierung von Motiven und Zielen zu einem methodologischen Unbehagen in der musikbezogenen Forschung geführt hat Eine kurze Betrachtung einiger der frühesten Versuche, Rechensysteme für die Komposition von Musik zu entwickeln, führt zur Identifikation von vier Aktivitäten, welche die Entwicklung von Computerprogrammen zur Komposition von Musik einschlossen, von denen jede durch verschiedene praktische oder theoretische Motivationen angeregt wurde. Es sind dies: algorithmische Komposition, die Art des kompositorischen Instrumentariums, die rechnerische Modellierung von Musikstilen und die Modellierung der musikalischen Notation. Diese vier Motivationen werden nacheinander betrachtet, wobei die Probleme, die aus der mangelnden Unterscheidung zwischen ihnen entstanden sind, illustriert werden. Es wird eine Terminologie vorgeschlagen, welche klar zwischen den angeführten Aktivitäten differenziert und methodische Vorschläge für die Forschung in jedem dieser Bereiche vorstellt. Trotz der Wichtigkeit der Einbeziehung von Entwicklungen in verwandten Disziplinen, sind wird der Ansicht, daß die Forschung in diesen vier Bereichen weiterhin stagnieren wird, wenn die Motivationen und Ziele der Forschungsprojekte nicht deutlich herausgestellt und geeignete Methoden für die Entwicklung und Evaluierung von Kompositionstechniken adaptiert werden.

Url:
DOI: 10.1177/102986490200600203

Links to Exploration step

ISTEX:0F76E0001EA0407166A6C9D397195710D2ABD4EF

Le document en format XML

<record>
<TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct">
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc>
<titleStmt>
<title xml:lang="en">Motivations and Methodologies for Automation of the Compositional Process</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pearce, Marcus" sort="Pearce, Marcus" uniqKey="Pearce M" first="Marcus" last="Pearce">Marcus Pearce</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Meredith, David" sort="Meredith, David" uniqKey="Meredith D" first="David" last="Meredith">David Meredith</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wiggins, Geraint" sort="Wiggins, Geraint" uniqKey="Wiggins G" first="Geraint" last="Wiggins">Geraint Wiggins</name>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt>
<idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno>
<idno type="RBID">ISTEX:0F76E0001EA0407166A6C9D397195710D2ABD4EF</idno>
<date when="2002" year="2002">2002</date>
<idno type="doi">10.1177/102986490200600203</idno>
<idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/0F76E0001EA0407166A6C9D397195710D2ABD4EF/fulltext/pdf</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">000539</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">000539</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Motivations and Methodologies for Automation of the Compositional Process</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pearce, Marcus" sort="Pearce, Marcus" uniqKey="Pearce M" first="Marcus" last="Pearce">Marcus Pearce</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Meredith, David" sort="Meredith, David" uniqKey="Meredith D" first="David" last="Meredith">David Meredith</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wiggins, Geraint" sort="Wiggins, Geraint" uniqKey="Wiggins G" first="Geraint" last="Wiggins">Geraint Wiggins</name>
</author>
</analytic>
<monogr></monogr>
<series>
<title level="j">Musicae scientiae</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1029-8649</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">2045-4147</idno>
<imprint>
<publisher>SAGE Publications</publisher>
<pubPlace>Sage UK: London, England</pubPlace>
<date type="published" when="2002">2002</date>
<biblScope unit="volume">6</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" from="119">119</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" to="147">147</biblScope>
</imprint>
<idno type="ISSN">1029-8649</idno>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
<seriesStmt>
<idno type="ISSN">1029-8649</idno>
</seriesStmt>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc>
<textClass>
<keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en">
<term>Academic press</term>
<term>Acceptability algorithm</term>
<term>Active style synthesis</term>
<term>Algorithm</term>
<term>Algorithmic</term>
<term>Algorithmic composition</term>
<term>Algorithmic style theory</term>
<term>Ames</term>
<term>Appropriate level</term>
<term>Appropriate methodologies</term>
<term>Appropriate methodology</term>
<term>Architecture specification</term>
<term>Artificial intelligence</term>
<term>Atypical scenarios</term>
<term>Baroni</term>
<term>Behaviour</term>
<term>Cambridge university press</term>
<term>Chorale</term>
<term>Cognition</term>
<term>Cognitive</term>
<term>Cognitive hypotheses</term>
<term>Cognitive mechanisms</term>
<term>Cognitive model</term>
<term>Cognitive models</term>
<term>Cognitive musicology</term>
<term>Cognitive processes</term>
<term>Cognitive processing</term>
<term>Cognitive science</term>
<term>Cognitive theories</term>
<term>Cognitive theory</term>
<term>Comparative analysis</term>
<term>Composition</term>
<term>Composition musicale</term>
<term>Compositional</term>
<term>Compositional expertise</term>
<term>Compositional process</term>
<term>Compositional process marcus pearce</term>
<term>Compositional processes</term>
<term>Compositional systems</term>
<term>Compositional tool</term>
<term>Compositional tools</term>
<term>Composizione musicale</term>
<term>Computational</term>
<term>Computational approach</term>
<term>Computational level</term>
<term>Computational level theory</term>
<term>Computational model</term>
<term>Computational modelling</term>
<term>Computational models</term>
<term>Computational procedures</term>
<term>Computational requirements</term>
<term>Computational techniques</term>
<term>Computational theories</term>
<term>Computer</term>
<term>Computer program</term>
<term>Computer programs</term>
<term>Constraint</term>
<term>Cybernetic composer</term>
<term>David meredith</term>
<term>Desain</term>
<term>Design phase</term>
<term>Different disciplines</term>
<term>Different kinds</term>
<term>Different methodologies</term>
<term>Different motivations</term>
<term>Domino</term>
<term>Ebcioglu</term>
<term>Empirical experiments</term>
<term>Empirical style modelling</term>
<term>Engineering science</term>
<term>Existential statement</term>
<term>Experimental stimuli</term>
<term>Expert system</term>
<term>First level</term>
<term>Functional organisation</term>
<term>Future research</term>
<term>General level</term>
<term>Generative</term>
<term>Generative grammar</term>
<term>Generative modelling</term>
<term>Generative theories</term>
<term>Geraint</term>
<term>Grammar</term>
<term>Harmonising chorales</term>
<term>Human behaviour</term>
<term>Human data</term>
<term>Implementation phase</term>
<term>Implicit assumption</term>
<term>Improvisation</term>
<term>Independent support</term>
<term>Integral part</term>
<term>Interdisciplinary</term>
<term>Jazz improvisation</term>
<term>Knowledge acquisition</term>
<term>Laske</term>
<term>Lindblom</term>
<term>Lower level</term>
<term>Methodological</term>
<term>Methodological issues</term>
<term>Methodological malaise</term>
<term>Methodology</term>
<term>Modelling</term>
<term>More detail</term>
<term>Morgan kaufmann</term>
<term>Motivaciones</term>
<term>Motivation</term>
<term>Motivazioni</term>
<term>Multiple features</term>
<term>Music cognition</term>
<term>Music research</term>
<term>Music theory</term>
<term>Musical composition</term>
<term>Musical events</term>
<term>Musical knowledge</term>
<term>Musical style</term>
<term>Musical styles</term>
<term>Musicale</term>
<term>Musicology</term>
<term>Mwic</term>
<term>Mwic cognition</term>
<term>Natural science</term>
<term>Neural networks</term>
<term>Organisation</term>
<term>Organisational abstraction</term>
<term>Other hand</term>
<term>Other motivations</term>
<term>Oxford university press</term>
<term>Particular composition</term>
<term>Particular problem</term>
<term>Pearce</term>
<term>Potential advantages</term>
<term>Practical applications</term>
<term>Practical motivations</term>
<term>Requirements specification</term>
<term>Research project</term>
<term>Same manner</term>
<term>Second approach</term>
<term>Single composition</term>
<term>Software</term>
<term>Stylistic</term>
<term>Stylistic hypotheses</term>
<term>Subjective evaluation</term>
<term>Such systems</term>
<term>Sundberg</term>
<term>Test piece</term>
<term>Theoretical significance</term>
<term>Theoretical value</term>
<term>Universal statement</term>
<term>Weak generative capacity</term>
<term>Wiggins</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
<langUsage>
<language ident="en">en</language>
