Serveur d'exploration Xenakis

Attention, ce site est en cours de développement !
Attention, site généré par des moyens informatiques à partir de corpus bruts.
Les informations ne sont donc pas validées.

The Macroform in Post-Tonalmusic. Listening and Analysis

Identifieur interne : 000538 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000537; suivant : 000539

The Macroform in Post-Tonalmusic. Listening and Analysis

Auteurs : Mario Baroni

Source :

RBID : ISTEX:DDEA013C4451BE1B6FFB19CD076725DA679F9AE6

English descriptors

Abstract

Form in classical music is fundamentally a question of organising musical time in order to facilitate a listening corresponding to author's expectations. In the past this was obtained by coordinating different parameters towards a single goal. In twentieth century music, the more detached relationship between the composer and the listener meant that less importance was given to the idea of “correct” listening and to the coordination of parameters. This article is devoted to one of the extreme points in this process: A quartet by Bruno Maderna composed in 1956 under the influence of the ideologies of Darmstadt. The quartet was examined by three different groups of analysts. The first group examined the score of the quartet, while the third group only had a recorded performance at its disposal; the second group analyzed both the score and the performance. The three groups had to describe the form of the piece in terms of three hierarchical levels: Its microform {i.e. the organisation of minimal units not divisible into smaller parts); its macroform (i.e. its division into the minimum possible number of parts); the medium form {i.e. a collection of minimal units that could also be interpreted as an acceptable division of the parts at a macroformal level). Two basic criteria were used: Segmentation (local parametric discontinuity between two adjacent parts) and similarity (coherence between the parameters within each part). The results of the three analyses were somewhat diverse, thus demonstrating the tendency to relax the sense of form in such a quartet, as well as the presence of different procedures used when listening to a performance and analysing a score.
La forma en la música clásica puede ser descrita como una organización del tiempo musical que facilita una escucha que se corresponde con las expectativas del compositor. En épocas pasadas, esto se conseguía coordinando diversos parámetros musicales hacia un plan común. En el siglo XX, al interrumpirse la relación entre compositor y oyente, disminuyó la importancia de la escucha “correcta” y la consiguiente coordinación de parámetros. El presente artículo está dedicado a uno de los ejemplos extremos de este proceso: Un cuarteto de Bruno Maderna, compuesto en 1965, en el ámbito de las tendencias estéticas de Darmstadt. El cuarteto ha sido examinado por tres grupos diferentes de analistas: El primer grupo ha analizado exclusivamente la partitura de la obra, mientras que el tercero ha tenido sólo a su disposición una grabación de la misma; el segundo analizó ambas, tanto la partitura como la interpretación. Los tres grupos debían definir la forma de la pieza, teniendo en cuenta tres niveles jerárquicos: Su microforma (esto es, su organización en unidades mínimas no divisibles ulteriormente), su macroforma (es decir, su división en el mínimo número posible de partes), y su “medioforma” (es decir, una enumeración de unidades mínimas que podrían también constituir un modo aceptable de subdividir la macroforma). Se han empleado dos criterios básicos: La segmentación (discontinuidad local paramétrica entre dos partes contiguas) y la similaridad (coherencia entre los parámetros dentro de cada parte). Los tres análisis han producido resultados divergentes, demostrando tanto la tendencia del cuarteto a relajar el sentido de la forma, como la presencia de procedimientos sustancialmente diversos entre el análisis de la partitura y la escucha de la interpretación.
La forma nella musica classica può essere descritta come un'organizzazione del tempo musicale che facilita un ascolto corrispondente alle attese del compositore. In epoche passate questo scopo veniva raggiunto mediante il coordinamento di più parametri musicali verso un obiettivo comune. Nel Novecento l'allentarsi delle relazioni fra compositori e ascoltatori diminuì l'importanza dell'ascolto “corretto” e del conseguente coordinamento fra parametri. Il presente articolo è dedicato a uno degli esempi estremi di questo processo: Un quartetto di Bruno Maderna composto nel 1965 nell'ambito delle tendenze estetiche di Darmstadt. Il quartetto è stato esaminato da tre diversi gruppi di analisti: Il primo gruppo ha analizzato esclusivamente la partitura dell'opera, mentre il terzo ha avuto a disposizione solo la sua esecuzione registrata. Il secondo aveva a disposizione sia la partitura, sia l'esecuzione. I tre gruppi di analisti dovevano descrivere la forma del pezzo tenendo conto di tre livelli gerarchici: La sua microforma (cioè la sua organizzazione in unità minime non ulteriormente divisibili); la sua macroforma (cioè la sua divisione nel minimo numero possibile di parti) e la sua medio forma (cioè un aggregato di unità microformali che potesse anche costituire un modo accettabile di suddividere le varie parti della macroforma). Sono stati usati due criteri di base: La segmentazione (discontinuità locale dei parametri fra una parte e un'altra contigua) e la similarità (coerenza fra parametri all'interno di ogni parte). Le tre analisi hanno prodotto risultati divergenti, dimostrando così sia la tendenza del quartetto a rilassare il senso della forma, sia la presenza delle procedure sostanzialmente diverse messe in atto nell'analisi della partitura e nell'ascolto dell'esecuzione.
La forme, en musique classique, est fondamentalement une question d'organisation du temps musical destinée à orienter l'écoute vers les attentes de l'auteur. Dans le passé, cet objectif était atteint par la coordination de plusieurs paramètres vers un měme but. Au XXe siècle, du fait de la distanciation de la relation entre le compositeur et l'auditeur, une importance moindre est attachée à l'idée d'une écoute “correcte” et à la coordination des paramètres. Cet article est consacré à l'un des aspects extrěmes de ce processus: Un quatuor de Bruno Maderna composé en 1956 sous l'influence de l'idéologie de Darmstadt. Le quatuor en question est étudié par trois groupes distincts d'analystes. Le premier étudie la partition de l'œuvre, tandis que le troisième ne dispose que d'un enregistrement; le deuxième groupe dispose, pour sa part, de la partition et de l'enregistrement. Il est demandé à chacun des groupes de donner une description de la forme de la pièce en trois niveaux hiérarchiques: Sa microforme (l'organisation des unités minimales non divisibles en parties plus petites), sa macroforme (sa division en un nombre de parties le plus restreint possible) et la forme médiane (un ensemble d'unités minimales pouvant aussi être interprété comme une division acceptable des parties au niveau macroformel). Deux critères de base sont utilisés: La segmentation (la discontinuité paramétrique au niveau local entre deux parties contiguës) et la similarité (la cohérence entre les paramètres à l'intérieur de chacune des parties). Les résultats des trois analyses divergent quelque peu; en ce sens, ils témoignent à la fois d'un relâchement du sens de la forme dans ce genre de quatuor et de l'utilisation de procédures différentes lors de l'écoute d'une exécution et de l'analyse d'une partition.
Die Form ist in klassischer Musik eine Frage der Organisation musikalischer Zeit, die eine hōrbare Übereinstimmung mit den vom Komponisten intendierten Erwartungen erreicht. Die Kombination verschiedener Parameter wurde auf dieses eine Ziel hin miteinander abgestimmt. In der Musik des 20. Jahrhunderts distanziert sich das Verhältnis zwischen Komponist und Hörer in sofern, als sowohl die Idee des “richtigen” Hörens an Bedeutung verlor als auch die Koordination von Parametern. Dieser Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit einem der extremsten Kompositionen in diesem Prozess: Einem Quartett von Bruno Maderna, das 1956 unter dem Einfluss der Darmstädter Ideen entstand. Das Quartett wurde von drei verschiedenen Gruppen analysiert. Eine erste Gruppe analysierte die Partitur, einer dritten Gruppe stand lediglich eine Aufnahme der Komposition zur Verfügung. Eine zweite Gruppe analysierte sowohl die Partitur als auch die Aufnahme. Die drei Gruppen sollten drei hierarchische Ebenen der Form des Werkes beschreiben: Seine “Mikroform” (d. h. die Unterteilung in kleinstmögliche Einheiten, die in keine weiteren Einheiten unterteilt werden konnten), seine “Makroform” (d. h. Unterteilung in die kleinstmögliche Anzahl verschiedener Abschnitte), seine “Mediumform” (d. h. Zusammenschlüsse von kleinstmöglichen Einheiten, die als Einheiten auf einer makroformalen Ebene akzeptierbar wären). Zwei grundlegende Kriterien wurden angewandt: Segmentierung (lokale parametrische Diskontinuität zwischen zwei benachbarten Abschnitten) und Ähnlichkeiten (Kohärenz zwischen den Parametern innerhalb eines jeden Parts). Die Ergebnisse der drei Analysen waren unterschiedlich. Daraus spricht die Tendenz, dass in dem Quartett das Gefühl für die Form weniger streng ist. Es werden durch Partitur oder Aufnahme offensichtlich verschiedene Hörweisen angeregt.

