Molecular cloning of the cDNAs and distribution of the mRNAs encoding two somatostatin precursors in the African lungfish Protopterus annectens
Identifieur interne : 001370 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001369; suivant : 001371Molecular cloning of the cDNAs and distribution of the mRNAs encoding two somatostatin precursors in the African lungfish Protopterus annectens
Auteurs : Michele Trabucchi ; Hervé Tostivint ; Isabelle Lihrmann ; Sylvie Jégou ; Mauro Vallarino ; Hubert VaudrySource :
- Journal of Comparative Neurology [ 0021-9967 ] ; 1999-08-09.
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Abstract
The occurrence of two somatostatin precursors, PSS1 and PSS2, yielding S‐14 (SS1) and the variant [Pro2, Met13]S‐14 (SS2), has been recently reported in the frog Rana ridibunda. The evolutionary significance of frog PSS2 is unclear because its sequence exhibits very little similarity with other known vertebrate somatostatin precursors. In the present study, we report on the characterization of two somatostatin precursor cDNAs from the brain of the African lungfish Protopterus annectens. One of the cDNAs encodes a 115‐amino‐acid protein that contains the SS1 sequence at its C‐terminal extremity and thus is clearly homologous to PSS1. Comparison with other vertebrate PSS1 showed that lungfish PSS1 is more closely related to PSS1 from tetrapods than to PSS1 from fish. The other cDNA encodes a 109‐amino‐acid protein that contains a somatostatin variant [Pro2]S‐14 at its C‐terminal extremity. Sequence analysis of this second precursor indicated that it is the lungfish counterpart of frog PSS2. Northern blot analysis showed that lungfish PSS1 mRNA is widely distributed in the central nervous system and in peripheral organs, including the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract. In contrast, PSS2 mRNA was primarily found in the central nervous system but not in the pancreas or gut. In situ hybridization studies showed that the two genes are differentially expressed in various regions of the lungfish brain. The present data indicate that the PSS2 gene, initially discovered in frog, appeared early in vertebrate evolution, before the emergence of the tetrapod lineage. The recent isolation of a [Pro2]S‐14 variant in the sturgeon, whose sequence is identical to that of lungfish SS2, suggests that the PSS2 gene may actually be present in the genome of all Osteichthyii. J. Comp. Neurol. 410:643–652, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990809)410:4<643::AID-CNE10>3.0.CO;2-#
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France</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute of Comparative Anatomy, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tostivint, Herve" sort="Tostivint, Herve" uniqKey="Tostivint H" first="Hervé" last="Tostivint">Hervé Tostivint</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM U‐413), Unité Affiliée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UA CNRS), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lihrmann, Isabelle" sort="Lihrmann, Isabelle" uniqKey="Lihrmann I" first="Isabelle" last="Lihrmann">Isabelle Lihrmann</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM U‐413), Unité Affiliée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UA CNRS), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jegou, Sylvie" sort="Jegou, Sylvie" uniqKey="Jegou S" first="Sylvie" last="Jégou">Sylvie Jégou</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM U‐413), Unité Affiliée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UA CNRS), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vallarino, Mauro" sort="Vallarino, Mauro" uniqKey="Vallarino M" first="Mauro" last="Vallarino">Mauro Vallarino</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute of Comparative Anatomy, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vaudry, Hubert" sort="Vaudry, Hubert" uniqKey="Vaudry H" first="Hubert" last="Vaudry">Hubert Vaudry</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM U‐413), Unité Affiliée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UA CNRS), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM U‐413), Unité Affiliée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UA CNRS), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Journal of 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Neurol.</title><idno type="ISSN">0021-9967</idno><idno type="eISSN">1096-9861</idno><imprint><publisher>John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</publisher><pubPlace>New York</pubPlace><date type="published" when="1999-08-09">1999-08-09</date><biblScope unit="volume">410</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="643">643</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="652">652</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0021-9967</idno></series><idno type="istex">7FA4965B5E0A5F34C1577B2562DB1F42BFAC5D8F</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990809)410:4<643::AID-CNE10>3.0.CO;2-#</idno><idno type="ArticleID">CNE10</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0021-9967</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>SRIF</term><term>central nervous system</term><term>cortistatin</term><term>dipnoans</term><term>evolution</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The occurrence of two somatostatin precursors, PSS1 and PSS2, yielding S‐14 (SS1) and the variant [Pro2, Met13]S‐14 (SS2), has been recently reported in the frog Rana ridibunda. The evolutionary significance of frog PSS2 is unclear because its sequence exhibits very little similarity with other known vertebrate somatostatin precursors. In the present study, we report on the characterization of two somatostatin precursor cDNAs from the brain of the African lungfish Protopterus annectens. One of the cDNAs encodes a 115‐amino‐acid protein that contains the SS1 sequence at its C‐terminal extremity and thus is clearly homologous to PSS1. Comparison with other vertebrate PSS1 showed that lungfish PSS1 is more closely related to PSS1 from tetrapods than to PSS1 from fish. The other cDNA encodes a 109‐amino‐acid protein that contains a somatostatin variant [Pro2]S‐14 at its C‐terminal extremity. Sequence analysis of this second precursor indicated that it is the lungfish counterpart of frog PSS2. Northern blot analysis showed that lungfish PSS1 mRNA is widely distributed in the central nervous system and in peripheral organs, including the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract. In contrast, PSS2 mRNA was primarily found in the central nervous system but not in the pancreas or gut. In situ hybridization studies showed that the two genes are differentially expressed in various regions of the lungfish brain. The present data indicate that the PSS2 gene, initially discovered in frog, appeared early in vertebrate evolution, before the emergence of the tetrapod lineage. The recent isolation of a [Pro2]S‐14 variant in the sturgeon, whose sequence is identical to that of lungfish SS2, suggests that the PSS2 gene may actually be present in the genome of all Osteichthyii. J. Comp. Neurol. 