</langUsage>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Our aim in this paper is to clarify the range of motivations that have inspired the development of computer programs for the composition of music. We consider this to be important since different methodologies are appropriate for different motivations and goals. We argue that a widespread failure to specify the motivations and goals involved has lead to a methodological malaise in music related research. A brief consideration of some of the earliest attempts to produce computational systems for the composition of music leads us to identify four activities involving the development of computer programs which compose music each of which is inspired by different practical or theoretical motivations. These activities are algorithmic composition, the design of compositional tools, the computational modelling of musical styles and the computational modelling of music cognition. We consider these four motivations in turn, illustrating the problems that have arisen from failing to distinguish between them. We propose a terminology that clearly differentiates the activities defined by the four motivations and present methodological suggestions for research in each domain. While it is dearly important for researchers to embrace developments in related disciplines, we argue that research in the four domains will continueto stagnate unless the motivations and aims of research projects are clearly stated and appropriate methodologies are adopted for developing and evaluating systems that compose music.</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="es">Nuestro objetivo en este trabajo es clarificar el cojunto de motivaciones que han inspirado el desarrollo de progamas informáticos destinados a la composición musical. Consideramos la importancia de esto desde diferentes metodologías apropiadas para diferentes motivaciones y objetos. Argüimos que un extendido error al especificar las motivaciones y objetivos buscados ha conducido a un fracaso metodológico en la investigación relacionada con la música. Una breve consideración de algunos de los más tempranos intentos de conseguir sistemas informáticos para la composición musical nos lleva a identificar cuatro actividades relacionadas con el desarrollo de programas informáticos que componen música, cada uno de los cuales está inspirado por diferentes motivaciones prácticas o teóricas. Dichas actividades son la composición algorítmica, el diseño de herramientas compositivas, la modelización informática de estilos musicales y la modelización informática de la cognición musical. Consideramos estas cuatro motivaciones de nuevo, ilustrando los problemas que implica una distinción errónea entre ellas. Proponemos una terminología que diferencie claramente las actividades definidas por las cuatro motivaciones y presente sugerencias metodológicas para la investigación en cada campo. Aunque es claramente importante para los investigadores abrazar desarrollos en disciplinas afines, sostenemos que la investigación de los cuatro campos continuará estancada a menos que las motivaciones y objetivos de los proyectos de investigación estén claramente establecidos y se adopten las metodologías apropiadas para desarrollar y evaluar los sistemas de composición musical.</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="it">Lo scopo del presente articolo è di chiarire la serie di motivazioni che ha ispirato lo sviluppo di software per la composizione musicale. Riteniamo importante tale chiarimento, considerato che metodologie differenti sono appropriate per motivazioni e scopi differenti. Sosteniamo che una diffusa negligenza nello specificare le motivazioni e gli scopi in questione abbia portato ad un malessere metodologico nella relativa ricerca musicale. Una breve rassegna di alcuni fra i primi tentativi di produrre sistemi informatici per la composizione musicale ci porta a identificare quattro attività riguardanti lo sviluppo di programmi informatici in grado di comporre musica, ognuna delle quali è mossa a da differenti motivazioni pratiche o teoriche. Tali attività sono la composizione algoritmica, la progettazione di strumenti per la composizione, i modelli informatici degli stili musicali e i modelli informatici della cognizione musicale. Prendiamo in considerazione una per una queste quattro motivazioni, illustrando i problemi che sono sorti dalla mancanza di distinzione fra di esse. Proponiamo una terminologia che differenzi chiaramente le attività definite dalle quattro motivazioni, e presentiamo suggerimenti metodologici per la ricerca in ognuno di tali ambiti. Mentre è certamente importante che i ricercatori accolgano gli sviluppi delle discipline correlate, sosteniamo che la ricerca in quei quattro ambiti continuerà a ristagnare a meno che le motivazioni e gli scopi dei progetti di ricerca non vengano chiaramente determinati, e non vengano adottate metodologie appropriate per lo sviluppo e la valutazione dei sistemi per la composizione musicale.</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="fr">On cherche ici à éclaircir les motivations sur lesquelles se fondent le développement de programmes informatiques destinés à la composition musicale. A notre sens, il s'agit là d'une question importante, puisque les méthodologies sont à la fois fonction des motivations et des buts. Nous soutenons même que l'ignorance largement répandue des motivations et des buts qui entrent ici en jeu est à l'origine d'un malaise méthodologique au sein de la recherche musicale. Un survol de quelques-uns des tout premiers systèmes informatiques destinés à la composition musicale donne à penser que quatre activités interviennent dans le développement de ces programmes informatiques et que chacune d'elles découle de motivations pratiques et théoriques distinctes. ***Il s'agit d'une part de la composition algorithmique, de la conception d'outils compositionnels et de la modélisation informatique des styles musicaux, et, de l'autre, de la cognition musicale. On étudie successivement ces quatre motivations, en mettant chaque fois l'accent sur l'un des problèmes issus d'une non-identification précise desdites motivations. C'est pourquoi nous proposons une terminologie où sont clairement différenciées les activités inhérentes aux quatre motivations ainsi que des méthodologies de recherche propres à chacun de ces domaines. Certes, la recherche ne peut ignorer les développements des disciplines connexes, mais, s'agissant des quatre domaines en question, elle continuera à stagner tant que ne seront pas clairement fixés les motivations et les buts ni adoptées des méthodologies en adéquation avec le développement et l'évaluation des systèmes de composition musicale.</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="de">Ziel dieses Beitrages ist es, die verschiedenen Beweggründe für die Entwicklung von Computerprogrammen zur Komposition von Musik zu erhellen. Dies erscheint wichtig, da unterschiedliche Motivationen und Ziele unterschiedliche Vorgehensweisen verlangen. Es wird die Ansicht vertreten, daß ein weitgehender Verzicht auf die Spezifizierung von Motiven und Zielen zu einem methodologischen Unbehagen in der musikbezogenen Forschung geführt hat Eine kurze Betrachtung einiger der frühesten Versuche, Rechensysteme für die Komposition von Musik zu entwickeln, führt zur Identifikation von vier Aktivitäten, welche die Entwicklung von Computerprogrammen zur Komposition von Musik einschlossen, von denen jede durch verschiedene praktische oder theoretische Motivationen angeregt wurde. Es sind dies: algorithmische Komposition, die Art des kompositorischen Instrumentariums, die rechnerische Modellierung von Musikstilen und die Modellierung der musikalischen Notation. Diese vier Motivationen werden nacheinander betrachtet, wobei die Probleme, die aus der mangelnden Unterscheidung zwischen ihnen entstanden sind, illustriert werden. Es wird eine Terminologie vorgeschlagen, welche klar zwischen den angeführten Aktivitäten differenziert und methodische Vorschläge für die Forschung in jedem dieser Bereiche vorstellt. Trotz der Wichtigkeit der Einbeziehung von Entwicklungen in verwandten Disziplinen, sind wird der Ansicht, daß die Forschung in diesen vier Bereichen weiterhin stagnieren wird, wenn die Motivationen und Ziele der Forschungsprojekte nicht deutlich herausgestellt und geeignete Methoden für die Entwicklung und Evaluierung von Kompositionstechniken adaptiert werden.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<istex>
<corpusName>sage</corpusName>
<keywords>
<teeft>
<json:string>modelling</json:string>
<json:string>computer programs</json:string>
<json:string>algorithmic</json:string>
<json:string>compositional</json:string>
<json:string>computational</json:string>
<json:string>pearce</json:string>
<json:string>cognition</json:string>
<json:string>methodology</json:string>
<json:string>computational modelling</json:string>
<json:string>generative</json:string>
<json:string>musical styles</json:string>
<json:string>algorithmic composition</json:string>
<json:string>ames</json:string>
<json:string>compositional process marcus pearce</json:string>
<json:string>wiggins</json:string>
<json:string>software</json:string>
<json:string>cognitive</json:string>
<json:string>ebcioglu</json:string>
<json:string>david meredith</json:string>
<json:string>musical composition</json:string>
<json:string>mwic</json:string>
<json:string>sundberg</json:string>
<json:string>laske</json:string>
<json:string>musicology</json:string>
<json:string>desain</json:string>
<json:string>lindblom</json:string>
<json:string>domino</json:string>
<json:string>baroni</json:string>
<json:string>cognitive science</json:string>
<json:string>motivazioni</json:string>
<json:string>organisation</json:string>
<json:string>musical style</json:string>
<json:string>algorithm</json:string>
<json:string>motivaciones</json:string>
<json:string>geraint</json:string>
<json:string>interdisciplinary</json:string>
<json:string>compositional tools</json:string>
<json:string>different motivations</json:string>
<json:string>computer program</json:string>
<json:string>appropriate methodology</json:string>
<json:string>artificial intelligence</json:string>
<json:string>cognitive processes</json:string>
<json:string>functional organisation</json:string>
<json:string>music cognition</json:string>
<json:string>cognitive mechanisms</json:string>
<json:string>acceptability algorithm</json:string>
<json:string>academic press</json:string>
<json:string>other hand</json:string>
<json:string>different disciplines</json:string>
<json:string>musicale</json:string>
<json:string>chorale</json:string>
<json:string>cognitive theory</json:string>
<json:string>cybernetic composer</json:string>
<json:string>stylistic hypotheses</json:string>
<json:string>computational approach</json:string>
<json:string>cognitive models</json:string>
<json:string>music research</json:string>
<json:string>appropriate methodologies</json:string>
<json:string>improvisation</json:string>
<json:string>stylistic</json:string>
<json:string>motivation</json:string>
<json:string>compositional tool</json:string>
<json:string>future research</json:string>
<json:string>research project</json:string>
<json:string>methodological issues</json:string>
<json:string>computational techniques</json:string>
<json:string>musical events</json:string>
<json:string>cognitive model</json:string>
<json:string>compositional processes</json:string>
<json:string>methodological malaise</json:string>
<json:string>expert system</json:string>
<json:string>organisational abstraction</json:string>
<json:string>requirements specification</json:string>
<json:string>potential advantages</json:string>
<json:string>harmonising chorales</json:string>
<json:string>weak generative capacity</json:string>
<json:string>universal statement</json:string>