Url:
DOI: 10.1177/102986490300700202

Links to Exploration step

ISTEX:DDEA013C4451BE1B6FFB19CD076725DA679F9AE6

Le document en format XML

<record>
<TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct">
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc>
<titleStmt>
<title xml:lang="en">The Macroform in Post-Tonalmusic. Listening and Analysis</title>
<author wicri:is="90%">
<name sortKey="Baroni, Mario" sort="Baroni, Mario" uniqKey="Baroni M" first="Mario" last="Baroni">Mario Baroni</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Università “AlmaMater” di Bologna</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Università “AlmaMater” di Bologna</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Address for correspondence: Prof. Mario Baroni, Universita di Bologna, Dipartimento di Musica e Spettacolo, Via Barberia4, 40123, Bologna, Italy,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>E-mail: baroni@muspe.unibo.it</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt>
<idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno>
<idno type="RBID">ISTEX:DDEA013C4451BE1B6FFB19CD076725DA679F9AE6</idno>
<date when="2003" year="2003">2003</date>
<idno type="doi">10.1177/102986490300700202</idno>
<idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/DDEA013C4451BE1B6FFB19CD076725DA679F9AE6/fulltext/pdf</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">000538</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">000538</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">The Macroform in Post-Tonalmusic. Listening and Analysis</title>
<author wicri:is="90%">
<name sortKey="Baroni, Mario" sort="Baroni, Mario" uniqKey="Baroni M" first="Mario" last="Baroni">Mario Baroni</name>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Università “AlmaMater” di Bologna</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Università “AlmaMater” di Bologna</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Address for correspondence: Prof. Mario Baroni, Universita di Bologna, Dipartimento di Musica e Spettacolo, Via Barberia4, 40123, Bologna, Italy,</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>E-mail: baroni@muspe.unibo.it</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<monogr></monogr>
<series>
<title level="j">Musicae scientiae</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1029-8649</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">2045-4147</idno>
<imprint>
<publisher>SAGE Publications</publisher>
<pubPlace>Sage UK: London, England</pubPlace>
<date type="published" when="2003">2003</date>
<biblScope unit="volume">7</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" from="219">219</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" to="240">240</biblScope>
</imprint>
<idno type="ISSN">1029-8649</idno>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
<seriesStmt>
<idno type="ISSN">1029-8649</idno>
</seriesStmt>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc>
<textClass>
<keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en">
<term>Acceptable elements</term>
<term>Adjacent parts</term>
<term>Baroni</term>
<term>Bruno</term>
<term>Bruno maderna</term>
<term>Certain criteria</term>
<term>Certain number</term>
<term>Chicago press</term>
<term>Compositional</term>
<term>Constructive procedures</term>
<term>Deliege</term>
<term>Different parameters</term>
<term>Discontinuity</term>
<term>Egidio pozzi</term>
<term>Entre</term>
<term>First group</term>
<term>First part</term>
<term>Golden section</term>
<term>Hierarchical levels</term>
<term>Interpretative approach</term>
<term>Irene deliege</term>
<term>Local discontinuity</term>
<term>Macroform</term>
<term>Maderna</term>
<term>Marco russo</term>
<term>Mario</term>
<term>Medioform</term>
<term>Minimal units</term>
<term>Music mario baroni</term>
<term>Music perception</term>
<term>Musica</term>
<term>Musical form</term>
<term>Next page</term>
<term>Organisation</term>
<term>Other hand</term>
<term>Other words</term>
<term>Overall effect</term>
<term>Oxford university press</term>
<term>Parameter</term>
<term>Parametrical</term>
<term>Parametrical congruence</term>
<term>Piero venturini</term>
<term>Present article</term>
<term>Present context</term>
<term>Quartetto</term>
<term>Real time</term>
<term>Same effect</term>
<term>Second group</term>
<term>Segmentation</term>
<term>Third group</term>
<term>Twentieth century</term>
<term>Twentieth century music</term>
<term>Unidades minimas</term>
<term>Various parameters</term>
<term>Vuota</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
<langUsage>
<language ident="en">en</language>
</langUsage>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Form in classical music is fundamentally a question of organising musical time in order to facilitate a listening corresponding to author's expectations. In the past this was obtained by coordinating different parameters towards a single goal. In twentieth century music, the more detached relationship between the composer and the listener meant that less importance was given to the idea of “correct” listening and to the coordination of parameters. This article is devoted to one of the extreme points in this process: A quartet by Bruno Maderna composed in 1956 under the influence of the ideologies of Darmstadt. The quartet was examined by three different groups of analysts. The first group examined the score of the quartet, while the third group only had a recorded performance at its disposal; the second group analyzed both the score and the performance. The three groups had to describe the form of the piece in terms of three hierarchical levels: Its microform {i.e. the organisation of minimal units not divisible into smaller parts); its macroform (i.e. its division into the minimum possible number of parts); the medium form {i.e. a collection of minimal units that could also be interpreted as an acceptable division of the parts at a macroformal level). Two basic criteria were used: Segmentation (local parametric discontinuity between two adjacent parts) and similarity (coherence between the parameters within each part). The results of the three analyses were somewhat diverse, thus demonstrating the tendency to relax the sense of form in such a quartet, as well as the presence of different procedures used when listening to a performance and analysing a score.</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="es">La forma en la música clásica puede ser descrita como una organización del tiempo musical que facilita una escucha que se corresponde con las expectativas del compositor. En épocas pasadas, esto se conseguía coordinando diversos parámetros musicales hacia un plan común. En el siglo XX, al interrumpirse la relación entre compositor y oyente, disminuyó la importancia de la escucha “correcta” y la consiguiente coordinación de parámetros. El presente artículo está dedicado a uno de los ejemplos extremos de este proceso: Un cuarteto de Bruno Maderna, compuesto en 1965, en el ámbito de las tendencias estéticas de Darmstadt. El cuarteto ha sido examinado por tres grupos diferentes de analistas: El primer grupo ha analizado exclusivamente la partitura de la obra, mientras que el tercero ha tenido sólo a su disposición una grabación de la misma; el segundo analizó ambas, tanto la partitura como la interpretación. Los tres grupos debían definir la forma de la pieza, teniendo en cuenta tres niveles jerárquicos: Su microforma (esto es, su organización en unidades mínimas no divisibles ulteriormente), su macroforma (es decir, su división en el mínimo número posible de partes), y su “medioforma” (es decir, una enumeración de unidades mínimas que podrían también constituir un modo aceptable de subdividir la macroforma). Se han empleado dos criterios básicos: La segmentación (discontinuidad local paramétrica entre dos partes contiguas) y la similaridad (coherencia entre los parámetros dentro de cada parte). Los tres análisis han producido resultados divergentes, demostrando tanto la tendencia del cuarteto a relajar el sentido de la forma, como la presencia de procedimientos sustancialmente diversos entre el análisis de la partitura y la escucha de la interpretación.</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="it">La forma nella musica classica può essere descritta come un'organizzazione del tempo musicale che facilita un ascolto corrispondente alle attese del compositore. In epoche passate questo scopo veniva raggiunto mediante il coordinamento di più parametri musicali verso un obiettivo comune. Nel Novecento l'allentarsi delle relazioni fra compositori e ascoltatori diminuì l'importanza dell'ascolto “corretto” e del conseguente coordinamento fra parametri. Il presente articolo è dedicato a uno degli esempi estremi di questo processo: Un quartetto di Bruno Maderna composto nel 1965 nell'ambito delle tendenze estetiche di Darmstadt. Il quartetto è stato esaminato da tre diversi gruppi di analisti: Il primo gruppo ha analizzato esclusivamente la partitura dell'opera, mentre il terzo ha avuto a disposizione solo la sua esecuzione registrata. Il secondo aveva a disposizione sia la partitura, sia l'esecuzione. I tre gruppi di analisti dovevano descrivere la forma del pezzo tenendo conto di tre livelli gerarchici: La sua microforma (cioè la sua organizzazione in unità minime non ulteriormente divisibili); la sua macroforma (cioè la sua divisione nel minimo numero possibile di parti) e la sua medio forma (cioè un aggregato di unità microformali che potesse anche costituire un modo accettabile di suddividere le varie parti della macroforma). Sono stati usati due criteri di base: La segmentazione (discontinuità locale dei parametri fra una parte e un'altra contigua) e la similarità (coerenza fra parametri all'interno di ogni parte). Le tre analisi hanno prodotto risultati divergenti, dimostrando così sia la tendenza del quartetto a rilassare il senso della forma, sia la presenza delle procedure sostanzialmente diverse messe in atto nell'analisi della partitura e nell'ascolto dell'esecuzione.</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="fr">La forme, en musique classique, est fondamentalement une question d'organisation du temps musical destinée à orienter l'écoute vers les attentes de l'auteur. Dans le passé, cet objectif était atteint par la coordination de plusieurs paramètres vers un měme but. Au XXe siècle, du fait de la distanciation de la relation entre le compositeur et l'auditeur, une importance moindre est attachée à l'idée d'une écoute “correcte” et à la coordination des paramètres. Cet article est consacré à l'un des aspects extrěmes de ce processus: Un quatuor de Bruno Maderna composé en 1956 sous l'influence de l'idéologie de Darmstadt. Le quatuor en question est étudié par trois groupes distincts d'analystes. Le premier étudie la partition de l'œuvre, tandis que le troisième ne dispose que d'un enregistrement; le deuxième groupe dispose, pour sa part, de la partition et de l'enregistrement. Il est demandé à chacun des groupes de donner une description de la forme de la pièce en trois niveaux hiérarchiques: Sa microforme (l'organisation des unités minimales non divisibles en parties plus petites), sa macroforme (sa division en un nombre de parties le plus restreint possible) et la forme médiane (un ensemble d'unités minimales pouvant aussi être interprété comme une division acceptable des parties au niveau macroformel). Deux critères de base sont utilisés: La segmentation (la discontinuité paramétrique au niveau local entre deux parties contiguës) et la similarité (la cohérence entre les paramètres à l'intérieur de chacune des parties). Les résultats des trois analyses divergent quelque peu; en ce sens, ils témoignent à la fois d'un relâchement du sens de la forme dans ce genre de quatuor et de l'utilisation de procédures différentes lors de l'écoute d'une exécution et de l'analyse d'une partition.