The remnants of galaxy formation from a panoramic survey of the region around M31
Identifieur interne : 008727 ( Main/Merge ); précédent : 008726; suivant : 008728The remnants of galaxy formation from a panoramic survey of the region around M31
Auteurs : Alan W. Mcconnachie [Canada] ; Michael J. Irwin [Royaume-Uni] ; Rodrigo A. Ibata [France] ; John Dubinski [Canada] ; Lawrence M. Widrow [Canada] ; Nicolas F. Martin [Allemagne] ; Patrick Cote [Canada] ; Aaron L. Dotter [Canada] ; Julio F. Navarro [Canada] ; Annette M. N. Ferguson [Royaume-Uni] ; Thomas H. Puzia [Canada] ; Geraint F. Lewis [Australie] ; Arif Babu [Canada] ; Pauline Barmby [Canada] ; Olivier Bienayme [France] ; Scott C. Chapman [Royaume-Uni] ; Robert Cockcroft [Canada] ; Michellel M. Collins [Royaume-Uni] ; Mark A. Fardal [États-Unis] ; William E. Harris [Canada] ; Avon Huxor [Royaume-Uni] ; A. Dougal Mackey [Royaume-Uni] ; Jorge Penarrubia [Royaume-Uni] ; R. Michael Rich [États-Unis] ; Harvey B. Richer [Canada] ; Arnaud Siebert [France] ; Nial Tanvir [Royaume-Uni] ; David Valls-Gabaud [France] ; Kimberly A. Venn [Canada]Source :
- Nature : (London) [ 0028-0836 ] ; 2009.
Descripteurs français
- Pascal (Inist)
- Wicri :
- topic : Cosmologie.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
Abstract
In hierarchical cosmological models', galaxies grow in mass through the continual accretion of smaller ones. The tidal disruption of these systems is expected to result in loosely bound stars surrounding the galaxy, at distances that reach 10-100 times the radius of the central disk2,3. The number, luminosity and morphology of the relics of this process provide significant clues to galaxy formation history4, but obtaining a comprehensive survey of these components is difficult because of their intrinsic faintness and vast extent. Here we report a panoramic survey of the Andromeda galaxy (M31). We detect stars and coherent structures that are almost certainly remnants of dwarf galaxies destroyed by the tidal field of M31. An improved census of their surviving counterparts implies that three-quarters of M31's satellites brighter than Mv = -6 await discovery. The brightest companion, Triangulum (M33), is surrounded by a stellar structure that provides persuasive evidence for a recent encounter with M31. This panorama of galaxy structure directly confirms the basic tenets of the hierarchical galaxy formation model and reveals the shared history of M31 and M33 in the unceasing build-up of galaxies.
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Lewis</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="09"><s1>Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics, University of Sydney</s1><s2>NSW 2006</s2><s3>AUS</s3><sZ>12 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Australie</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement><region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Babu, Arif" sort="Babu, Arif" uniqKey="Babu A" first="Arif" last="Babu">Arif Babu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road</s1><s2>Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>29 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barmby, Pauline" sort="Barmby, Pauline" uniqKey="Barmby P" first="Pauline" last="Barmby">Pauline Barmby</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street</s1><s2>London, Ontario, N6A 3K7</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>London, Ontario, N6A 3K7</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bienayme, Olivier" sort="Bienayme, Olivier" uniqKey="Bienayme O" first="Olivier" last="Bienayme">Olivier Bienayme</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Observatoire de Strasbourg,11, rue de l'Université</s1><s2>67000 Strasbourg</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>26 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Grand Est</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Alsace (région administrative)</region><settlement type="city">Strasbourg</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chapman, Scott C" sort="Chapman, Scott C" uniqKey="Chapman S" first="Scott C." last="Chapman">Scott C. Chapman</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road</s1><s2>Cambridge CB3 OHA</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB3 OHA</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cockcroft, Robert" sort="Cockcroft, Robert" uniqKey="Cockcroft R" first="Robert" last="Cockcroft">Robert Cockcroft</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University</s1><s2>Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4Ml</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Collins, Michellel M" sort="Collins, Michellel M" uniqKey="Collins M" first="Michellel M." last="Collins">Michellel M. Collins</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road</s1><s2>Cambridge CB3 OHA</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB3 OHA</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fardal, Mark