<json:string>cognitive musicology</json:string>
<json:string>different methodologies</json:string>
<json:string>theoretical significance</json:string>
<json:string>natural science</json:string>
<json:string>cognitive hypotheses</json:string>
<json:string>computational level</json:string>
<json:string>compositional process</json:string>
<json:string>other motivations</json:string>
<json:string>behaviour</json:string>
<json:string>methodological</json:string>
<json:string>computer</json:string>
<json:string>architecture specification</json:string>
<json:string>implementation phase</json:string>
<json:string>atypical scenarios</json:string>
<json:string>subjective evaluation</json:string>
<json:string>practical motivations</json:string>
<json:string>generative modelling</json:string>
<json:string>generative grammar</json:string>
<json:string>such systems</json:string>
<json:string>music theory</json:string>
<json:string>first level</json:string>
<json:string>active style synthesis</json:string>
<json:string>empirical style modelling</json:string>
<json:string>computational requirements</json:string>
<json:string>single composition</json:string>
<json:string>theoretical value</json:string>
<json:string>composition musicale</json:string>
<json:string>computational level theory</json:string>
<json:string>particular problem</json:string>
<json:string>practical applications</json:string>
<json:string>engineering science</json:string>
<json:string>computational models</json:string>
<json:string>algorithmic style theory</json:string>
<json:string>more detail</json:string>
<json:string>computational procedures</json:string>
<json:string>test piece</json:string>
<json:string>independent support</json:string>
<json:string>computational theories</json:string>
<json:string>neural networks</json:string>
<json:string>composizione musicale</json:string>
<json:string>cognitive theories</json:string>
<json:string>existential statement</json:string>
<json:string>integral part</json:string>
<json:string>compositional expertise</json:string>
<json:string>general level</json:string>
<json:string>jazz improvisation</json:string>
<json:string>cognitive processing</json:string>
<json:string>particular composition</json:string>
<json:string>knowledge acquisition</json:string>
<json:string>second approach</json:string>
<json:string>comparative analysis</json:string>
<json:string>human data</json:string>
<json:string>same manner</json:string>
<json:string>compositional systems</json:string>
<json:string>appropriate level</json:string>
<json:string>multiple features</json:string>
<json:string>experimental stimuli</json:string>
<json:string>different kinds</json:string>
<json:string>computational model</json:string>
<json:string>musical knowledge</json:string>
<json:string>empirical experiments</json:string>
<json:string>mwic cognition</json:string>
<json:string>human behaviour</json:string>
<json:string>cambridge university press</json:string>
<json:string>oxford university press</json:string>
<json:string>implicit assumption</json:string>
<json:string>morgan kaufmann</json:string>
<json:string>generative theories</json:string>
<json:string>design phase</json:string>
<json:string>lower level</json:string>
<json:string>constraint</json:string>
<json:string>grammar</json:string>
<json:string>composition</json:string>
</teeft>
</keywords>
<author>
<json:item>
<name>Marcus Pearce</name>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>David Meredith</name>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<name>Geraint Wiggins</name>
</json:item>
</author>
<articleId>
<json:string>10.1177_102986490200600203</json:string>
</articleId>
<arkIstex>ark:/67375/M70-84NB0TTN-2</arkIstex>
<language>
<json:string>eng</json:string>
</language>
<originalGenre>
<json:string>research-article</json:string>
</originalGenre>
<abstract>Our aim in this paper is to clarify the range of motivations that have inspired the development of computer programs for the composition of music. We consider this to be important since different methodologies are appropriate for different motivations and goals. We argue that a widespread failure to specify the motivations and goals involved has lead to a methodological malaise in music related research. A brief consideration of some of the earliest attempts to produce computational systems for the composition of music leads us to identify four activities involving the development of computer programs which compose music each of which is inspired by different practical or theoretical motivations. These activities are algorithmic composition, the design of compositional tools, the computational modelling of musical styles and the computational modelling of music cognition. We consider these four motivations in turn, illustrating the problems that have arisen from failing to distinguish between them. We propose a terminology that clearly differentiates the activities defined by the four motivations and present methodological suggestions for research in each domain. While it is dearly important for researchers to embrace developments in related disciplines, we argue that research in the four domains will continueto stagnate unless the motivations and aims of research projects are clearly stated and appropriate methodologies are adopted for developing and evaluating systems that compose music.</abstract>
<qualityIndicators>
<score>9.652</score>
<pdfWordCount>11424</pdfWordCount>
<pdfCharCount>71547</pdfCharCount>
<pdfVersion>1.4</pdfVersion>
<pdfPageCount>29</pdfPageCount>
<pdfPageSize>468 x 684 pts</pdfPageSize>
<refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative>
<abstractWordCount>221</abstractWordCount>
<abstractCharCount>1514</abstractCharCount>
<keywordCount>0</keywordCount>
</qualityIndicators>
<title>Motivations and Methodologies for Automation of the Compositional Process</title>
<genre>
<json:string>research-article</json:string>
</genre>
<host>
<title>Musicae scientiae</title>
<language>
<json:string>unknown</json:string>
</language>
<issn>
<json:string>1029-8649</json:string>
</issn>
<eissn>
<json:string>2045-4147</json:string>
</eissn>
<publisherId>
<json:string>MSX</json:string>
</publisherId>
<volume>6</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<pages>
<first>119</first>
<last>147</last>
</pages>
<genre>
<json:string>journal</json:string>
</genre>
</host>
<ark>
<json:string>ark:/67375/M70-84NB0TTN-2</json:string>
</ark>
<categories>
<wos>
<json:string>1 - social science</json:string>
<json:string>2 - psychology, experimental</json:string>
</wos>
<scienceMetrix>
<json:string>1 - health sciences</json:string>
<json:string>2 - psychology & cognitive sciences</json:string>
<json:string>3 - experimental psychology</json:string>
</scienceMetrix>
<scopus>
<json:string>1 - Social Sciences</json:string>
<json:string>2 - Arts and Humanities</json:string>
<json:string>3 - Music</json:string>
<json:string>1 - Social Sciences</json:string>
<json:string>2 - Psychology</json:string>
<json:string>3 - Experimental and Cognitive Psychology</json:string>
</scopus>
<inist>
<json:string>1 - sciences humaines et sociales</json:string>
<json:string>2 - linguistique</json:string>
</inist>
</categories>
<publicationDate>2002</publicationDate>
<copyrightDate>2002</copyrightDate>
<doi>
<json:string>10.1177/102986490200600203</json:string>
</doi>
<id>0F76E0001EA0407166A6C9D397195710D2ABD4EF</id>
<score>1</score>
<fulltext>
<json:item>
<extension>pdf</extension>
<original>true</original>
<mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype>
<uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/0F76E0001EA0407166A6C9D397195710D2ABD4EF/fulltext/pdf</uri>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<extension>zip</extension>
<original>false</original>
<mimetype>application/zip</mimetype>
<uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/0F76E0001EA0407166A6C9D397195710D2ABD4EF/fulltext/zip</uri>
</json:item>
<istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/0F76E0001EA0407166A6C9D397195710D2ABD4EF/fulltext/tei">
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc>
<titleStmt>
<title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Motivations and Methodologies for Automation of the Compositional Process</title>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt>
<authority>ISTEX</authority>
<publisher scheme="https://publisher-list.data.istex.fr">SAGE Publications</publisher>
<pubPlace>Sage UK: London, England</pubPlace>
<availability>
<licence>
<p>© 2002 European Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music</p>
</licence>
<p scheme="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-0J1N7DQT-B">sage</p>
</availability>
<date>2002</date>
</publicationStmt>
<notesStmt>
<note type="research-article" scheme="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-1JC4F85T-7">research-article</note>
<note type="journal" scheme="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</note>
</notesStmt>
<sourceDesc>
<biblStruct type="inbook">
<analytic>
<title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Motivations and Methodologies for Automation of the Compositional Process</title>
<author xml:id="author-0000">
<persName>
<forename type="first">Marcus</forename>
<surname>Pearce</surname>
</persName>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-0001">
<persName>
<forename type="first">David</forename>
<surname>Meredith</surname>
</persName>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-0002">
<persName>
<forename type="first">Geraint</forename>
<surname>Wiggins</surname>
</persName>
</author>
<idno type="istex">0F76E0001EA0407166A6C9D397195710D2ABD4EF</idno>
<idno type="ark">ark:/67375/M70-84NB0TTN-2</idno>
<idno type="DOI">10.1177/102986490200600203</idno>
<idno type="article-id">10.1177_102986490200600203</idno>
</analytic>
<monogr>
<title level="j">Musicae scientiae</title>
<idno type="pISSN">1029-8649</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">2045-4147</idno>
<idno type="publisher-id">MSX</idno>
<idno type="PublisherID-hwp">spmsx</idno>
<imprint>
<publisher>SAGE Publications</publisher>
<pubPlace>Sage UK: London, England</pubPlace>
<date type="published" when="2002"></date>
<biblScope unit="volume">6</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" from="119">119</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" to="147">147</biblScope>