410:643–652, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Michele Trabucchi</name><affiliations><json:string>European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM U‐413), Unité Affiliée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UA CNRS), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France</json:string><json:string>Institute of Comparative Anatomy, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Hervé Tostivint</name><affiliations><json:string>European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM U‐413), Unité Affiliée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UA CNRS), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Isabelle Lihrmann</name><affiliations><json:string>European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM U‐413), Unité Affiliée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UA CNRS), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Sylvie Jégou</name><affiliations><json:string>European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM U‐413), Unité Affiliée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UA CNRS), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Mauro Vallarino</name><affiliations><json:string>Institute of Comparative Anatomy, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Hubert Vaudry</name><affiliations><json:string>European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM U‐413), Unité Affiliée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UA CNRS), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France</json:string><json:string>European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM U‐413), Unité Affiliée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UA CNRS), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France.</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>dipnoans</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>SRIF</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>cortistatin</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>evolution</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>central nervous system</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>CNE10</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>The occurrence of two somatostatin precursors, PSS1 and PSS2, yielding S‐14 (SS1) and the variant [Pro2, Met13]S‐14 (SS2), has been recently reported in the frog Rana ridibunda. The evolutionary significance of frog PSS2 is unclear because its sequence exhibits very little similarity with other known vertebrate somatostatin precursors. In the present study, we report on the characterization of two somatostatin precursor cDNAs from the brain of the African lungfish Protopterus annectens. One of the cDNAs encodes a 115‐amino‐acid protein that contains the SS1 sequence at its C‐terminal extremity and thus is clearly homologous to PSS1. Comparison with other vertebrate PSS1 showed that lungfish PSS1 is more closely related to PSS1 from tetrapods than to PSS1 from fish. The other cDNA encodes a 109‐amino‐acid protein that contains a somatostatin variant [Pro2]S‐14 at its C‐terminal extremity. Sequence analysis of this second precursor indicated that it is the lungfish counterpart of frog PSS2. Northern blot analysis showed that lungfish PSS1 mRNA is widely distributed in the central nervous system and in peripheral organs, including the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract. In contrast, PSS2 mRNA was primarily found in the central nervous system but not in the pancreas or gut. In situ hybridization studies showed that the two genes are differentially expressed in various regions of the lungfish brain. The present data indicate that the PSS2 gene, initially discovered in frog, appeared early in vertebrate evolution, before the emergence of the tetrapod lineage. The recent isolation of a [Pro2]S‐14 variant in the sturgeon, whose sequence is identical to that of lungfish SS2, suggests that the PSS2 gene may actually be present in the genome of all Osteichthyii. J. Comp. Neurol. 410:643–652, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>8</score><pdfVersion>1.2</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>612 x 792 pts (letter)</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractCharCount>1842</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>5578</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>36184</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>10</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>281</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Molecular cloning of the cDNAs and distribution of the mRNAs encoding two somatostatin precursors in the African lungfish Protopterus annectens</title><genre><json:string>article</json:string></genre><host><volume>410</volume><publisherId><json:string>CNE</json:string></publisherId><pages><total>10</total><last>652</last><first>643</first></pages><issn><json:string>0021-9967</json:string></issn><issue>4</issue><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><eissn><json:string>1096-9861</json:string></eissn><title>Journal of Comparative Neurology</title><doi><json:string>10.1002/(ISSN)1096-9861</json:string></doi></host><categories><wos><json:string>science</json:string><json:string>zoology</json:string><json:string>neurosciences</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>health