A" sort="Fardal, Mark A" uniqKey="Fardal M" first="Mark A." last="Fardal">Mark A. Fardal</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="12"><s1>University of Massachusetts, Department of Astronomy, LGRT 619-E, 710 N. Pleasant Street</s1><s2>Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9305</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9305</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université du Massachusetts</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Amherst (Massachusetts)</settlement><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, William E" sort="Harris, William E" uniqKey="Harris W" first="William E." last="Harris">William E. Harris</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University</s1><s2>Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4Ml</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huxor, Avon" sort="Huxor, Avon" uniqKey="Huxor A" first="Avon" last="Huxor">Avon Huxor</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="13"><s1>Department of Physics (Astrophysics Group), H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue</s1><s2>Bristol BS81TL</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>21 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Bristol BS81TL</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mackey, A Dougal" sort="Mackey, A Dougal" uniqKey="Mackey A" first="A. Dougal" last="Mackey">A. Dougal Mackey</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="08"><s1>Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill</s1><s2>Edinburgh EH9 3HJ</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>22 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Edinburgh EH9 3HJ</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement><region type="country">Écosse</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Penarrubia, Jorge" sort="Penarrubia, Jorge" uniqKey="Penarrubia J" first="Jorge" last="Penarrubia">Jorge Penarrubia</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road</s1><s2>Cambridge CB3 OHA</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB3 OHA</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rich, R Michael" sort="Rich, R Michael" uniqKey="Rich R" first="R. Michael" last="Rich">R. Michael Rich</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="14"><s1>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, PAB, 430 Portola Plaza</s1><s2>Los Angeles, California 90095-1547</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>24 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Los Angeles, California 90095-1547</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Richer, Harvey B" sort="Richer, Harvey B" uniqKey="Richer H" first="Harvey B." last="Richer">Harvey B. Richer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="15"><s1>Department of Physics and Astronomy, 6224 Agricultural Road, University of British Columbia</s1><s2>Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>25 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Siebert, Arnaud" sort="Siebert, Arnaud" uniqKey="Siebert A" first="Arnaud" last="Siebert">Arnaud Siebert</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Observatoire de Strasbourg,11, rue de l'Université</s1><s2>67000 Strasbourg</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>26 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Grand Est</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Alsace (région administrative)</region><settlement type="city">Strasbourg</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tanvir, Nial" sort="Tanvir, Nial" uniqKey="Tanvir N" first="Nial" last="Tanvir">Nial Tanvir</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="16"><s1>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester</s1><s2>Leicester LE1 7RH</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>27 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Leicester LE1 7RH</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Valls Gabaud, David" sort="Valls Gabaud, David" uniqKey="Valls Gabaud D" first="David" last="Valls-Gabaud">David Valls-Gabaud</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="17"><s1>Laboratoire Galaxies et Étoiles, Physique et Instrumentation, CNRS UMR 8111, Observatoire de Paris, 5 Place Jules Janssen</s1><s2>92195 Meudon</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>28 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Meudon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Venn, Kimberly A" sort="Venn, Kimberly A" uniqKey="Venn K" first="Kimberly A." last="Venn">Kimberly A. Venn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road</s1><s2>Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>29 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">INIST</idno><idno type="inist">09-0386067</idno><date when="2009">2009</date><idno type="stanalyst">PASCAL 09-0386067 INIST</idno><idno