</imprint>
</monogr>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc>
<creation>
<date>2002</date>
</creation>
<langUsage>
<language ident="en">en</language>
</langUsage>
<abstract xml:lang="en">
<p>Our aim in this paper is to clarify the range of motivations that have inspired the development of computer programs for the composition of music. We consider this to be important since different methodologies are appropriate for different motivations and goals. We argue that a widespread failure to specify the motivations and goals involved has lead to a methodological malaise in music related research. A brief consideration of some of the earliest attempts to produce computational systems for the composition of music leads us to identify four activities involving the development of computer programs which compose music each of which is inspired by different practical or theoretical motivations. These activities are algorithmic composition, the design of compositional tools, the computational modelling of musical styles and the computational modelling of music cognition. We consider these four motivations in turn, illustrating the problems that have arisen from failing to distinguish between them. We propose a terminology that clearly differentiates the activities defined by the four motivations and present methodological suggestions for research in each domain. While it is dearly important for researchers to embrace developments in related disciplines, we argue that research in the four domains will continueto stagnate unless the motivations and aims of research projects are clearly stated and appropriate methodologies are adopted for developing and evaluating systems that compose music.</p>
</abstract>
<abstract xml:lang="es">
<p>Nuestro objetivo en este trabajo es clarificar el cojunto de motivaciones que han inspirado el desarrollo de progamas informáticos destinados a la composición musical. Consideramos la importancia de esto desde diferentes metodologías apropiadas para diferentes motivaciones y objetos. Argüimos que un extendido error al especificar las motivaciones y objetivos buscados ha conducido a un fracaso metodológico en la investigación relacionada con la música. Una breve consideración de algunos de los más tempranos intentos de conseguir sistemas informáticos para la composición musical nos lleva a identificar cuatro actividades relacionadas con el desarrollo de programas informáticos que componen música, cada uno de los cuales está inspirado por diferentes motivaciones prácticas o teóricas. Dichas actividades son la composición algorítmica, el diseño de herramientas compositivas, la modelización informática de estilos musicales y la modelización informática de la cognición musical. Consideramos estas cuatro motivaciones de nuevo, ilustrando los problemas que implica una distinción errónea entre ellas. Proponemos una terminología que diferencie claramente las actividades definidas por las cuatro motivaciones y presente sugerencias metodológicas para la investigación en cada campo. Aunque es claramente importante para los investigadores abrazar desarrollos en disciplinas afines, sostenemos que la investigación de los cuatro campos continuará estancada a menos que las motivaciones y objetivos de los proyectos de investigación estén claramente establecidos y se adopten las metodologías apropiadas para desarrollar y evaluar los sistemas de composición musical.</p>
</abstract>
<abstract xml:lang="it">
<p>Lo scopo del presente articolo è di chiarire la serie di motivazioni che ha ispirato lo sviluppo di software per la composizione musicale. Riteniamo importante tale chiarimento, considerato che metodologie differenti sono appropriate per motivazioni e scopi differenti. Sosteniamo che una diffusa negligenza nello specificare le motivazioni e gli scopi in questione abbia portato ad un malessere metodologico nella relativa ricerca musicale. Una breve rassegna di alcuni fra i primi tentativi di produrre sistemi informatici per la composizione musicale ci porta a identificare quattro attività riguardanti lo sviluppo di programmi informatici in grado di comporre musica, ognuna delle quali è mossa a da differenti motivazioni pratiche o teoriche. Tali attività sono la composizione algoritmica, la progettazione di strumenti per la composizione, i modelli informatici degli stili musicali e i modelli informatici della cognizione musicale. Prendiamo in considerazione una per una queste quattro motivazioni, illustrando i problemi che sono sorti dalla mancanza di distinzione fra di esse. Proponiamo una terminologia che differenzi chiaramente le attività definite dalle quattro motivazioni, e presentiamo suggerimenti metodologici per la ricerca in ognuno di tali ambiti. Mentre è certamente importante che i ricercatori accolgano gli sviluppi delle discipline correlate, sosteniamo che la ricerca in quei quattro ambiti continuerà a ristagnare a meno che le motivazioni e gli scopi dei progetti di ricerca non vengano chiaramente determinati, e non vengano adottate metodologie appropriate per lo sviluppo e la valutazione dei sistemi per la composizione musicale.</p>
</abstract>
<abstract xml:lang="fr">
<p>On cherche ici à éclaircir les motivations sur lesquelles se fondent le développement de programmes informatiques destinés à la composition musicale. A notre sens, il s'agit là d'une question importante, puisque les méthodologies sont à la fois fonction des motivations et des buts. Nous soutenons même que l'ignorance largement répandue des motivations et des buts qui entrent ici en jeu est à l'origine d'un malaise méthodologique au sein de la recherche musicale. Un survol de quelques-uns des tout premiers systèmes informatiques destinés à la composition musicale donne à penser que quatre activités interviennent dans le développement de ces programmes informatiques et que chacune d'elles découle de motivations pratiques et théoriques distinctes. ***Il s'agit d'une part de la composition algorithmique, de la conception d'outils compositionnels et de la modélisation informatique des styles musicaux, et, de l'autre, de la cognition musicale. On étudie successivement ces quatre motivations, en mettant chaque fois l'accent sur l'un des problèmes issus d'une non-identification précise desdites motivations. C'est pourquoi nous proposons une terminologie où sont clairement différenciées les activités inhérentes aux quatre motivations ainsi que des méthodologies de recherche propres à chacun de ces domaines. Certes, la recherche ne peut ignorer les développements des disciplines connexes, mais, s'agissant des quatre domaines en question, elle continuera à stagner tant que ne seront pas clairement fixés les motivations et les buts ni adoptées des méthodologies en adéquation avec le développement et l'évaluation des systèmes de composition musicale.</p>
</abstract>
<abstract xml:lang="de">
<p>Ziel dieses Beitrages ist es, die verschiedenen Beweggründe für die Entwicklung von Computerprogrammen zur Komposition von Musik zu erhellen. Dies erscheint wichtig, da unterschiedliche Motivationen und Ziele unterschiedliche Vorgehensweisen verlangen. Es wird die Ansicht vertreten, daß ein weitgehender Verzicht auf die Spezifizierung von Motiven und Zielen zu einem methodologischen Unbehagen in der musikbezogenen Forschung geführt hat Eine kurze Betrachtung einiger der frühesten Versuche, Rechensysteme für die Komposition von Musik zu entwickeln, führt zur Identifikation von vier Aktivitäten, welche die Entwicklung von Computerprogrammen zur Komposition von Musik einschlossen, von denen jede durch verschiedene praktische oder theoretische Motivationen angeregt wurde. Es sind dies: algorithmische Komposition, die Art des kompositorischen Instrumentariums, die rechnerische Modellierung von Musikstilen und die Modellierung der musikalischen Notation. Diese vier Motivationen werden nacheinander betrachtet, wobei die Probleme, die aus der mangelnden Unterscheidung zwischen ihnen entstanden sind, illustriert werden. Es wird eine Terminologie vorgeschlagen, welche klar zwischen den angeführten Aktivitäten differenziert und methodische Vorschläge für die Forschung in jedem dieser Bereiche vorstellt. Trotz der Wichtigkeit der Einbeziehung von Entwicklungen in verwandten Disziplinen, sind wird der Ansicht, daß die Forschung in diesen vier Bereichen weiterhin stagnieren wird, wenn die Motivationen und Ziele der Forschungsprojekte nicht deutlich herausgestellt und geeignete Methoden für die Entwicklung und Evaluierung von Kompositionstechniken adaptiert werden.</p>
</abstract>
</profileDesc>
<revisionDesc>
<change when="2002">Published</change>
</revisionDesc>
</teiHeader>
</istex:fulltextTEI>
<json:item>
<extension>txt</extension>
<original>false</original>
<mimetype>text/plain</mimetype>
<uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/0F76E0001EA0407166A6C9D397195710D2ABD4EF/fulltext/txt</uri>
</json:item>
</fulltext>
<metadata>
<istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="corpus sage not found" wicri:toSee="no header">
<istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration>
<istex:docType PUBLIC="-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v2.3 20070202//EN" URI="journalpublishing.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType>
<istex:document>
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="2.3" xml:lang="EN">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">MSX</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">spmsx</journal-id>
<journal-title>Musicae Scientiae</journal-title>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1029-8649</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>SAGE Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Sage UK: London, England</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/102986490200600203</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10.1177_102986490200600203</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Motivations and Methodologies for Automation of the Compositional Process</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Pearce</surname>
<given-names>Marcus</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corresp1-102986490200600203"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Meredith</surname>