</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="de">Die Form ist in klassischer Musik eine Frage der Organisation musikalischer Zeit, die eine hōrbare Übereinstimmung mit den vom Komponisten intendierten Erwartungen erreicht. Die Kombination verschiedener Parameter wurde auf dieses eine Ziel hin miteinander abgestimmt. In der Musik des 20. Jahrhunderts distanziert sich das Verhältnis zwischen Komponist und Hörer in sofern, als sowohl die Idee des “richtigen” Hörens an Bedeutung verlor als auch die Koordination von Parametern. Dieser Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit einem der extremsten Kompositionen in diesem Prozess: Einem Quartett von Bruno Maderna, das 1956 unter dem Einfluss der Darmstädter Ideen entstand. Das Quartett wurde von drei verschiedenen Gruppen analysiert. Eine erste Gruppe analysierte die Partitur, einer dritten Gruppe stand lediglich eine Aufnahme der Komposition zur Verfügung. Eine zweite Gruppe analysierte sowohl die Partitur als auch die Aufnahme. Die drei Gruppen sollten drei hierarchische Ebenen der Form des Werkes beschreiben: Seine “Mikroform” (d. h. die Unterteilung in kleinstmögliche Einheiten, die in keine weiteren Einheiten unterteilt werden konnten), seine “Makroform” (d. h. Unterteilung in die kleinstmögliche Anzahl verschiedener Abschnitte), seine “Mediumform” (d. h. Zusammenschlüsse von kleinstmöglichen Einheiten, die als Einheiten auf einer makroformalen Ebene akzeptierbar wären). Zwei grundlegende Kriterien wurden angewandt: Segmentierung (lokale parametrische Diskontinuität zwischen zwei benachbarten Abschnitten) und Ähnlichkeiten (Kohärenz zwischen den Parametern innerhalb eines jeden Parts). Die Ergebnisse der drei Analysen waren unterschiedlich. Daraus spricht die Tendenz, dass in dem Quartett das Gefühl für die Form weniger streng ist. Es werden durch Partitur oder Aufnahme offensichtlich verschiedene Hörweisen angeregt.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<istex>
<corpusName>sage</corpusName>
<keywords>
<teeft>
<json:string>macroform</json:string>
<json:string>baroni</json:string>
<json:string>segmentation</json:string>
<json:string>deliege</json:string>
<json:string>maderna</json:string>
<json:string>medioform</json:string>
<json:string>quartetto</json:string>
<json:string>vuota</json:string>
<json:string>music perception</json:string>
<json:string>organisation</json:string>
<json:string>entre</json:string>
<json:string>parametrical</json:string>
<json:string>compositional</json:string>
<json:string>bruno</json:string>
<json:string>other words</json:string>
<json:string>third group</json:string>
<json:string>music mario baroni</json:string>
<json:string>bruno maderna</json:string>
<json:string>musica</json:string>
<json:string>mario</json:string>
<json:string>musical form</json:string>
<json:string>first group</json:string>
<json:string>local discontinuity</json:string>
<json:string>adjacent parts</json:string>
<json:string>irene deliege</json:string>
<json:string>hierarchical levels</json:string>
<json:string>present article</json:string>
<json:string>twentieth century</json:string>
<json:string>different parameters</json:string>
<json:string>certain number</json:string>
<json:string>parametrical congruence</json:string>
<json:string>next page</json:string>
<json:string>acceptable elements</json:string>
<json:string>twentieth century music</json:string>
<json:string>second group</json:string>
<json:string>discontinuity</json:string>
<json:string>present context</json:string>
<json:string>same effect</json:string>
<json:string>minimal units</json:string>
<json:string>unidades minimas</json:string>
<json:string>first part</json:string>
<json:string>other hand</json:string>
<json:string>constructive procedures</json:string>
<json:string>egidio pozzi</json:string>
<json:string>marco russo</json:string>
<json:string>piero venturini</json:string>
<json:string>golden section</json:string>
<json:string>overall effect</json:string>
<json:string>interpretative approach</json:string>
<json:string>certain criteria</json:string>
<json:string>real time</json:string>
<json:string>chicago press</json:string>
<json:string>oxford university press</json:string>
<json:string>various parameters</json:string>
<json:string>parameter</json:string>
</teeft>
</keywords>
<author>
<json:item>
<name>Mario Baroni</name>
<affiliations>
<json:string>Università “AlmaMater” di Bologna</json:string>
<json:string>Università “AlmaMater” di Bologna</json:string>
<json:string>Address for correspondence: Prof. Mario Baroni, Universita di Bologna, Dipartimento di Musica e Spettacolo, Via Barberia4, 40123, Bologna, Italy,</json:string>
<json:string>E-mail: baroni@muspe.unibo.it</json:string>
</affiliations>
</json:item>
</author>
<articleId>
<json:string>10.1177_102986490300700202</json:string>
</articleId>
<arkIstex>ark:/67375/M70-PNKVN7KS-0</arkIstex>
<language>
<json:string>eng</json:string>
</language>
<originalGenre>
<json:string>research-article</json:string>
</originalGenre>
<abstract>Form in classical music is fundamentally a question of organising musical time in order to facilitate a listening corresponding to author's expectations. In the past this was obtained by coordinating different parameters towards a single goal. In twentieth century music, the more detached relationship between the composer and the listener meant that less importance was given to the idea of “correct” listening and to the coordination of parameters. This article is devoted to one of the extreme points in this process: A quartet by Bruno Maderna composed in 1956 under the influence of the ideologies of Darmstadt. The quartet was examined by three different groups of analysts. The first group examined the score of the quartet, while the third group only had a recorded performance at its disposal; the second group analyzed both the score and the performance. The three groups had to describe the form of the piece in terms of three hierarchical levels: Its microform {i.e. the organisation of minimal units not divisible into smaller parts); its macroform (i.e. its division into the minimum possible number of parts); the medium form {i.e. a collection of minimal units that could also be interpreted as an acceptable division of the parts at a macroformal level). Two basic criteria were used: Segmentation (local parametric discontinuity between two adjacent parts) and similarity (coherence between the parameters within each part). The results of the three analyses were somewhat diverse, thus demonstrating the tendency to relax the sense of form in such a quartet, as well as the presence of different procedures used when listening to a performance and analysing a score.</abstract>
<qualityIndicators>
<score>10</score>
<pdfWordCount>8327</pdfWordCount>
<pdfCharCount>50027</pdfCharCount>
<pdfVersion>1.6</pdfVersion>
<pdfPageCount>22</pdfPageCount>
<pdfPageSize>468 x 684 pts</pdfPageSize>
<refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative>
<abstractWordCount>268</abstractWordCount>
<abstractCharCount>1686</abstractCharCount>
<keywordCount>0</keywordCount>
</qualityIndicators>
<title>The Macroform in Post-Tonalmusic. Listening and Analysis</title>
<genre>
<json:string>research-article</json:string>
</genre>
<host>
<title>Musicae scientiae</title>
<language>
<json:string>unknown</json:string>
</language>
<issn>
<json:string>1029-8649</json:string>
</issn>
<eissn>
<json:string>2045-4147</json:string>
</eissn>
<publisherId>
<json:string>MSX</json:string>
</publisherId>
<volume>7</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<pages>
<first>219</first>
<last>240</last>
</pages>
<genre>
<json:string>journal</json:string>
</genre>
</host>
<namedEntities>
<unitex>
<date>
<json:string>1950s</json:string>
<json:string>in the eighteenth century</json:string>
<json:string>the twentieth century</json:string>
<json:string>In twentieth century</json:string>
<json:string>in twentieth century</json:string>
<json:string>20s</json:string>
<json:string>twentieth century</json:string>
<json:string>60s</json:string>
<json:string>in the twentieth century</json:string>
<json:string>1970s</json:string>
<json:string>2003</json:string>
<json:string>1955</json:string>
<json:string>1956</json:string>
<json:string>1910s</json:string>
</date>
<geogName></geogName>
<orgName>
<json:string>University of Bologna</json:string>
</orgName>
<orgName_funder></orgName_funder>
<orgName_provider></orgName_provider>
<persName>
<json:string>Via Barberia</json:string>
<json:string>Marlo Baroni</json:string>
<json:string>Claudio Ambrosini</json:string>
<json:string>Maurizio Gabrieli</json:string>
<json:string>Piero Venturini</json:string>
<json:string>Marco Russo</json:string>
<json:string>Darius Milhaud</json:string>
<json:string>Mario Baroni</json:string>
<json:string>Irene Deliege</json:string>
<json:string>Carol Krumhansl</json:string>
<json:string>Carlo Benzi</json:string>
<json:string>Francesco Finocchiaro</json:string>
<json:string>Anton Webern</json:string>
<json:string>Paolo Somigli</json:string>
<json:string>Susanna Pasticci</json:string>
<json:string>Lerdahl</json:string>
<json:string>Ian Cross</json:string>
<json:string>Celestin Deliege</json:string>
<json:string>Bruno Madernas</json:string>
<json:string>Bruno Maderna</json:string>
<json:string>Anna Rita</json:string>
<json:string>Spettacola</json:string>
<json:string>Meyer</json:string>
<json:string>Jackendoff</json:string>
</persName>
<placeName>
<json:string>Germany</json:string>
<json:string>Darmstadt</json:string>
<json:string>Bologna</json:string>
<json:string>Europe</json:string>
<json:string>Weimar</json:string>
<json:string>Italy</json:string>
</placeName>
<ref_url></ref_url>
<ref_bibl>
<json:string>Baroni, 2001 a, 2001 b</json:string>
<json:string>Ligeti, 1960</json:string>
<json:string>Boulez, 1981</json:string>
<json:string>Weber, 1978</json:string>
<json:string>Handel, 1973</json:string>
<json:string>Baroni, Dalmonte and Jacoboni, 1999, p. 22</json:string>
<json:string>Addessi and Caterina, 2000a, 2000b</json:string>
<json:string>similarity and difference are the terms used by Deliege, 2001, p. 235</json:string>
<json:string>Bent and Drabkin, 1980</json:string>
<json:string>Kramer, 1988</json:string>
<json:string>Chafe, 1994</json:string>
<json:string>Cook, 1994</json:string>
<json:string>Monelle, 1992</json:string>
<json:string>Cook, 1988</json:string>
<json:string>Xenakis, 1956</json:string>
<json:string>Nattiez 1987</json:string>
<json:string>Stefani, 1976</json:string>
<json:string>Swain, 1986</json:string>
<json:string>Deliege, Melen, Stammers and Cross, 1966, p. 123</json:string>
<json:string>Fearn, 1990</json:string>
<json:string>Royer and Garner, 1970</json:string>
<json:string>Imberty, 1981</json:string>
<json:string>Krumhansl, 1998, p. 120</json:string>
<json:string>Fein, 2001</json:string>
<json:string>Molino, 1975</json:string>
<json:string>Nicolas, 1988</json:string>
<json:string>Manzoni, 1958</json:string>
<json:string>Block, 1990</json:string>
<json:string>Imberry, 1981</json:string>
<json:string>Deliege, 1987</json:string>
<json:string>Baroni, 2002</json:string>
<json:string>Verzina, 1995</json:string>
<json:string>Dalmonte and Jacoboni, 1995</json:string>
<json:string>Cantari alLa Madrigalesca, 1931</json:string>
<json:string>Meyer, 1956</json:string>
<json:string>Levinson, 1997</json:string>