type="RBID">Pascal:09-0386067</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Corpus">002B94</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Curation">003429</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Checkpoint">002758</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PascalFrancis" wicri:step="Checkpoint">002758</idno><idno type="wicri:doubleKey">0028-0836:2009:Mcconnachie A:the:remnants:of</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">008727</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a">The remnants of galaxy formation from a panoramic survey of the region around M31</title><author><name sortKey="Mcconnachie, Alan W" sort="Mcconnachie, Alan W" uniqKey="Mcconnachie A" first="Alan W." last="Mcconnachie">Alan W. Mcconnachie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>NRC Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, 5071 West Saanich Road</s1><s2>Victoria, British Columbia, V9E 2E7</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>Victoria, British Columbia, V9E 2E7</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Irwin, Michael J" sort="Irwin, Michael J" uniqKey="Irwin M" first="Michael J." last="Irwin">Michael J. Irwin</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road</s1><s2>Cambridge CB3 OHA</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB3 OHA</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ibata, Rodrigo A" sort="Ibata, Rodrigo A" uniqKey="Ibata R" first="Rodrigo A." last="Ibata">Rodrigo A. Ibata</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Observatoire de Strasbourg,11, rue de l'Université</s1><s2>67000 Strasbourg</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>26 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>67000 Strasbourg</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Strasbourg</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Grand Est</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Alsace (région administrative)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dubinski, John" sort="Dubinski, John" uniqKey="Dubinski J" first="John" last="Dubinski">John Dubinski</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St George Street</s1><s2>Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H4</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>4 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H4</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Widrow, Lawrence M" sort="Widrow, Lawrence M" uniqKey="Widrow L" first="Lawrence M." last="Widrow">Lawrence M. Widrow</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy Queen's University</s1><s2>Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Nicolas F" sort="Martin, Nicolas F" uniqKey="Martin N" first="Nicolas F." last="Martin">Nicolas F. Martin</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>MaxPlanck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17</s1><s2>69117 Heidelberg</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Karlsruhe</region><settlement type="city">Heidelberg</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cote, Patrick" sort="Cote, Patrick" uniqKey="Cote P" first="Patrick" last="Cote">Patrick Cote</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>NRC Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, 5071 West Saanich Road</s1><s2>Victoria, British Columbia, V9E 2E7</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>Victoria, British Columbia, V9E 2E7</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dotter, Aaron L" sort="Dotter, Aaron L" uniqKey="Dotter A" first="Aaron L." last="Dotter">Aaron L. Dotter</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road</s1><s2>Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>29 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Navarro, Julio F" sort="Navarro, Julio F" uniqKey="Navarro J" first="Julio F." last="Navarro">Julio F. Navarro</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road</s1><s2>Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>29 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferguson, Annette M N" sort="Ferguson, Annette M N" uniqKey="Ferguson A" first="Annette M. N." last="Ferguson">Annette M. N. Ferguson</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="08"><s1>Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill</s1><s2>Edinburgh EH9 3HJ</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>22 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Edinburgh EH9 3HJ</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement><region type="country">Écosse</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Puzia, Thomas H" sort="Puzia, Thomas H" uniqKey="Puzia T" first="Thomas H." last="Puzia">Thomas H. Puzia</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>NRC Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, 5071 West Saanich Road</s1><s2>Victoria, British Columbia, V9E 2E7</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>Victoria, British