<given-names>David</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Wiggins</surname>
<given-names>Geraint</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<aff>Department of Computing, City University, London</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="corresp1-102986490200600203">Address for correspondence: Marcus Pearce Department of Computing City University Northampton Square London EC1V OHB e-mail:
<email xlink:href="m.t.pearce@city.ac.uk" xlink:type="simple">m.t.pearce@city.ac.uk</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
<month>9</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>6</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<issue-title>Themed issue: Hommage a Jean-Pierre Lecanuet</issue-title>
<fpage>119</fpage>
<lpage>147</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>© 2002 European Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2002</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder content-type="sage">European Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music</copyright-holder>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<p>Our aim in this paper is to clarify the range of motivations that have inspired the development of computer programs for the composition of music. We consider this to be important since different methodologies are appropriate for different motivations and goals. We argue that a widespread failure to specify the motivations and goals involved has lead to a methodological malaise in music related research. A brief consideration of some of the earliest attempts to produce computational systems for the composition of music leads us to identify four activities involving the development of computer programs which compose music each of which is inspired by different practical or theoretical motivations. These activities are algorithmic composition, the design of compositional tools, the computational modelling of musical styles and the computational modelling of music cognition. We consider these four motivations in turn, illustrating the problems that have arisen from failing to distinguish between them. We propose a terminology that clearly differentiates the activities defined by the four motivations and present methodological suggestions for research in each domain. While it is dearly important for researchers to embrace developments in related disciplines, we argue that research in the four domains will continueto stagnate unless the motivations and aims of research projects are clearly stated and appropriate methodologies are adopted for developing and evaluating systems that compose music.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="ES">
<p>Nuestro objetivo en este trabajo es clarificar el cojunto de motivaciones que han inspirado el desarrollo de progamas informáticos destinados a la composición musical. Consideramos la importancia de esto desde diferentes metodologías apropiadas para diferentes motivaciones y objetos. Argüimos que un extendido error al especificar las motivaciones y objetivos buscados ha conducido a un fracaso metodológico en la investigación relacionada con la música. Una breve consideración de algunos de los más tempranos intentos de conseguir sistemas informáticos para la composición musical nos lleva a identificar cuatro actividades relacionadas con el desarrollo de programas informáticos que componen música, cada uno de los cuales está inspirado por diferentes motivaciones prácticas o teóricas. Dichas actividades son la composición algorítmica, el diseño de herramientas compositivas, la modelización informática de estilos musicales y la modelización informática de la cognición musical. Consideramos estas cuatro motivaciones de nuevo, ilustrando los problemas que implica una distinción errónea entre ellas. Proponemos una terminología que diferencie claramente las actividades definidas por las cuatro motivaciones y presente sugerencias metodológicas para la investigación en cada campo. Aunque es claramente importante para los investigadores abrazar desarrollos en disciplinas afines, sostenemos que la investigación de los cuatro campos continuará estancada a menos que las motivaciones y objetivos de los proyectos de investigación estén claramente establecidos y se adopten las metodologías apropiadas para desarrollar y evaluar los sistemas de composición musical.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="IT">
<p>Lo scopo del presente articolo è di chiarire la serie di motivazioni che ha ispirato lo sviluppo di software per la composizione musicale. Riteniamo importante tale chiarimento, considerato che metodologie differenti sono appropriate per motivazioni e scopi differenti. Sosteniamo che una diffusa negligenza nello specificare le motivazioni e gli scopi in questione abbia portato ad un malessere metodologico nella relativa ricerca musicale. Una breve rassegna di alcuni fra i primi tentativi di produrre sistemi informatici per la composizione musicale ci porta a identificare quattro attività riguardanti lo sviluppo di programmi informatici in grado di comporre musica, ognuna delle quali è mossa a da differenti motivazioni pratiche o teoriche. Tali attività sono la composizione algoritmica, la progettazione di strumenti per la composizione, i modelli informatici degli stili musicali e i modelli informatici della cognizione musicale. Prendiamo in considerazione una per una queste quattro motivazioni, illustrando i problemi che sono sorti dalla mancanza di distinzione fra di esse. Proponiamo una terminologia che differenzi chiaramente le attività definite dalle quattro motivazioni, e presentiamo suggerimenti metodologici per la ricerca in ognuno di tali ambiti. Mentre è certamente importante che i ricercatori accolgano gli sviluppi delle discipline correlate, sosteniamo che la ricerca in quei quattro ambiti continuerà a ristagnare a meno che le motivazioni e gli scopi dei progetti di ricerca non vengano chiaramente determinati, e non vengano adottate metodologie appropriate per lo sviluppo e la valutazione dei sistemi per la composizione musicale.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="FR">
<p>On cherche ici à éclaircir les motivations sur lesquelles se fondent le développement de programmes informatiques destinés à la composition musicale. A notre sens, il s'agit là d'une question importante, puisque les méthodologies sont à la fois fonction des motivations et des buts. Nous soutenons même que l'ignorance largement répandue des motivations et des buts qui entrent ici en jeu est à l'origine d'un malaise méthodologique au sein de la recherche musicale. Un survol de quelques-uns des tout premiers systèmes informatiques destinés à la composition musicale donne à penser que quatre activités interviennent dans le développement de ces programmes informatiques et que chacune d'elles découle de motivations pratiques et théoriques distinctes. ***Il s'agit d'une part de la composition algorithmique, de la conception d'outils compositionnels et de la modélisation informatique des styles musicaux, et, de l'autre, de la cognition musicale. On étudie successivement ces quatre motivations, en mettant chaque fois l'accent sur l'un des problèmes issus d'une non-identification précise desdites motivations. C'est pourquoi nous proposons une terminologie où sont clairement différenciées les activités inhérentes aux quatre motivations ainsi que des méthodologies de recherche propres à chacun de ces domaines. Certes, la recherche ne peut ignorer les développements des disciplines connexes, mais, s'agissant des quatre domaines en question, elle continuera à stagner tant que ne seront pas clairement fixés les motivations et les buts ni adoptées des méthodologies en adéquation avec le développement et l'évaluation des systèmes de composition musicale.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="DE">
<p>Ziel dieses Beitrages ist es, die verschiedenen Beweggründe für die Entwicklung von Computerprogrammen zur Komposition von Musik zu erhellen. Dies erscheint wichtig, da unterschiedliche Motivationen und Ziele unterschiedliche Vorgehensweisen verlangen. Es wird die Ansicht vertreten, daß ein weitgehender Verzicht auf die Spezifizierung von Motiven und Zielen zu einem methodologischen Unbehagen in der musikbezogenen Forschung geführt hat Eine kurze Betrachtung einiger der frühesten Versuche, Rechensysteme für die Komposition von Musik zu entwickeln, führt zur Identifikation von vier Aktivitäten, welche die Entwicklung von Computerprogrammen zur Komposition von Musik einschlossen, von denen jede durch verschiedene praktische oder theoretische Motivationen angeregt wurde. Es sind dies: algorithmische Komposition, die Art des kompositorischen Instrumentariums, die rechnerische Modellierung von Musikstilen und die Modellierung der musikalischen Notation. Diese vier Motivationen werden nacheinander betrachtet, wobei die Probleme, die aus der mangelnden Unterscheidung zwischen ihnen entstanden sind, illustriert werden. Es wird eine Terminologie vorgeschlagen, welche klar zwischen den angeführten Aktivitäten differenziert und methodische Vorschläge für die Forschung in jedem dieser Bereiche vorstellt. Trotz der Wichtigkeit der Einbeziehung von Entwicklungen in verwandten Disziplinen, sind wird der Ansicht, daß die Forschung in diesen vier Bereichen weiterhin stagnieren wird, wenn die Motivationen und Ziele der Forschungsprojekte nicht deutlich herausgestellt und geeignete Methoden für die Entwicklung und Evaluierung von Kompositionstechniken adaptiert werden.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<custom-meta-wrap>
<custom-meta xlink:type="simple">
<meta-name>cover-date</meta-name>
<meta-value>Fall 2002</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-wrap>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="bibr1-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Ames</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1987</year>
).
<source>Automated composition in retrospect: 1956–1986</source>
.
<source>Leonardo</source>
,
<volume>20</volume>
(
<issue>2</issue>
),
<fpage>169</fpage>
<lpage>85</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr2-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Ames</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1992</year>
).