<json:string>Narriez, 1987</json:string>
<json:string>Stockhausen, 1962</json:string>
<json:string>reported in Deliege, 1998, p. 84</json:string>
</ref_bibl>
<bibl></bibl>
</unitex>
</namedEntities>
<ark>
<json:string>ark:/67375/M70-PNKVN7KS-0</json:string>
</ark>
<categories>
<wos>
<json:string>1 - social science</json:string>
<json:string>2 - psychology, experimental</json:string>
</wos>
<scienceMetrix>
<json:string>1 - health sciences</json:string>
<json:string>2 - psychology & cognitive sciences</json:string>
<json:string>3 - experimental psychology</json:string>
</scienceMetrix>
<scopus>
<json:string>1 - Social Sciences</json:string>
<json:string>2 - Arts and Humanities</json:string>
<json:string>3 - Music</json:string>
<json:string>1 - Social Sciences</json:string>
<json:string>2 - Psychology</json:string>
<json:string>3 - Experimental and Cognitive Psychology</json:string>
</scopus>
<inist>
<json:string>1 - sciences appliquees, technologies et medecines</json:string>
<json:string>2 - sciences biologiques et medicales</json:string>
<json:string>3 - sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. psychologie</json:string>
</inist>
</categories>
<publicationDate>2003</publicationDate>
<copyrightDate>2003</copyrightDate>
<doi>
<json:string>10.1177/102986490300700202</json:string>
</doi>
<id>DDEA013C4451BE1B6FFB19CD076725DA679F9AE6</id>
<score>1</score>
<fulltext>
<json:item>
<extension>pdf</extension>
<original>true</original>
<mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype>
<uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/DDEA013C4451BE1B6FFB19CD076725DA679F9AE6/fulltext/pdf</uri>
</json:item>
<json:item>
<extension>zip</extension>
<original>false</original>
<mimetype>application/zip</mimetype>
<uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/DDEA013C4451BE1B6FFB19CD076725DA679F9AE6/fulltext/zip</uri>
</json:item>
<istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/DDEA013C4451BE1B6FFB19CD076725DA679F9AE6/fulltext/tei">
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc>
<titleStmt>
<title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">The Macroform in Post-Tonalmusic. Listening and Analysis</title>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt>
<authority>ISTEX</authority>
<publisher scheme="https://publisher-list.data.istex.fr">SAGE Publications</publisher>
<pubPlace>Sage UK: London, England</pubPlace>
<availability>
<licence>
<p>© 2003 European Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music</p>
</licence>
<p scheme="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-0J1N7DQT-B">sage</p>
</availability>
<date>2003</date>
</publicationStmt>
<notesStmt>
<note type="research-article" scheme="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-1JC4F85T-7">research-article</note>
<note type="journal" scheme="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</note>
</notesStmt>
<sourceDesc>
<biblStruct type="inbook">
<analytic>
<title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">The Macroform in Post-Tonalmusic. Listening and Analysis</title>
<author xml:id="author-0000">
<persName>
<forename type="first">Mario</forename>
<surname>Baroni</surname>
</persName>
<email>baroni@muspe.unibo.it</email>
<affiliation>Università “AlmaMater” di Bologna</affiliation>
<affiliation>Università “AlmaMater” di Bologna</affiliation>
<affiliation>Address for correspondence: Prof. Mario Baroni, Universita di Bologna, Dipartimento di Musica e Spettacolo, Via Barberia4, 40123, Bologna, Italy,</affiliation>
</author>
<idno type="istex">DDEA013C4451BE1B6FFB19CD076725DA679F9AE6</idno>
<idno type="ark">ark:/67375/M70-PNKVN7KS-0</idno>
<idno type="DOI">10.1177/102986490300700202</idno>
<idno type="article-id">10.1177_102986490300700202</idno>
</analytic>
<monogr>
<title level="j">Musicae scientiae</title>
<idno type="pISSN">1029-8649</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">2045-4147</idno>
<idno type="publisher-id">MSX</idno>
<idno type="PublisherID-hwp">spmsx</idno>
<imprint>
<publisher>SAGE Publications</publisher>
<pubPlace>Sage UK: London, England</pubPlace>
<date type="published" when="2003"></date>
<biblScope unit="volume">7</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" from="219">219</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" to="240">240</biblScope>
</imprint>
</monogr>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc>
<creation>
<date>2003</date>
</creation>
<langUsage>
<language ident="en">en</language>
</langUsage>
<abstract xml:lang="en">
<p>Form in classical music is fundamentally a question of organising musical time in order to facilitate a listening corresponding to author's expectations. In the past this was obtained by coordinating different parameters towards a single goal. In twentieth century music, the more detached relationship between the composer and the listener meant that less importance was given to the idea of “correct” listening and to the coordination of parameters. This article is devoted to one of the extreme points in this process: A quartet by Bruno Maderna composed in 1956 under the influence of the ideologies of Darmstadt. The quartet was examined by three different groups of analysts. The first group examined the score of the quartet, while the third group only had a recorded performance at its disposal; the second group analyzed both the score and the performance. The three groups had to describe the form of the piece in terms of three hierarchical levels: Its microform {i.e. the organisation of minimal units not divisible into smaller parts); its macroform (i.e. its division into the minimum possible number of parts); the medium form {i.e. a collection of minimal units that could also be interpreted as an acceptable division of the parts at a macroformal level). Two basic criteria were used: Segmentation (local parametric discontinuity between two adjacent parts) and similarity (coherence between the parameters within each part). The results of the three analyses were somewhat diverse, thus demonstrating the tendency to relax the sense of form in such a quartet, as well as the presence of different procedures used when listening to a performance and analysing a score.</p>
</abstract>
<abstract xml:lang="es">
<p>La forma en la música clásica puede ser descrita como una organización del tiempo musical que facilita una escucha que se corresponde con las expectativas del compositor. En épocas pasadas, esto se conseguía coordinando diversos parámetros musicales hacia un plan común. En el siglo XX, al interrumpirse la relación entre compositor y oyente, disminuyó la importancia de la escucha “correcta” y la consiguiente coordinación de parámetros. El presente artículo está dedicado a uno de los ejemplos extremos de este proceso: Un cuarteto de Bruno Maderna, compuesto en 1965, en el ámbito de las tendencias estéticas de Darmstadt. El cuarteto ha sido examinado por tres grupos diferentes de analistas: El primer grupo ha analizado exclusivamente la partitura de la obra, mientras que el tercero ha tenido sólo a su disposición una grabación de la misma; el segundo analizó ambas, tanto la partitura como la interpretación. Los tres grupos debían definir la forma de la pieza, teniendo en cuenta tres niveles jerárquicos: Su microforma (esto es, su organización en unidades mínimas no divisibles ulteriormente), su macroforma (es decir, su división en el mínimo número posible de partes), y su “medioforma” (es decir, una enumeración de unidades mínimas que podrían también constituir un modo aceptable de subdividir la macroforma). Se han empleado dos criterios básicos: La segmentación (discontinuidad local paramétrica entre dos partes contiguas) y la similaridad (coherencia entre los parámetros dentro de cada parte). Los tres análisis han producido resultados divergentes, demostrando tanto la tendencia del cuarteto a relajar el sentido de la forma, como la presencia de procedimientos sustancialmente diversos entre el análisis de la partitura y la escucha de la interpretación.</p>
</abstract>
<abstract xml:lang="it">
<p>La forma nella musica classica può essere descritta come un'organizzazione del tempo musicale che facilita un ascolto corrispondente alle attese del compositore. In epoche passate questo scopo veniva raggiunto mediante il coordinamento di più parametri musicali verso un obiettivo comune. Nel Novecento l'allentarsi delle relazioni fra compositori e ascoltatori diminuì l'importanza dell'ascolto “corretto” e del conseguente coordinamento fra parametri. Il presente articolo è dedicato a uno degli esempi estremi di questo processo: Un quartetto di Bruno Maderna composto nel 1965 nell'ambito delle tendenze estetiche di Darmstadt. Il quartetto è stato esaminato da tre diversi gruppi di analisti: Il primo gruppo ha analizzato esclusivamente la partitura dell'opera, mentre il terzo ha avuto a disposizione solo la sua esecuzione registrata. Il secondo aveva a disposizione sia la partitura, sia l'esecuzione. I tre gruppi di analisti dovevano descrivere la forma del pezzo tenendo conto di tre livelli gerarchici: La sua microforma (cioè la sua organizzazione in unità minime non ulteriormente divisibili); la sua macroforma (cioè la sua divisione nel minimo numero possibile di parti) e la sua medio forma (cioè un aggregato di unità microformali che potesse anche costituire un modo accettabile di suddividere le varie parti della macroforma). Sono stati usati due criteri di base: La segmentazione (discontinuità locale dei parametri fra una parte e un'altra contigua) e la similarità (coerenza fra parametri all'interno di ogni parte). Le tre analisi hanno prodotto risultati divergenti, dimostrando così sia la tendenza del quartetto a rilassare il senso della forma, sia la presenza delle procedure sostanzialmente diverse messe in atto nell'analisi della partitura e nell'ascolto dell'esecuzione.</p>
</abstract>
<abstract xml:lang="fr">
<p>La forme, en musique classique, est fondamentalement une question d'organisation du temps musical destinée à orienter l'écoute vers les attentes de l'auteur. Dans le passé, cet objectif était atteint par la coordination de plusieurs paramètres vers un měme but. Au XXe siècle, du fait de la distanciation de la relation entre le compositeur et l'auditeur, une importance moindre est attachée à l'idée d'une écoute “correcte” et à la coordination des paramètres. Cet article est consacré à l'un des aspects extrěmes de ce processus: Un quatuor de Bruno Maderna composé en 1956 sous l'influence de l'idéologie de Darmstadt. Le quatuor en question est étudié par trois groupes distincts d'analystes. Le premier étudie la partition de l'œuvre, tandis que le troisième ne dispose que d'un enregistrement; le deuxième groupe dispose, pour sa part, de la partition et de l'enregistrement. Il est demandé à chacun des groupes de donner une description de la forme de la pièce en trois niveaux hiérarchiques: Sa microforme (l'organisation des unités minimales non divisibles en parties plus petites), sa macroforme (sa division en un nombre de parties le plus restreint possible) et la forme médiane (un ensemble d'unités minimales pouvant aussi être interprété comme une division acceptable des parties au niveau macroformel). Deux critères de base sont utilisés: La segmentation (la discontinuité paramétrique au niveau local entre deux parties contiguës) et la similarité (la cohérence entre les paramètres à l'intérieur de chacune des parties). Les résultats des trois analyses divergent quelque peu; en ce sens, ils témoignent à la fois d'un relâchement du sens de la forme dans ce genre de quatuor et de l'utilisation de procédures différentes lors de l'écoute d'une exécution et de l'analyse d'une partition.</p>