Columbia, V9E 2E7</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lewis, Geraint F" sort="Lewis, Geraint F" uniqKey="Lewis G" first="Geraint F." last="Lewis">Geraint F. Lewis</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="09"><s1>Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics, University of Sydney</s1><s2>NSW 2006</s2><s3>AUS</s3><sZ>12 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Australie</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement><region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Babu, Arif" sort="Babu, Arif" uniqKey="Babu A" first="Arif" last="Babu">Arif Babu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road</s1><s2>Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>29 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barmby, Pauline" sort="Barmby, Pauline" uniqKey="Barmby P" first="Pauline" last="Barmby">Pauline Barmby</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street</s1><s2>London, Ontario, N6A 3K7</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>London, Ontario, N6A 3K7</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bienayme, Olivier" sort="Bienayme, Olivier" uniqKey="Bienayme O" first="Olivier" last="Bienayme">Olivier Bienayme</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Observatoire de Strasbourg,11, rue de l'Université</s1><s2>67000 Strasbourg</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>26 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Grand Est</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Alsace (région administrative)</region><settlement type="city">Strasbourg</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chapman, Scott C" sort="Chapman, Scott C" uniqKey="Chapman S" first="Scott C." last="Chapman">Scott C. Chapman</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road</s1><s2>Cambridge CB3 OHA</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB3 OHA</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cockcroft, Robert" sort="Cockcroft, Robert" uniqKey="Cockcroft R" first="Robert" last="Cockcroft">Robert Cockcroft</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University</s1><s2>Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4Ml</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Collins, Michellel M" sort="Collins, Michellel M" uniqKey="Collins M" first="Michellel M." last="Collins">Michellel M. Collins</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road</s1><s2>Cambridge CB3 OHA</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB3 OHA</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fardal, Mark A" sort="Fardal, Mark A" uniqKey="Fardal M" first="Mark A." last="Fardal">Mark A. Fardal</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="12"><s1>University of Massachusetts, Department of Astronomy, LGRT 619-E, 710 N. Pleasant Street</s1><s2>Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9305</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9305</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université du Massachusetts</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Amherst (Massachusetts)</settlement><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, William E" sort="Harris, William E" uniqKey="Harris W" first="William E." last="Harris">William E. Harris</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University</s1><s2>Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4Ml</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huxor, Avon" sort="Huxor, Avon" uniqKey="Huxor A" first="Avon" last="Huxor">Avon Huxor</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="13"><s1>Department of Physics (Astrophysics Group), H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue</s1><s2>Bristol BS81TL</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>21 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Bristol BS81TL</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mackey, A Dougal" sort="Mackey, A Dougal" uniqKey="Mackey A" first="A. Dougal" last="Mackey">A. Dougal Mackey</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="08"><s1>Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill</s1><s2>Edinburgh EH9 3HJ</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>22 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Edinburgh EH9 3HJ</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement><region type="country">Écosse</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Penarrubia, Jorge" sort="Penarrubia, Jorge" uniqKey="Penarrubia J" first="Jorge" last="Penarrubia">Jorge Penarrubia</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road</s1><s2>Cambridge CB3 OHA</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB3 OHA</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rich, R Michael" sort="Rich, R Michael" uniqKey="Rich R" first="R. Michael" last="Rich">R. Michael Rich</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="14"><s1>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, PAB, 