<source>Quantifying musical merit</source>
.
<source>Interface</source>
,
<volume>21</volume>
,
<fpage>53</fpage>
<lpage>93</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr3-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Ames</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Domino</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1992</year>
),
<source>Cybernetic Composer: an overview</source>
. In
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Balaban</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
,
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Ebcioglu</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Laske</surname>
<given-names>O.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(eds),
<source>Understanding Music with AI: Perspectives on Music Cognition</source>
(pp.
<fpage>186</fpage>
<lpage>205</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>Cambridge, MA</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>MIT Press</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr4-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Assayag</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Rueda</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Laurson</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Agon</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Delerue</surname>
<given-names>O.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1999</year>
).
<source>Computer assisted composition at IRCAM: from PatchWork to OpenMusic</source>
.
<source>Computer Music Journal</source>
,
<volume>23</volume>
(
<issue>3</issue>
),
<fpage>59</fpage>
<lpage>72</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr5-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Baroni</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1999</year>
).
<source>Musical grammar and the cognitive processes of composition</source>
.
<source>Musicæ Scientiæ</source>
,
<volume>3</volume>
(
<issue>1</issue>
),
<fpage>3</fpage>
<lpage>19</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr6-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Baroni</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Dalmonte</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Jacoboni</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1992</year>
).
<source>Theory and analysis of European melody</source>
. In
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Marsden</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Pople</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(eds),
<source>Computer Representations and Models in Music</source>
(pp.
<fpage>187</fpage>
<lpage>206</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Academic Press</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr7-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Berg</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1987</year>
).
<source>PILE — a language for sound synthesis</source>
. In
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Roads</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Strawn</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(eds),
<source>Foundations of Computer Music</source>
(pp.
<fpage>64</fpage>
<lpage>108</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>Cambridge, MA</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>The MIT Press</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr8-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Berlyne</surname>
<given-names>D. E.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1971</year>
).
<source>The new experimental aesthetics</source>
. In
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Berlyne</surname>
<given-names>D. E.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(ed.),
<source>Studies in the New Experimental Aesthetics: Steps Towards an Objective Psychology of Aesthetic Appreciation</source>
(pp.
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>25</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>Washington</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Hemisphere Publishing Co</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr9-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Biles</surname>
<given-names>J. A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1994</year>
).
<source>Genjam: a genetic algorithm for generating jazz solos</source>
. In
<source>Proceedings of the 1994 International Computer Music Conference</source>
(pp.
<fpage>131</fpage>
<lpage>7</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>San Francisco</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>ICMA</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr10-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Bundy</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1990</year>
).
<source>What kind of field is AI?</source>
In
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Partridge</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Wilks</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(eds),
<source>The Foundations of Artificial Intelligence</source>
(pp.
<fpage>215</fpage>
<lpage>22</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>Cambridge, UK</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Cambridge University Press</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr11-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Camilleri</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1992</year>
).
<source>Computational theories of music</source>
. In
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Marsden</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Pople</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(eds),
<source>Computer Representations and Models in Music</source>
(pp.
<fpage>171</fpage>
<lpage>85</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Academic Press</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr12-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Chalmers</surname>
<given-names>D. J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1994</year>
).
<source>On implementing a computation</source>
.
<source>Minds and Machines</source>
,
<volume>4</volume>
,
<fpage>391</fpage>
<lpage>402</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr13-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Chomsky</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1965</year>
).
<source>Aspects of the Theory of Syntax</source>
.
<publisher-loc>Cambridge, MA</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>MIT Press</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr14-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Colley</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Banton</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Down</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Pither</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1992</year>
).
<source>An expert-novice comparison in musical composition</source>
.
<source>Psychology of Music</source>
,
<volume>20</volume>
,
<fpage>124</fpage>
<lpage>37</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr15-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Cope</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1991</year>
).
<source>Computers and Musical Style</source>
.
<publisher-loc>Oxford</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Oxford University Press</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr16-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Davidson</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Welsh</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1988</year>
).
<source>From collections to structure: the developmental path of tonal thinking</source>
. In
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Sloboda</surname>
<given-names>J. A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(ed.),
<source>Generative Processes in Music: the Psychology of Performance, Improvisation and Composition</source>
(pp.
<fpage>260</fpage>
<lpage>85</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>Oxford</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Clarendon Press</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr17-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Desain</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Honing</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>van Thienen</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Windsor</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1998</year>
).
<source>Computational modelling of music cognition: problem or solution</source>
.
<source>Music Perception</source>
,
<volume>16</volume>
(
<issue>1</issue>
),
<fpage>151</fpage>
<lpage>66</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr18-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Ebcioglu</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1987</year>
).
<source>Report on the CHORAL project: An expert system for harmonizing four-part chorales</source>
. Technical Report RC 12628, IBM, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr19-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Ebcioglu</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1988</year>
).
<source>An expert system for harmonising four-part chorales</source>
.
<source>Computer Music Journal</source>
,
<volume>12</volume>
(
<issue>3</issue>
),
<fpage>43</fpage>
<lpage>51</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr20-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Ebcioglu</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1992</year>
).
<source>An expert system for harmonising chorales in the style of J. S. Bach</source>
. In
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Balaban</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
,
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Ebciogcar;lu</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Laske</surname>
<given-names>O.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(eds),
<source>Understanding Music with AI: Perspectives on Music Cognition</source>
(pp.
<fpage>294</fpage>
<lpage>333</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>Cambridge, MA</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>MIT Press</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr21-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Folkestad</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Hargreaves</surname>
<given-names>D. J.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Lindström</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1990</year>
).
<source>A typology of compositional styles in computer-based music making</source>
. In
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Gabrielsson</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(ed.),
<source>Proceedings of the Third Triennial ESCOM Conference</source>
(pp.
<fpage>147</fpage>
<lpage>52</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>Uppsala, Sweden</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Uppsala University Press</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr22-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Gjerdingen</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1999</year>
).
<source>An experimental music theory?</source>
In
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Cook</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Everist</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(eds),
<source>Rethinking Music</source>
(pp.
<fpage>161</fpage>
<lpage>70</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>Oxford</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Oxford University Press</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr23-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Hild</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Feulner</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Menzel</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1992</year>
).
<source>HARMONET: a neural net for harmonising chorales in the style of J</source>
.S. Bach. In
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Lippmann</surname>
<given-names>R. P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
,
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Moody</surname>
<given-names>J. E.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Touretzky</surname>
<given-names>D. S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(eds),
<source>Advances in Neural Information Processing 4</source>
(pp.
<fpage>267</fpage>
<lpage>74</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>San Francisco</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Morgan Kaufmann</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr24-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Hiller</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Isaacson</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1959</year>
).
<source>Experimental Music</source>
.
<publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>McGraw-Hill</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr25-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Hodgson</surname>
<given-names>P. W.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1999</year>
).
<source>Modelling cognition in musical improvisation through evolution</source>
. In
<source>Proceedings of the AISB′99 Symposium on Musical Creativity</source>
(pp.
<fpage>15</fpage>
<lpage>9</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>Brighton, UK</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>SSAISB</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr26-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Hörnel</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Olbrich</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1999</year>
).
<source>Comparative style analysis with neural networks</source>
. In
<source>Proceedings of the 1999 International Computer Music Conference</source>
(pp.
<fpage>433</fpage>
<lpage>6</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>San Francisco</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>ICMA</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr27-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Johanson</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Poli</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1998</year>
).
<source>GP-Music: an interactive genetic programming system for music generation with automated fitness raters</source>
. In
<source>Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Genetic Programming</source>
(pp.
<fpage>181</fpage>
<lpage>6</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>San Mateo, CA</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Morgan Kaufmann</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr28-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Johnson-Laird</surname>
<given-names>P. N.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1983</year>
).
<source>Mental Models</source>
.
<publisher-loc>Cambridge, MA</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Harvard University Press</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr29-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Johnson-Laird</surname>
<given-names>P. N.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1991</year>
).
<source>Jazz improvisation: a theory at the computational level</source>
. In
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Howell</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
,
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>West</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Cross</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(eds),
<source>Representing Musical Structure</source>
(pp.
<fpage>291</fpage>
<lpage>325</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Academic Press</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr30-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Kohonen</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Laine</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Tiits</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Torkkola</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1991</year>
).
<source>A nonheuristic composing method</source>
. In
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Todd</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Loy</surname>
<given-names>D. G.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(eds),
<source>Music and Connectionism</source>
(pp.
<fpage>229</fpage>
<lpage>42</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>Cambridge, MA</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>MIT Press</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr31-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Lakatos</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1970</year>
).
<source>Falsification and the methodology of scientific research programmes</source>
. In
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Lakatos</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Musgrave</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(eds),
<source>Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge</source>
(pp.
<fpage>91</fpage>
<lpage>196</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>Cambridge, UK</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Cambridge University Press</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr32-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Laske</surname>
<given-names>O.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1988</year>
).