</abstract>
<abstract xml:lang="de">
<p>Die Form ist in klassischer Musik eine Frage der Organisation musikalischer Zeit, die eine hōrbare Übereinstimmung mit den vom Komponisten intendierten Erwartungen erreicht. Die Kombination verschiedener Parameter wurde auf dieses eine Ziel hin miteinander abgestimmt. In der Musik des 20. Jahrhunderts distanziert sich das Verhältnis zwischen Komponist und Hörer in sofern, als sowohl die Idee des “richtigen” Hörens an Bedeutung verlor als auch die Koordination von Parametern. Dieser Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit einem der extremsten Kompositionen in diesem Prozess: Einem Quartett von Bruno Maderna, das 1956 unter dem Einfluss der Darmstädter Ideen entstand. Das Quartett wurde von drei verschiedenen Gruppen analysiert. Eine erste Gruppe analysierte die Partitur, einer dritten Gruppe stand lediglich eine Aufnahme der Komposition zur Verfügung. Eine zweite Gruppe analysierte sowohl die Partitur als auch die Aufnahme. Die drei Gruppen sollten drei hierarchische Ebenen der Form des Werkes beschreiben: Seine “Mikroform” (d. h. die Unterteilung in kleinstmögliche Einheiten, die in keine weiteren Einheiten unterteilt werden konnten), seine “Makroform” (d. h. Unterteilung in die kleinstmögliche Anzahl verschiedener Abschnitte), seine “Mediumform” (d. h. Zusammenschlüsse von kleinstmöglichen Einheiten, die als Einheiten auf einer makroformalen Ebene akzeptierbar wären). Zwei grundlegende Kriterien wurden angewandt: Segmentierung (lokale parametrische Diskontinuität zwischen zwei benachbarten Abschnitten) und Ähnlichkeiten (Kohärenz zwischen den Parametern innerhalb eines jeden Parts). Die Ergebnisse der drei Analysen waren unterschiedlich. Daraus spricht die Tendenz, dass in dem Quartett das Gefühl für die Form weniger streng ist. Es werden durch Partitur oder Aufnahme offensichtlich verschiedene Hörweisen angeregt.</p>
</abstract>
</profileDesc>
<revisionDesc>
<change when="2003">Published</change>
</revisionDesc>
</teiHeader>
</istex:fulltextTEI>
<json:item>
<extension>txt</extension>
<original>false</original>
<mimetype>text/plain</mimetype>
<uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/DDEA013C4451BE1B6FFB19CD076725DA679F9AE6/fulltext/txt</uri>
</json:item>
</fulltext>
<metadata>
<istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="corpus sage not found" wicri:toSee="no header">
<istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration>
<istex:docType PUBLIC="-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v2.3 20070202//EN" URI="journalpublishing.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType>
<istex:document>
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="2.3" xml:lang="EN">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">MSX</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">spmsx</journal-id>
<journal-title>Musicae Scientiae</journal-title>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1029-8649</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>SAGE Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Sage UK: London, England</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/102986490300700202</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10.1177_102986490300700202</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>The Macroform in Post-Tonalmusic. Listening and Analysis</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Baroni</surname>
<given-names>Mario</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corresp1-102986490300700202"></xref>
<aff>Università “AlmaMater” di Bologna</aff>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="corresp1-102986490300700202">Address for correspondence: Prof. Mario Baroni, Universita di Bologna, Dipartimento di Musica e Spettacolo, Via Barberia4, 40123, Bologna, Italy, e-mail:
<email xlink:href="baroni@muspe.unibo.it" xlink:type="simple">baroni@muspe.unibo.it</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
<month>9</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>7</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>219</fpage>
<lpage>240</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>© 2003 European Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2003</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder content-type="sage">European Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music</copyright-holder>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<p>Form in classical music is fundamentally a question of organising musical time in order to facilitate a listening corresponding to author's expectations. In the past this was obtained by coordinating different parameters towards a single goal. In twentieth century music, the more detached relationship between the composer and the listener meant that less importance was given to the idea of “correct” listening and to the coordination of parameters. This article is devoted to one of the extreme points in this process: A quartet by Bruno Maderna composed in 1956 under the influence of the ideologies of Darmstadt.</p>
<p>The quartet was examined by three different groups of analysts. The first group examined the score of the quartet, while the third group only had a recorded performance at its disposal; the second group analyzed both the score and the performance. The three groups had to describe the form of the piece in terms of three hierarchical levels: Its microform {i.e. the organisation of minimal units not divisible into smaller parts); its macroform (i.e. its division into the minimum possible number of parts); the medium form {i.e. a collection of minimal units that could also be interpreted as an acceptable division of the parts at a macroformal level). Two basic criteria were used: Segmentation (local parametric discontinuity between two adjacent parts) and similarity (coherence between the parameters within each part). The results of the three analyses were somewhat diverse, thus demonstrating the tendency to relax the sense of form in such a quartet, as well as the presence of different procedures used when listening to a performance and analysing a score.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="ES">
<p>La forma en la música clásica puede ser descrita como una organización del tiempo musical que facilita una escucha que se corresponde con las expectativas del compositor. En épocas pasadas, esto se conseguía coordinando diversos parámetros musicales hacia un plan común. En el siglo XX, al interrumpirse la relación entre compositor y oyente, disminuyó la importancia de la escucha “correcta” y la consiguiente coordinación de parámetros. El presente artículo está dedicado a uno de los ejemplos extremos de este proceso: Un cuarteto de Bruno Maderna, compuesto en 1965, en el ámbito de las tendencias estéticas de Darmstadt.</p>
<p>El cuarteto ha sido examinado por tres grupos diferentes de analistas: El primer grupo ha analizado exclusivamente la partitura de la obra, mientras que el tercero ha tenido sólo a su disposición una grabación de la misma; el segundo analizó ambas, tanto la partitura como la interpretación. Los tres grupos debían definir la forma de la pieza, teniendo en cuenta tres niveles jerárquicos: Su microforma (esto es, su organización en unidades mínimas no divisibles ulteriormente), su macroforma (es decir, su división en el mínimo número posible de partes), y su “medioforma” (es decir, una enumeración de unidades mínimas que podrían también constituir un modo aceptable de subdividir la macroforma). Se han empleado dos criterios básicos: La segmentación (discontinuidad local paramétrica entre dos partes contiguas) y la similaridad (coherencia entre los parámetros dentro de cada parte). Los tres análisis han producido resultados divergentes, demostrando tanto la tendencia del cuarteto a relajar el sentido de la forma, como la presencia de procedimientos sustancialmente diversos entre el análisis de la partitura y la escucha de la interpretación.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="IT">
<p>La forma nella musica classica può essere descritta come un'organizzazione del tempo musicale che facilita un ascolto corrispondente alle attese del compositore. In epoche passate questo scopo veniva raggiunto mediante il coordinamento di più parametri musicali verso un obiettivo comune. Nel Novecento l'allentarsi delle relazioni fra compositori e ascoltatori diminuì l'importanza dell'ascolto “corretto” e del conseguente coordinamento fra parametri. Il presente articolo è dedicato a uno degli esempi estremi di questo processo: Un quartetto di Bruno Maderna composto nel 1965 nell'ambito delle tendenze estetiche di Darmstadt.</p>
<p>Il quartetto è stato esaminato da tre diversi gruppi di analisti: Il primo gruppo ha analizzato esclusivamente la partitura dell'opera, mentre il terzo ha avuto a disposizione solo la sua esecuzione registrata. Il secondo aveva a disposizione sia la partitura, sia l'esecuzione. I tre gruppi di analisti dovevano descrivere la forma del pezzo tenendo conto di tre livelli gerarchici: La sua microforma (cioè la sua organizzazione in unità minime non ulteriormente divisibili); la sua macroforma (cioè la sua divisione nel minimo numero possibile di parti) e la sua medio forma (cioè un aggregato di unità microformali che potesse anche costituire un modo accettabile di suddividere le varie parti della macroforma). Sono stati usati due criteri di base: La segmentazione (discontinuità locale dei parametri fra una parte e un'altra contigua) e la similarità (coerenza fra parametri all'interno di ogni parte). Le tre analisi hanno prodotto risultati divergenti, dimostrando così sia la tendenza del quartetto a rilassare il senso della forma, sia la presenza delle procedure sostanzialmente diverse messe in atto nell'analisi della partitura e nell'ascolto dell'esecuzione.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="FR">
<p>La forme, en musique classique, est fondamentalement une question d'organisation du temps musical destinée à orienter l'écoute vers les attentes de l'auteur. Dans le passé, cet objectif était atteint par la coordination de plusieurs paramètres vers un měme but. Au XXe siècle, du fait de la distanciation de la relation entre le compositeur et l'auditeur, une importance moindre est attachée à l'idée d'une écoute “correcte” et à la coordination des paramètres. Cet article est consacré à l'un des aspects extrěmes de ce processus: Un quatuor de Bruno Maderna composé en 1956 sous l'influence de l'idéologie de Darmstadt.</p>
<p>Le quatuor en question est étudié par trois groupes distincts d'analystes. Le premier étudie la partition de l'œuvre, tandis que le troisième ne dispose que d'un enregistrement; le deuxième groupe dispose, pour sa part, de la partition et de l'enregistrement. Il est demandé à chacun des groupes de donner une description de la forme de la pièce en trois niveaux hiérarchiques: Sa microforme (l'organisation des unités minimales non divisibles en parties plus petites), sa macroforme (sa division en un nombre de parties le plus restreint possible) et la forme médiane (un ensemble d'unités minimales pouvant aussi être interprété comme une division acceptable des parties au niveau macroformel). Deux critères de base sont utilisés: La segmentation (la discontinuité paramétrique au niveau local entre deux parties contiguës) et la similarité (la cohérence entre les paramètres à l'intérieur de chacune des parties). Les résultats des trois analyses divergent quelque peu; en ce sens, ils témoignent à la fois d'un relâchement du sens de la forme dans ce genre de quatuor et de l'utilisation de procédures différentes lors de l'écoute d'une exécution et de l'analyse d'une partition.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="DE">