430 Portola Plaza</s1><s2>Los Angeles, California 90095-1547</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>24 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Los Angeles, California 90095-1547</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Richer, Harvey B" sort="Richer, Harvey B" uniqKey="Richer H" first="Harvey B." last="Richer">Harvey B. Richer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="15"><s1>Department of Physics and Astronomy, 6224 Agricultural Road, University of British Columbia</s1><s2>Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>25 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Siebert, Arnaud" sort="Siebert, Arnaud" uniqKey="Siebert A" first="Arnaud" last="Siebert">Arnaud Siebert</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Observatoire de Strasbourg,11, rue de l'Université</s1><s2>67000 Strasbourg</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>26 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Grand Est</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Alsace (région administrative)</region><settlement type="city">Strasbourg</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tanvir, Nial" sort="Tanvir, Nial" uniqKey="Tanvir N" first="Nial" last="Tanvir">Nial Tanvir</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="16"><s1>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester</s1><s2>Leicester LE1 7RH</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>27 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Leicester LE1 7RH</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Valls Gabaud, David" sort="Valls Gabaud, David" uniqKey="Valls Gabaud D" first="David" last="Valls-Gabaud">David Valls-Gabaud</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="17"><s1>Laboratoire Galaxies et Étoiles, Physique et Instrumentation, CNRS UMR 8111, Observatoire de Paris, 5 Place Jules Janssen</s1><s2>92195 Meudon</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>28 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Meudon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Venn, Kimberly A" sort="Venn, Kimberly A" uniqKey="Venn K" first="Kimberly A." last="Venn">Kimberly A. Venn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road</s1><s2>Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>29 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j" type="main">Nature : (London)</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Nature : (Lond.)</title><idno type="ISSN">0028-0836</idno><imprint><date when="2009">2009</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">Nature : (London)</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Nature : (Lond.)</title><idno type="ISSN">0028-0836</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Accretion</term><term>Cosmological models</term><term>Cosmology</term><term>Dwarf galaxies</term><term>Galaxy formation</term><term>Galaxy structure</term><term>Luminosity</term><term>Morphology</term><term>Stellar structure</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Formation galaxies</term><term>Modèle cosmologique</term><term>Galaxies naines</term><term>Accrétion</term><term>Luminosité</term><term>Morphologie</term><term>Structure stellaire</term><term>Structure galaxies</term><term>Cosmologie</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Cosmologie</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">In hierarchical cosmological models', galaxies grow in mass through the continual accretion of smaller ones. The tidal disruption of these systems is expected to result in loosely bound stars surrounding the galaxy, at distances that reach 10-100 times the radius of the central disk<sup>2,3</sup>. The number, luminosity and morphology of the relics of this process provide significant clues to galaxy formation history<sup>4</sup>, but obtaining a comprehensive survey of these components is difficult because of their intrinsic faintness and vast extent. Here we report a panoramic survey of the Andromeda galaxy (M31). We detect stars and coherent structures that are almost certainly remnants of dwarf galaxies destroyed by the tidal field of M31. An improved census of their surviving counterparts implies that three-quarters of M31's satellites brighter than M<sub>v</sub> = -6 await discovery. The brightest companion, Triangulum (M33), is surrounded by a stellar structure that provides persuasive evidence for a recent encounter with M31. This panorama of galaxy structure directly confirms the basic tenets of the hierarchical galaxy formation model and reveals the shared history of M31 and M33 in the unceasing build-up of galaxies.