<source>Introduction to cognitive musicology</source>
.
<source>Computer Music Journal</source>
,
<volume>12</volume>
(
<issue>1</issue>
),
<fpage>43</fpage>
<lpage>57</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr33-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Laske</surname>
<given-names>O.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1992</year>
).
<source>The OBSERVER tradition of knowledge acquisition</source>
. In
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Balaban</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
,
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Ebcioglu</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Laske</surname>
<given-names>O.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(eds),
<source>Understanding Music with AI: Perspectives on Music Cognition</source>
(pp.
<fpage>258</fpage>
<lpage>89</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>Cambridge, MA</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>MIT Press</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr34-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Leman</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1992</year>
).
<source>Artificial neural networks in music research</source>
. In
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Marsden</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Pople</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(eds),
<source>Computer Representations and Models in Music</source>
(pp.
<fpage>265</fpage>
<lpage>301</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Academic Press</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr35-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Longuet-Higgins</surname>
<given-names>H. C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1981</year>
).
<source>Artificial intelligence — a new theoretical psychology?</source>
<source>Cognition</source>
,
<volume>10</volume>
,
<fpage>197</fpage>
<lpage>200</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr36-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Marr</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1982</year>
).
<source>Vision</source>
.
<publisher-loc>San Francisco</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>W. H. Freeman</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr37-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>McClamrock</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1991</year>
).
<source>Marr's three levels: a re-evaluation</source>
.
<source>Minds and Machines</source>
,
<volume>1</volume>
,
<fpage>185</fpage>
<lpage>96</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr38-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Meredith</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1996</year>
).
<source>The Logical Structure of an Algorithmic Theory of Tonal Music</source>
. PhD thesis, Faculty of Music, University of Oxford. Submitted. Available online at
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.titanmusic.com/papers/public/thesis1996.pdf" xlink:type="simple">http://www.titanmusic.com/papers/public/thesis1996.pdf</ext-link>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr39-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Mozer</surname>
<given-names>M. C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1994</year>
).
<source>Neural network music composition by prediction: Exploring the benefits of psychoacoustic constraints and multi-scale processing</source>
.
<source>Connection Science</source>
,
<volume>6</volume>
(
<issue>2–3</issue>
),
<fpage>247</fpage>
<lpage>80</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr40-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Newell</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Simon</surname>
<given-names>H. A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1976</year>
).
<source>Computer science as empirical enquiry: symbols and search</source>
.
<source>Communications of the ACM</source>
,
<volume>19</volume>
(
<issue>3</issue>
),
<fpage>113</fpage>
<lpage>26</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr41-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Pearce</surname>
<given-names>M. T.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Wiggins</surname>
<given-names>G. A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2001</year>
).
<source>Towards a framework for the evaluation of machine compositions</source>
. In
<source>Proceedings of the AISB′01 Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Creativity in the Arts and Sciences</source>
(pp.
<fpage>22</fpage>
<lpage>32</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>Brighton, UK</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>SSAISB</publisher-name>
. Available online at
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/-ek735/papers/aisb01.pdf" xlink:type="simple">http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/-ek735/papers/aisb01.pdf</ext-link>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr42-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Pfleeger</surname>
<given-names>S. L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1991</year>
).
<source>Software Engineering: The Production of Quality Software</source>
(
<edition>2nd ed.</edition>
).
<publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Macmillan Publishing Company</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr43-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Polfreman</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Loomes</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2001</year>
).
<source>A TKS framework for understanding music composition processes and its application in interactive system design</source>
. In
<source>Proceedings of the AISB′01 Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Creativity in the Arts and Sciences</source>
(pp.
<fpage>75</fpage>
<lpage>83</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>Brighton, UK</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>SSAISB</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr44-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Popper</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1959</year>
).
<source>The Logic of Scientific Discovery</source>
.
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Hutchinson and Co</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr45-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Pylyshyn</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1989</year>
).
<source>Computing in cognitive science</source>
. In
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Posner</surname>
<given-names>M. I.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(ed.),
<source>Foundations of Cognitive Science</source>
(pp.
<fpage>51</fpage>
<lpage>91</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>Cambridge, MA</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>MIT Press</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr46-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Ramalho</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Pachet</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1994</year>
).
<source>What is needed to bridge the gap between real book and real jazz performance?</source>
In
<source>Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Music Perception and Cognition</source>
(pp.
<fpage>349</fpage>
<lpage>50</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>Liège, Belgium</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>ESCOM</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr47-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Reis</surname>
<given-names>B. Y.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1999</year>
).
<source>Simulating music learning: on-line, perceptually guided pattern induction of context models for multiple-horizon prediction of melodies</source>
. In
<source>Proceedings of the AISB′99 Symposium on Musical Creativity</source>
(pp.
<fpage>58</fpage>
<lpage>63</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>Brighton, UK</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>SSAISB</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr48-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Roads</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1985</year>
).
<source>Research in music and artificial intelligence</source>
.
<source>ACM Computing Surveys</source>
,
<volume>17</volume>
(
<issue>2</issue>
),
<fpage>163</fpage>
<lpage>90</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr49-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Simon</surname>
<given-names>H. A.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Kaplan</surname>
<given-names>C. A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1989</year>
).
<source>Foundations of cognitive science</source>
. In
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Posner</surname>
<given-names>M. I.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(ed.),
<source>Foundations of Cognitive Science</source>
(pp.
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>47</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>Cambridge, MA</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>MIT Press</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr50-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Sloboda</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1985</year>
).
<source>The Musical Mind: the Cognitive Psychology of Music</source>
.
<publisher-loc>Oxford</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Oxford Science Press</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr51-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Steedman</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1984</year>
).
<source>A generative grammar for jazz chord sequences</source>
.
<source>Music Perception</source>
,
<volume>2</volume>
(
<issue>1</issue>
),
<fpage>52</fpage>
<lpage>77</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr52-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Sundberg</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Lindblom</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1976</year>
).
<source>Generative theories in language and music descriptions</source>
.
<source>Cognition</source>
,
<volume>4</volume>
,
<fpage>99</fpage>
<lpage>122</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr53-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Sundberg</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Lindblom</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1991</year>
).
<source>Generative theories for describing musical structure</source>
. In
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Howell</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
,
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>West</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
and
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Cross</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(eds),
<source>Representing Musical Structure</source>
(pp.
<fpage>245</fpage>
<lpage>72</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Academic Press</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr54-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Widmer</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2000</year>
).
<source>On the potential of machine learning for music research</source>
. In
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Miranda</surname>
<given-names>E. R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(ed.),
<source>Readings in Music and Artificial Intelligence</source>
(pp.
<fpage>69</fpage>
<lpage>84</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>Amsterdam</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Harwood Academic Publishers</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr55-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Wiggins</surname>
<given-names>G. A.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Smaill</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>2000</year>
).
<source>What can artificial intelligence bring to the musician?</source>
In
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Miranda</surname>
<given-names>E. R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(ed.),
<source>Readings in Music and Artificial Intelligence</source>
(pp.
<fpage>29</fpage>
<lpage>46</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>Amsterdam</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Harwood Academic Publishers</publisher-name>
. Available online at
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/-geraint/papers/miranda_collection.pdf" xlink:type="simple">http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/-geraint/papers/miranda_collection.pdf</ext-link>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr56-102986490200600203">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Xenakis</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1971</year>
).
<source>Formalised Music</source>
.