<p>Die Form ist in klassischer Musik eine Frage der Organisation musikalischer Zeit, die eine hōrbare Übereinstimmung mit den vom Komponisten intendierten Erwartungen erreicht. Die Kombination verschiedener Parameter wurde auf dieses eine Ziel hin miteinander abgestimmt. In der Musik des 20. Jahrhunderts distanziert sich das Verhältnis zwischen Komponist und Hörer in sofern, als sowohl die Idee des “richtigen” Hörens an Bedeutung verlor als auch die Koordination von Parametern. Dieser Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit einem der extremsten Kompositionen in diesem Prozess: Einem Quartett von Bruno Maderna, das 1956 unter dem Einfluss der Darmstädter Ideen entstand.</p>
<p>Das Quartett wurde von drei verschiedenen Gruppen analysiert. Eine erste Gruppe analysierte die Partitur, einer dritten Gruppe stand lediglich eine Aufnahme der Komposition zur Verfügung. Eine zweite Gruppe analysierte sowohl die Partitur als auch die Aufnahme. Die drei Gruppen sollten drei hierarchische Ebenen der Form des Werkes beschreiben: Seine “Mikroform” (d. h. die Unterteilung in kleinstmögliche Einheiten, die in keine weiteren Einheiten unterteilt werden konnten), seine “Makroform” (d. h. Unterteilung in die kleinstmögliche Anzahl verschiedener Abschnitte), seine “Mediumform” (d. h. Zusammenschlüsse von kleinstmöglichen Einheiten, die als Einheiten auf einer makroformalen Ebene akzeptierbar wären). Zwei grundlegende Kriterien wurden angewandt: Segmentierung (lokale parametrische Diskontinuität zwischen zwei benachbarten Abschnitten) und Ähnlichkeiten (Kohärenz zwischen den Parametern innerhalb eines jeden Parts). Die Ergebnisse der drei Analysen waren unterschiedlich. Daraus spricht die Tendenz, dass in dem Quartett das Gefühl für die Form weniger streng ist. Es werden durch Partitur oder Aufnahme offensichtlich verschiedene Hörweisen angeregt.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<custom-meta-wrap>
<custom-meta xlink:type="simple">
<meta-name>cover-date</meta-name>
<meta-value>Fall 2003</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-wrap>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="bibr1-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Addessi</surname>
<given-names>A.R.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Caterina</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>2000a</year>
).
<article-title>Perceptual musical analysis: Segmentation and perception of tension</article-title>
.
<source>Musicae Scientiae</source>
,
<volume>4/1</volume>
,
<fpage>31</fpage>
<lpage>54</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr2-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Addessi</surname>
<given-names>A.R.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Caterina</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>2000b</year>
).
<source>On segmentation of post tonal music</source>
. In
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Woods</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Luck</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Brochard</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Seddon</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Sloboda</surname>
<given-names>J A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(Eds),
<source>Sixth international conference on music perception and cognition</source>
, Proceedings, Keele UK, August 5–10 2000, Keele University (available on CD).</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr3-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Baroni</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>2001a</year>
).
<article-title>Nascita e decadenza delle avanguardie musicali</article-title>
. In
<source>Enciclopedia della musica</source>
.
<publisher-loc>Torino</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Einaudi</publisher-name>
,
<volume>Vol. I</volume>
, pp.
<fpage>5</fpage>
<lpage>26</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr4-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Baroni</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>2001b</year>
).
<article-title>Gusti musicali e gruppi sociali</article-title>
. In
<source>Enciclopedia della musica</source>
.
<publisher-loc>Torino</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Einaudi</publisher-name>
,
<volume>Vol. I</volume>
, pp.
<fpage>966</fpage>
<lpage>86</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr5-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Baroni</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>2002</year>
).
<article-title>L'ermeneutica musicale</article-title>
. In
<source>Enciclopedia della musica</source>
.
<publisher-loc>Torino</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Einaudi</publisher-name>
,
<volume>Vol. II</volume>
, pp.
<fpage>631</fpage>
<lpage>58</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr6-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Baroni</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Dalmonte</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Jacoboni</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>1995</year>
).
<article-title>The concept of hierarchy: A theoretical approach</article-title>
. In
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Tarasti</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (Ed.),
<source>Music signification. Essays in the semiotic theory and analysis of music</source>
(pp.
<fpage>325</fpage>
<lpage>34</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>Berlin-New York</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Mouton de Gruyter</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr7-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Baroni</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Dalmonte</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Jacoboni</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>1999</year>
).
<source>Le regale della musica. Indagine sui meccanismi della comunicazione</source>
.
<publisher-loc>Torino</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>EDT</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr8-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Bent</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Drabkin</surname>
<given-names>W</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>1990</year>
).
<source>Analysis</source>
.
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Macmillan</publisher-name>
,
<year>1980</year>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr9-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Block</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (Ed.
<year>1990</year>
).
<source>Cognitive models of psychological time</source>
.
<publisher-loc>Hillsdale N.J.</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Erlbaum</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr10-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Boulez</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>1981</year>
).
<article-title>“Forme”</article-title>
. In
<source>Points de repere</source>
.
<publisher-loc>Paris</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Bourgois</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr11-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Cambouropoulos</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>2001</year>
).
<article-title>“Melodic cue abstraction, similarity, and category formation: A formal model”</article-title>
.
<source>Music Perception</source>
,
<volume>18/3</volume>
,
<fpage>347</fpage>
<lpage>70</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr12-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Chafe</surname>
<given-names>W</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>1994</year>
).
<source>Discourse, consciousness, and time</source>
.
<publisher-name>University of Chicago Press</publisher-name>
,
<publisher-loc>Chicago</publisher-loc>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr13-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Cook</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>1988</year>
).
<source>De l'ambigui'td de la notion de theme pour l'analyse musicale</source>
.
<source>Analyse Musicale</source>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr14-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<volume>13</volume>
,
<fpage>30</fpage>
<lpage>6</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr15-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Cook</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>1994</year>
).
<article-title>Perception: A perspective from music theory</article-title>
. In
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Aiello</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Sloboda</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
),
<source>Musical perceptions</source>
(pp.
<fpage>64</fpage>
<lpage>95</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>New York-Oxford</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Oxford University Press</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr16-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Cross</surname>
<given-names>I</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>1998</year>
).
<article-title>Music Analysis and music perception</article-title>
.
<source>Music Analysis</source>
,
<volume>17/1</volume>
,
<fpage>3</fpage>
<lpage>20</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr17-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Deliege</surname>
<given-names>I</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>1987</year>
).
<article-title>Grouping conditions in listening to music: An approach to Lerdahl and Jackendoffs grouping preference rules</article-title>
.
<source>Music Perception</source>
,
<volume>4/4</volume>
,
<fpage>325</fpage>
<lpage>60</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr18-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Deliege</surname>
<given-names>I</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>1998</year>
).
<source>Wagner “Alte Weise”: Une approche perceptive</source>
.
<source>Musica Scientia</source>
, Special Issue,
<fpage>63</fpage>
<lpage>90</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr20-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Deliege</surname>
<given-names>I</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>2001a</year>
).
<article-title>Introduction: Similarity perception Categorization Cue abstraction</article-title>
.
<source>Music Perception</source>
,
<volume>18/3</volume>
,
<fpage>233</fpage>
<lpage>43</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr21-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Deliege</surname>
<given-names>I</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>2001b</year>
).
<article-title>Prototype effects in music listening: An empirical approach to the notion of imprint</article-title>
.
<source>Music Perception</source>
,
<volume>18/3</volume>
,
<fpage>371</fpage>
<lpage>407</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr22-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Deliege</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Melen</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Stammers</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Cross</surname>
<given-names>I</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>1996</year>
).