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Australie</li><li>Canada</li><li>France</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Alsace (région administrative)</li><li>Angleterre</li><li>Angleterre de l'Est</li><li>Bade-Wurtemberg</li><li>District de Karlsruhe</li><li>Grand Est</li><li>Massachusetts</li><li>Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</li><li>Ontario</li><li>Écosse</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Amherst (Massachusetts)</li><li>Cambridge</li><li>Hamilton (Ontario)</li><li>Heidelberg</li><li>Meudon</li><li>Strasbourg</li><li>Sydney</li><li>Toronto</li><li>Édimbourg</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université McMaster</li><li>Université d'Édimbourg</li><li>Université de Cambridge</li><li>Université de Sydney</li><li>Université de Toronto</li><li>Université du Massachusetts</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Canada"><noRegion><name sortKey="Mcconnachie, Alan W" sort="Mcconnachie, Alan W" uniqKey="Mcconnachie A" first="Alan W." last="Mcconnachie">Alan W. Mcconnachie</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Babu, Arif" sort="Babu, Arif" uniqKey="Babu A" first="Arif" last="Babu">Arif Babu</name><name sortKey="Barmby, Pauline" sort="Barmby, Pauline" uniqKey="Barmby P" first="Pauline" last="Barmby">Pauline Barmby</name><name sortKey="Cockcroft, Robert" sort="Cockcroft, Robert" uniqKey="Cockcroft R" first="Robert" last="Cockcroft">Robert Cockcroft</name><name sortKey="Cote, Patrick" sort="Cote, Patrick" uniqKey="Cote P" first="Patrick" last="Cote">Patrick Cote</name><name sortKey="Dotter, Aaron L" sort="Dotter, Aaron L" uniqKey="Dotter A" first="Aaron L." last="Dotter">Aaron L. Dotter</name><name sortKey="Dubinski, John" sort="Dubinski, John" uniqKey="Dubinski J" first="John" last="Dubinski">John Dubinski</name><name sortKey="Harris, William E" sort="Harris, William E" uniqKey="Harris W" first="William E." last="Harris">William E. Harris</name><name sortKey="Navarro, Julio F" sort="Navarro, Julio F" uniqKey="Navarro J" first="Julio F." last="Navarro">Julio F. Navarro</name><name sortKey="Puzia, Thomas H" sort="Puzia, Thomas H" uniqKey="Puzia T" first="Thomas H." last="Puzia">Thomas H. Puzia</name><name sortKey="Richer, Harvey B" sort="Richer, Harvey B" uniqKey="Richer H" first="Harvey B." last="Richer">Harvey B. Richer</name><name sortKey="Venn, Kimberly A" sort="Venn, Kimberly A" uniqKey="Venn K" first="Kimberly A." last="Venn">Kimberly A. Venn</name><name sortKey="Widrow, Lawrence M" sort="Widrow, Lawrence M" uniqKey="Widrow L" first="Lawrence M." last="Widrow">Lawrence M. Widrow</name></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><region name="Angleterre"><name sortKey="Irwin, Michael J" sort="Irwin, Michael J" uniqKey="Irwin M" first="Michael J." last="Irwin">Michael J. Irwin</name></region><name sortKey="Chapman, Scott C" sort="Chapman, Scott C" uniqKey="Chapman S" first="Scott C." last="Chapman">Scott C. Chapman</name><name sortKey="Collins, Michellel M" sort="Collins, Michellel M" uniqKey="Collins M" first="Michellel M." last="Collins">Michellel M. Collins</name><name sortKey="Ferguson, Annette M N" sort="Ferguson, Annette M N" uniqKey="Ferguson A" first="Annette M. N." last="Ferguson">Annette M. N. Ferguson</name><name sortKey="Huxor, Avon" sort="Huxor, Avon" uniqKey="Huxor A" first="Avon" last="Huxor">Avon Huxor</name><name sortKey="Mackey, A Dougal" sort="Mackey, A Dougal" uniqKey="Mackey A" first="A. Dougal" last="Mackey">A. Dougal Mackey</name><name sortKey="Penarrubia, Jorge" sort="Penarrubia, Jorge" uniqKey="Penarrubia J" first="Jorge" last="Penarrubia">Jorge Penarrubia</name><name sortKey="Tanvir, Nial" sort="Tanvir, Nial" uniqKey="Tanvir N" first="Nial" last="Tanvir">Nial Tanvir</name></country><country name="France"><region name="Grand Est"><name sortKey="Ibata, Rodrigo A" sort="Ibata, Rodrigo A" uniqKey="Ibata R" first="Rodrigo A." last="Ibata">Rodrigo A. Ibata</name></region><name sortKey="Bienayme, Olivier" sort="Bienayme, Olivier" uniqKey="Bienayme O" first="Olivier" last="Bienayme">Olivier Bienayme</name><name sortKey="Siebert, Arnaud" sort="Siebert, Arnaud" uniqKey="Siebert A" first="Arnaud" last="Siebert">Arnaud Siebert</name><name sortKey="Valls Gabaud, David" sort="Valls Gabaud, David" uniqKey="Valls Gabaud D" first="David" last="Valls-Gabaud">David Valls-Gabaud</name></country><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Bade-Wurtemberg"><name sortKey="Martin, Nicolas F" sort="Martin, Nicolas F" uniqKey="Martin N" first="Nicolas F." last="Martin">Nicolas F. Martin</name></region></country><country name="Australie"><region name="Nouvelle-Galles du Sud"><name sortKey="Lewis, Geraint F" sort="Lewis, Geraint F" uniqKey="Lewis G" first="Geraint F." last="Lewis">Geraint F. Lewis</name></region></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Massachusetts"><name sortKey="Fardal, Mark A" sort="Fardal, Mark A" uniqKey="Fardal M" first="Mark A." last="Fardal">Mark A. Fardal</name></region><name sortKey="Rich, R Michael" sort="Rich, R Michael" uniqKey="Rich R" first="R. Michael" last="Rich">R. Michael Rich</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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