<publisher-loc>Bloomington, Indiana</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Indiana University Press</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
</istex:document>
</istex:metadataXml>
<mods version="3.6">
<titleInfo lang="en">
<title>Motivations and Methodologies for Automation of the Compositional Process</title>
</titleInfo>
<titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA">
<title>Motivations and Methodologies for Automation of the Compositional Process</title>
</titleInfo>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Marcus</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Pearce</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">David</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Meredith</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Geraint</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Wiggins</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource>
<genre type="research-article" displayLabel="research-article" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-1JC4F85T-7">research-article</genre>
<originInfo>
<publisher>SAGE Publications</publisher>
<place>
<placeTerm type="text">Sage UK: London, England</placeTerm>
</place>
<dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2002</dateIssued>
<copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2002</copyrightDate>
</originInfo>
<language>
<languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm>
<languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm>
</language>
<abstract lang="en">Our aim in this paper is to clarify the range of motivations that have inspired the development of computer programs for the composition of music. We consider this to be important since different methodologies are appropriate for different motivations and goals. We argue that a widespread failure to specify the motivations and goals involved has lead to a methodological malaise in music related research. A brief consideration of some of the earliest attempts to produce computational systems for the composition of music leads us to identify four activities involving the development of computer programs which compose music each of which is inspired by different practical or theoretical motivations. These activities are algorithmic composition, the design of compositional tools, the computational modelling of musical styles and the computational modelling of music cognition. We consider these four motivations in turn, illustrating the problems that have arisen from failing to distinguish between them. We propose a terminology that clearly differentiates the activities defined by the four motivations and present methodological suggestions for research in each domain. While it is dearly important for researchers to embrace developments in related disciplines, we argue that research in the four domains will continueto stagnate unless the motivations and aims of research projects are clearly stated and appropriate methodologies are adopted for developing and evaluating systems that compose music.</abstract>
<abstract lang="es">Nuestro objetivo en este trabajo es clarificar el cojunto de motivaciones que han inspirado el desarrollo de progamas informáticos destinados a la composición musical. Consideramos la importancia de esto desde diferentes metodologías apropiadas para diferentes motivaciones y objetos. Argüimos que un extendido error al especificar las motivaciones y objetivos buscados ha conducido a un fracaso metodológico en la investigación relacionada con la música. Una breve consideración de algunos de los más tempranos intentos de conseguir sistemas informáticos para la composición musical nos lleva a identificar cuatro actividades relacionadas con el desarrollo de programas informáticos que componen música, cada uno de los cuales está inspirado por diferentes motivaciones prácticas o teóricas. Dichas actividades son la composición algorítmica, el diseño de herramientas compositivas, la modelización informática de estilos musicales y la modelización informática de la cognición musical. Consideramos estas cuatro motivaciones de nuevo, ilustrando los problemas que implica una distinción errónea entre ellas. Proponemos una terminología que diferencie claramente las actividades definidas por las cuatro motivaciones y presente sugerencias metodológicas para la investigación en cada campo. Aunque es claramente importante para los investigadores abrazar desarrollos en disciplinas afines, sostenemos que la investigación de los cuatro campos continuará estancada a menos que las motivaciones y objetivos de los proyectos de investigación estén claramente establecidos y se adopten las metodologías apropiadas para desarrollar y evaluar los sistemas de composición musical.</abstract>
<abstract lang="it">Lo scopo del presente articolo è di chiarire la serie di motivazioni che ha ispirato lo sviluppo di software per la composizione musicale. Riteniamo importante tale chiarimento, considerato che metodologie differenti sono appropriate per motivazioni e scopi differenti. Sosteniamo che una diffusa negligenza nello specificare le motivazioni e gli scopi in questione abbia portato ad un malessere metodologico nella relativa ricerca musicale. Una breve rassegna di alcuni fra i primi tentativi di produrre sistemi informatici per la composizione musicale ci porta a identificare quattro attività riguardanti lo sviluppo di programmi informatici in grado di comporre musica, ognuna delle quali è mossa a da differenti motivazioni pratiche o teoriche. Tali attività sono la composizione algoritmica, la progettazione di strumenti per la composizione, i modelli informatici degli stili musicali e i modelli informatici della cognizione musicale. Prendiamo in considerazione una per una queste quattro motivazioni, illustrando i problemi che sono sorti dalla mancanza di distinzione fra di esse. Proponiamo una terminologia che differenzi chiaramente le attività definite dalle quattro motivazioni, e presentiamo suggerimenti metodologici per la ricerca in ognuno di tali ambiti. Mentre è certamente importante che i ricercatori accolgano gli sviluppi delle discipline correlate, sosteniamo che la ricerca in quei quattro ambiti continuerà a ristagnare a meno che le motivazioni e gli scopi dei progetti di ricerca non vengano chiaramente determinati, e non vengano adottate metodologie appropriate per lo sviluppo e la valutazione dei sistemi per la composizione musicale.</abstract>
<abstract lang="fr">On cherche ici à éclaircir les motivations sur lesquelles se fondent le développement de programmes informatiques destinés à la composition musicale. A notre sens, il s'agit là d'une question importante, puisque les méthodologies sont à la fois fonction des motivations et des buts. Nous soutenons même que l'ignorance largement répandue des motivations et des buts qui entrent ici en jeu est à l'origine d'un malaise méthodologique au sein de la recherche musicale. Un survol de quelques-uns des tout premiers systèmes informatiques destinés à la composition musicale donne à penser que quatre activités interviennent dans le développement de ces programmes informatiques et que chacune d'elles découle de motivations pratiques et théoriques distinctes. ***Il s'agit d'une part de la composition algorithmique, de la conception d'outils compositionnels et de la modélisation informatique des styles musicaux, et, de l'autre, de la cognition musicale. On étudie successivement ces quatre motivations, en mettant chaque fois l'accent sur l'un des problèmes issus d'une non-identification précise desdites motivations. C'est pourquoi nous proposons une terminologie où sont clairement différenciées les activités inhérentes aux quatre motivations ainsi que des méthodologies de recherche propres à chacun de ces domaines. Certes, la recherche ne peut ignorer les développements des disciplines connexes, mais, s'agissant des quatre domaines en question, elle continuera à stagner tant que ne seront pas clairement fixés les motivations et les buts ni adoptées des méthodologies en adéquation avec le développement et l'évaluation des systèmes de composition musicale.</abstract>
<abstract lang="de">Ziel dieses Beitrages ist es, die verschiedenen Beweggründe für die Entwicklung von Computerprogrammen zur Komposition von Musik zu erhellen. Dies erscheint wichtig, da unterschiedliche Motivationen und Ziele unterschiedliche Vorgehensweisen verlangen. Es wird die Ansicht vertreten, daß ein weitgehender Verzicht auf die Spezifizierung von Motiven und Zielen zu einem methodologischen Unbehagen in der musikbezogenen Forschung geführt hat Eine kurze Betrachtung einiger der frühesten Versuche, Rechensysteme für die Komposition von Musik zu entwickeln, führt zur Identifikation von vier Aktivitäten, welche die Entwicklung von Computerprogrammen zur Komposition von Musik einschlossen, von denen jede durch verschiedene praktische oder theoretische Motivationen angeregt wurde. Es sind dies: algorithmische Komposition, die Art des kompositorischen Instrumentariums, die rechnerische Modellierung von Musikstilen und die Modellierung der musikalischen Notation. Diese vier Motivationen werden nacheinander betrachtet, wobei die Probleme, die aus der mangelnden Unterscheidung zwischen ihnen entstanden sind, illustriert werden. Es wird eine Terminologie vorgeschlagen, welche klar zwischen den angeführten Aktivitäten differenziert und methodische Vorschläge für die Forschung in jedem dieser Bereiche vorstellt. Trotz der Wichtigkeit der Einbeziehung von Entwicklungen in verwandten Disziplinen, sind wird der Ansicht, daß die Forschung in diesen vier Bereichen weiterhin stagnieren wird, wenn die Motivationen und Ziele der Forschungsprojekte nicht deutlich herausgestellt und geeignete Methoden für die Entwicklung und Evaluierung von Kompositionstechniken adaptiert werden.</abstract>
<relatedItem type="host">
<titleInfo>
<title>Musicae scientiae</title>
</titleInfo>
<genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre>
<identifier type="ISSN">1029-8649</identifier>
<identifier type="eISSN">2045-4147</identifier>
<identifier type="PublisherID">MSX</identifier>
<identifier type="PublisherID-hwp">spmsx</identifier>
<part>
<date>2002</date>
<detail type="title">
<title>Themed issue: Hommage a Jean-Pierre Lecanuet</title>
</detail>
<detail type="volume">
<caption>vol.</caption>
<number>6</number>
</detail>
<detail type="issue">
<caption>no.</caption>
<number>2</number>
</detail>
<extent unit="pages">
<start>119</start>
<end>147</end>
</extent>
</part>
</relatedItem>
<identifier type="istex">0F76E0001EA0407166A6C9D397195710D2ABD4EF</identifier>
<identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/M70-84NB0TTN-2</identifier>
<identifier type="DOI">10.1177/102986490200600203</identifier>
<identifier type="ArticleID">10.1177_102986490200600203</identifier>
<accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© 2002 European Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music</accessCondition>
<recordInfo>
<recordContentSource authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-0J1N7DQT-B">sage</recordContentSource>
<recordOrigin>© 2002 European Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music</recordOrigin>
</recordInfo>
</mods>
<json:item>
<extension>json</extension>
<original>false</original>
<mimetype>application/json</mimetype>
<uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/0F76E0001EA0407166A6C9D397195710D2ABD4EF/metadata/json</uri>
</json:item>
</metadata>
<serie></serie>
</istex>
</record>

Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)

EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Musique/explor/XenakisV1/Data/Istex/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000539 | SxmlIndent | more

Ou

HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Istex/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000539 | SxmlIndent | more

Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri

{{Explor lien
   |wiki=    Wicri/Musique
   |area=    XenakisV1
   |flux=    Istex
   |étape=   Corpus
   |type=    RBID
   |clé=     ISTEX:0F76E0001EA0407166A6C9D397195710D2ABD4EF
   |texte=   Motivations and Methodologies for Automation of the Compositional Process
}}

Wicri

This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33.
Data generation: Thu Nov 8 16:12:13 2018. Site generation: Wed Mar 6 22:10:31 2024