<article-title>Musical schemata in real-time listening to a piece of music</article-title>
.
<source>Music Perception</source>
,
<volume>14/2</volume>
,
<fpage>117</fpage>
<lpage>60</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr23-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Fearn</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>1990</year>
).
<source>Bruno Maderna</source>
(pp.
<fpage>95</fpage>
<lpage>107</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>Chur</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Harwood</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr24-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Fein</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>2001</year>
).
<source>Die musikalische Poetik Bruno Madernas: Zum seriellen Komponieren zwischen 1951 und 1955</source>
.
<publisher-loc>Frankfurt am Main</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Lang</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr25-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Handel</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>1973</year>
).
<article-title>Temporal segmentation of repeating auditory patterns</article-title>
.
<source>Journal of Experimental Psychology</source>
,
<volume>101</volume>
,
<fpage>46</fpage>
<lpage>54</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr26-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Imberty</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>1990</year>
).
<source>Les icritures du temps</source>
.
<publisher-loc>Paris</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Dunod</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr27-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Kramer</surname>
<given-names>J.D.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1988</year>
).
<article-title>The time of music</article-title>
.
<source>New meanings, new temporalities, new listening strategies</source>
.
<publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Schirmer</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr28-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Krumhansl</surname>
<given-names>C. L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1996</year>
).
<article-title>A perceptual analysis of Mozart's piano sonata K 282: Segmentation, tension, and music ideas</article-title>
.
<source>Music Perception</source>
,
<volume>13/3</volume>
,
<fpage>401</fpage>
<lpage>32</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr29-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Krumhansl</surname>
<given-names>C.L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1998</year>
).
<article-title>Topic in music: An empirical study of memorability, opennes, and emotion in Mozart's string quintet in C Major and Beethoven's string quartet in A Minor</article-title>
.
<source>Music Perception</source>
,
<volume>16/1</volume>
,
<fpage>119</fpage>
<lpage>34</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr30-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Lerdahl</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>1988</year>
).
<article-title>Cognitive constraints on compositional systems</article-title>
. In
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Sloboda</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (Ed.),
<source>Generative processes in music</source>
(pp.
<fpage>231</fpage>
<lpage>59</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>Oxford</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Oxford University Press</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr31-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Levinson</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>1997</year>
).
<source>Music in the moment</source>
.
<publisher-name>Cornell University Press</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr32-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Ligeti</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>1960</year>
).
<source>Wandlungen der musikalischen Form</source>
.
<source>Die Reihe</source>
,
<fpage>7</fpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr33-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Manzoni</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>1958</year>
).
<article-title>Bruno Maderna</article-title>
.
<source>Die Reihe</source>
,
<volume>4</volume>
,
<fpage>113</fpage>
<lpage>8</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr34-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Meyer</surname>
<given-names>L.B.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1973</year>
).
<source>Explaining music</source>
.
<publisher-loc>Berkeley</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>University of California Press</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr35-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Meyer</surname>
<given-names>L.B.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1956</year>
).
<source>Emotion and meaning in music</source>
.
<publisher-loc>Chicago and London</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>The University of Chicago Press</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr36-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Molino</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>1975</year>
).
<article-title>Fait musical et semiologie de la musique</article-title>
.
<source>Musique en jeu</source>
,
<volume>17</volume>
,
<fpage>37</fpage>
<lpage>62</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr37-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Monelle</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>1992</year>
).
<source>Linguistics and semiotics in music</source>
.
<publisher-loc>Chur</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Harwood Academic</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr38-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Narmour</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>1996</year>
).
<article-title>Analyzing form and measuring perceptual content in Mozart's sonata K 282: A new theory of parametric analogues</article-title>
.
<source>Music Perception</source>
,
<volume>13/3</volume>
,
<fpage>265</fpage>
<lpage>318</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr39-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Nattiez</surname>
<given-names>J.J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1987</year>
).
<source>Musicologiegenerate et semiologie de la musique</source>
.
<publisher-loc>Paris</publisher-loc>
,
<publisher-name>Bourgois</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr40-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Nicolas</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>1988</year>
).
<article-title>“Cela s'appelle un theme”. Quelques propositions pour une histoire de la musique thdmarique</article-title>
.
<source>Analyse musicale</source>
,
<volume>13</volume>
,
<fpage>7</fpage>
<lpage>29</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr41-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Royer</surname>
<given-names>F. L.</given-names>
</name>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Garner</surname>
<given-names>W.R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1970</year>
).
<article-title>Perceptual organization of nine-element auditory temporal patterns</article-title>
.
<source>Perception & Psychophysics</source>
,
<volume>7</volume>
,
<fpage>115</fpage>
<lpage>20</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr42-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Stefani</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>1976</year>
).
<source>Introduzione alia semiotica delta musica</source>
.
<publisher-loc>Palermo</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Sellerio</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr43-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Stockhausen</surname>
<given-names>K</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>1962</year>
).
<source>Texte zur elektranischen und instrumentalen Musik</source>
. Band
<volume>I</volume>
(pp.
<fpage>63</fpage>
<lpage>74</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>Cologne</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>DuMont Schauberg</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr44-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Swain</surname>
<given-names>J. P.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
(
<year>1986</year>
).
<article-title>The need for limits in hierarchical theories of music</article-title>
.
<source>Music Perception</source>
,
<volume>4/1</volume>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr45-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="other" xlink:type="simple">121–48.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr46-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="journal" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Verzina</surname>
<given-names>N</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>1995</year>
).
<article-title>Concezione poetica e pensiero formale nel Maderna post-seriale: Il Konzert fur Oboe und Kammerensemble (1962-63)</article-title>
.
<source>Studi Musicali</source>
,
<volume>14</volume>
,
<fpage>131</fpage>
<lpage>59</lpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr47-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="book" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Weber</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>1978</year>
).
<article-title>Form und Satztechnik in Bruno Madernas Streichquartett</article-title>
. In
<source>Miscellanea del cinquantenario. Die Stellung der Italienischen Avantagarde in der Entwicklung der Neuen Musik</source>
(pp.
<fpage>206</fpage>
<lpage>15</lpage>
).
<publisher-loc>Milano</publisher-loc>
:
<publisher-name>Suvini Zerboni</publisher-name>
.</citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bibr48-102986490300700202">
<citation citation-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Xenakis</surname>
<given-names>I</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
. (
<year>1956</year>
).
<source>La crise de la musique serielle</source>
.
<source>Gravesaner Blatter</source>
,
<fpage>1</fpage>
.</citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
</istex:document>
</istex:metadataXml>
<mods version="3.6">
<titleInfo lang="en">
<title>The Macroform in Post-Tonalmusic. Listening and Analysis</title>
</titleInfo>
<titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA">
<title>The Macroform in Post-Tonalmusic. Listening and Analysis</title>
</titleInfo>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Mario</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Baroni</namePart>
<affiliation>Università “AlmaMater” di Bologna</affiliation>
<affiliation>Università “AlmaMater” di Bologna</affiliation>
<affiliation>Address for correspondence: Prof. Mario Baroni, Universita di Bologna, Dipartimento di Musica e Spettacolo, Via Barberia4, 40123, Bologna, Italy,</affiliation>
<affiliation>E-mail: baroni@muspe.unibo.it</affiliation>
</name>
<typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource>
<genre type="research-article" displayLabel="research-article" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-1JC4F85T-7">research-article</genre>
<originInfo>
<publisher>SAGE Publications</publisher>
<place>
<placeTerm type="text">Sage UK: London, England</placeTerm>
</place>
<dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2003</dateIssued>
<copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2003</copyrightDate>
</originInfo>
<language>
<languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm>
<languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm>
</language>
<abstract lang="en">Form in classical music is fundamentally a question of organising musical time in order to facilitate a listening corresponding to author's expectations. In the past this was obtained by coordinating different parameters towards a single goal. In twentieth century music, the more detached relationship between the composer and the listener meant that less importance was given to the idea of “correct” listening and to the coordination of parameters. This article is devoted to one of the extreme points in this process: A quartet by Bruno Maderna composed in 1956 under the influence of the ideologies of Darmstadt. The quartet was examined by three different groups of analysts. The first group examined the score of the quartet, while the third group only had a recorded performance at its disposal; the second group analyzed both the score and the performance. The three groups had to describe the form of the piece in terms of three hierarchical levels: Its microform {i.e. the organisation of minimal units not divisible into smaller parts); its macroform (i.e. its division into the minimum possible number of parts); the medium form {i.e. a collection of minimal units that could also be interpreted as an acceptable division of the parts at a macroformal level). Two basic criteria were used: Segmentation (local parametric discontinuity between two adjacent parts) and similarity (coherence between the parameters within each part). The results of the three analyses were somewhat diverse, thus demonstrating the tendency to relax the sense of form in such a quartet, as well as the presence of different procedures used when listening to a performance and analysing a score.</abstract>
<abstract lang="es">La forma en la música clásica puede ser descrita como una organización del tiempo musical que facilita una escucha que se corresponde con las expectativas del compositor. En épocas pasadas, esto se conseguía coordinando diversos parámetros musicales hacia un plan común. En el siglo XX, al interrumpirse la relación entre compositor y oyente, disminuyó la importancia de la escucha “correcta” y la consiguiente coordinación de parámetros. El presente artículo está dedicado a uno de los ejemplos extremos de este proceso: Un cuarteto de Bruno Maderna, compuesto en 1965, en el ámbito de las tendencias estéticas de Darmstadt. El cuarteto ha sido examinado por tres grupos diferentes de analistas: El primer grupo ha analizado exclusivamente la partitura de la obra, mientras que el tercero ha tenido sólo a su disposición una grabación de la misma; el segundo analizó ambas, tanto la partitura como la interpretación. Los tres grupos debían definir la forma de la pieza, teniendo en cuenta tres niveles jerárquicos: Su microforma (esto es, su organización en unidades mínimas no divisibles ulteriormente), su macroforma (es decir, su división en el mínimo número posible de partes), y su “medioforma” (es decir, una enumeración de unidades mínimas que podrían también constituir un modo aceptable de subdividir la macroforma). Se han empleado dos criterios básicos: La segmentación (discontinuidad local paramétrica entre dos partes contiguas) y la similaridad (coherencia entre los parámetros dentro de cada parte). Los tres análisis han producido resultados divergentes, demostrando tanto la tendencia del cuarteto a relajar el sentido de la forma, como la presencia de procedimientos sustancialmente diversos entre el análisis de la partitura y la escucha de la interpretación.</abstract>
<abstract lang="it">La forma nella musica classica può essere descritta come un'organizzazione del tempo musicale che facilita un ascolto corrispondente alle attese del compositore. In epoche passate questo scopo veniva raggiunto mediante il coordinamento di più parametri musicali verso un obiettivo comune. Nel Novecento l'allentarsi delle relazioni fra compositori e ascoltatori diminuì l'importanza dell'ascolto “corretto” e del conseguente coordinamento fra parametri. Il presente articolo è dedicato a uno degli esempi estremi di questo processo: Un quartetto di Bruno Maderna composto nel 1965 nell'ambito delle tendenze estetiche di Darmstadt. Il quartetto è stato esaminato da tre diversi gruppi di analisti: Il primo gruppo ha analizzato esclusivamente la partitura dell'opera, mentre il terzo ha avuto a disposizione solo la sua esecuzione registrata. Il secondo aveva a disposizione sia la partitura, sia l'esecuzione. I tre gruppi di analisti dovevano descrivere la forma del pezzo tenendo conto di tre livelli gerarchici: La sua microforma (cioè la sua organizzazione in unità minime non ulteriormente divisibili); la sua macroforma (cioè la sua divisione nel minimo numero possibile di parti) e la sua medio forma (cioè un aggregato di unità microformali che potesse anche costituire un modo accettabile di suddividere le varie parti della macroforma). Sono stati usati due criteri di base: La segmentazione (discontinuità locale dei parametri fra una parte e un'altra contigua) e la similarità (coerenza fra parametri all'interno di ogni parte). Le tre analisi hanno prodotto risultati divergenti, dimostrando così sia la tendenza del quartetto a rilassare il senso della forma, sia la presenza delle procedure sostanzialmente diverse messe in atto nell'analisi della partitura e nell'ascolto dell'esecuzione.</abstract>
<abstract lang="fr">La forme, en musique classique, est fondamentalement une question d'organisation du temps musical destinée à orienter l'écoute vers les attentes de l'auteur. Dans le passé, cet objectif était atteint par la coordination de plusieurs paramètres vers un měme but. Au XXe siècle, du fait de la distanciation de la relation entre le compositeur et l'auditeur, une importance moindre est attachée à l'idée d'une écoute “correcte” et à la coordination des paramètres. Cet article est consacré à l'un des aspects extrěmes de ce processus: Un quatuor de Bruno Maderna composé en 1956 sous l'influence de l'idéologie de Darmstadt. Le quatuor en question est étudié par trois groupes distincts d'analystes. Le premier étudie la partition de l'œuvre, tandis que le troisième ne dispose que d'un enregistrement; le deuxième groupe dispose, pour sa part, de la partition et de l'enregistrement. Il est demandé à chacun des groupes de donner une description de la forme de la pièce en trois niveaux hiérarchiques: Sa microforme (l'organisation des unités minimales non divisibles en parties plus petites), sa macroforme (sa division en un nombre de parties le plus restreint possible) et la forme médiane (un ensemble d'unités minimales pouvant aussi être interprété comme une division acceptable des parties au niveau macroformel). Deux critères de base sont utilisés: La segmentation (la discontinuité paramétrique au niveau local entre deux parties contiguës) et la similarité (la cohérence entre les paramètres à l'intérieur de chacune des parties). Les résultats des trois analyses divergent quelque peu; en ce sens, ils témoignent à la fois d'un relâchement du sens de la forme dans ce genre de quatuor et de l'utilisation de procédures différentes lors de l'écoute d'une exécution et de l'analyse d'une partition.</abstract>
<abstract lang="de">Die Form ist in klassischer Musik eine Frage der Organisation musikalischer Zeit, die eine hōrbare Übereinstimmung mit den vom Komponisten intendierten Erwartungen erreicht. Die Kombination verschiedener Parameter wurde auf dieses eine Ziel hin miteinander abgestimmt. In der Musik des 20. Jahrhunderts distanziert sich das Verhältnis zwischen Komponist und Hörer in sofern, als sowohl die Idee des “richtigen” Hörens an Bedeutung verlor als auch die Koordination von Parametern. Dieser Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit einem der extremsten Kompositionen in diesem Prozess: Einem Quartett von Bruno Maderna, das 1956 unter dem Einfluss der Darmstädter Ideen entstand. Das Quartett wurde von drei verschiedenen Gruppen analysiert. Eine erste Gruppe analysierte die Partitur, einer dritten Gruppe stand lediglich eine Aufnahme der Komposition zur Verfügung. Eine zweite Gruppe analysierte sowohl die Partitur als auch die Aufnahme. Die drei Gruppen sollten drei hierarchische Ebenen der Form des Werkes beschreiben: Seine “Mikroform” (d. h. die Unterteilung in kleinstmögliche Einheiten, die in keine weiteren Einheiten unterteilt werden konnten), seine “Makroform” (d. h. Unterteilung in die kleinstmögliche Anzahl verschiedener Abschnitte), seine “Mediumform” (d. h. Zusammenschlüsse von kleinstmöglichen Einheiten, die als Einheiten auf einer makroformalen Ebene akzeptierbar wären). Zwei grundlegende Kriterien wurden angewandt: Segmentierung (lokale parametrische Diskontinuität zwischen zwei benachbarten Abschnitten) und Ähnlichkeiten (Kohärenz zwischen den Parametern innerhalb eines jeden Parts). Die Ergebnisse der drei Analysen waren unterschiedlich. Daraus spricht die Tendenz, dass in dem Quartett das Gefühl für die Form weniger streng ist. Es werden durch Partitur oder Aufnahme offensichtlich verschiedene Hörweisen angeregt.</abstract>
<relatedItem type="host">
<titleInfo>
<title>Musicae scientiae</title>
</titleInfo>
<genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre>
<identifier type="ISSN">1029-8649</identifier>
<identifier type="eISSN">2045-4147</identifier>
<identifier type="PublisherID">MSX</identifier>
<identifier type="PublisherID-hwp">spmsx</identifier>
<part>
<date>2003</date>
<detail type="volume">
<caption>vol.</caption>
<number>7</number>
</detail>
<detail type="issue">
<caption>no.</caption>
<number>2</number>
</detail>
<extent unit="pages">
<start>219</start>
<end>240</end>
</extent>
</part>
</relatedItem>
<identifier type="istex">DDEA013C4451BE1B6FFB19CD076725DA679F9AE6</identifier>
<identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/M70-PNKVN7KS-0</identifier>
<identifier type="DOI">10.1177/102986490300700202</identifier>
<identifier type="ArticleID">10.1177_102986490300700202</identifier>
<accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© 2003 European Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music</accessCondition>
<recordInfo>
<recordContentSource authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-0J1N7DQT-B">sage</recordContentSource>
<recordOrigin>© 2003 European Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music</recordOrigin>
</recordInfo>
</mods>
<json:item>
<extension>json</extension>
<original>false</original>
<mimetype>application/json</mimetype>
<uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/DDEA013C4451BE1B6FFB19CD076725DA679F9AE6/metadata/json</uri>
</json:item>
</metadata>
<serie></serie>
</istex>
</record>

Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)

EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Musique/explor/XenakisV1/Data/Istex/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000538 | SxmlIndent | more

Ou

HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Istex/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000538 | SxmlIndent | more

Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri

{{Explor lien
   |wiki=    Wicri/Musique
   |area=    XenakisV1
   |flux=    Istex
   |étape=   Corpus
   |type=    RBID
   |clé=     ISTEX:DDEA013C4451BE1B6FFB19CD076725DA679F9AE6
   |texte=   The Macroform in Post-Tonalmusic. Listening and Analysis
}}

Wicri

This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33.
Data generation: Thu Nov 8 16:12:13 2018. Site generation: Wed Mar 6 22:10:31 2024