sciences</json:string><json:string>clinical medicine</json:string><json:string>neurology & neurosurgery</json:string></scienceMetrix></categories><publicationDate>1999</publicationDate><copyrightDate>1999</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990809)410:4>643::AID-CNE10>3.0.CO;2-#</json:string></doi><id>7FA4965B5E0A5F34C1577B2562DB1F42BFAC5D8F</id><score>0.023277387</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/7FA4965B5E0A5F34C1577B2562DB1F42BFAC5D8F/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/7FA4965B5E0A5F34C1577B2562DB1F42BFAC5D8F/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/7FA4965B5E0A5F34C1577B2562DB1F42BFAC5D8F/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Molecular cloning of the cDNAs and distribution of the mRNAs encoding two somatostatin precursors in the African lungfish Protopterus annectens</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</publisher><pubPlace>New York</pubPlace><availability><p>Copyright © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</p></availability><date>1999</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note>Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) - No. U‐413;</note><note>MURST (40%)</note><note>Italian Centro Nazionale delle Ricerche (Italy/France Bilateral Program) - No. 95.00885.CT04;</note><note>GALILEE exchange program - No. 94–022;</note><note>Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale and Centro Nazionale delle Ricerche (INSERM/CNR Exchange Program)</note><note>Conseil Régional de Haute‐Normandie</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Molecular cloning of the cDNAs and distribution of the mRNAs encoding two somatostatin precursors in the African lungfish Protopterus annectens</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">Michele</forename><surname>Trabucchi</surname></persName><affiliation>European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM U‐413), Unité Affiliée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UA CNRS), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France</affiliation><affiliation>Institute of Comparative Anatomy, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">Hervé</forename><surname>Tostivint</surname></persName><affiliation>European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM U‐413), Unité Affiliée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UA CNRS), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">Isabelle</forename><surname>Lihrmann</surname></persName><affiliation>European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM U‐413), Unité Affiliée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UA CNRS), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-4"><persName><forename type="first">Sylvie</forename><surname>Jégou</surname></persName><affiliation>European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM U‐413), Unité Affiliée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UA CNRS), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-5"><persName><forename type="first">Mauro</forename><surname>Vallarino</surname></persName><affiliation>Institute of Comparative Anatomy, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-6"><persName><forename type="first">Hubert</forename><surname>Vaudry</surname></persName><affiliation>European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM U‐413), Unité Affiliée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UA CNRS), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France</affiliation><affiliation>European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM U‐413), Unité Affiliée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UA CNRS), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France.</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Journal of Comparative Neurology</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">J. Comp. Neurol.</title><idno type="pISSN">0021-9967</idno><idno type="eISSN">1096-9861</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1096-9861</idno><imprint><publisher>John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</publisher><pubPlace>New York</pubPlace><date type="published" when="1999-08-09"></date><biblScope unit="volume">410</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="643">643</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="652">652</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">7FA4965B5E0A5F34C1577B2562DB1F42BFAC5D8F</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990809)410:4<643::AID-CNE10>3.0.CO;2-#</idno><idno type="ArticleID">CNE10</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1999</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The occurrence of two somatostatin precursors, PSS1 and PSS2, yielding S‐14 (SS1) and the variant [Pro2, Met13]S‐14 (SS2), has been recently reported in the frog Rana ridibunda. The evolutionary significance of frog PSS2 is unclear because its sequence exhibits very little similarity with other known vertebrate somatostatin precursors. In the present study, we report on the characterization of two somatostatin precursor cDNAs from the brain of the African lungfish Protopterus annectens. One of the cDNAs encodes a 115‐amino‐acid protein that contains the SS1 sequence at its C‐terminal extremity and thus is clearly homologous to PSS1. Comparison with other vertebrate PSS1 showed that lungfish PSS1 is more closely related to PSS1 from tetrapods than to PSS1 from fish. The other cDNA encodes a 109‐amino‐acid protein that contains a somatostatin variant [Pro2]S‐14 at its C‐terminal extremity. Sequence analysis of this second precursor indicated that it is the lungfish counterpart of frog PSS2. Northern blot analysis showed that lungfish PSS1 mRNA is widely distributed in the central nervous system and in peripheral organs, including the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract. In contrast, PSS2 mRNA was primarily found in the central nervous system but not in the pancreas or gut. In situ hybridization studies showed that the two genes are differentially expressed in various regions of the lungfish brain. The present data indicate that the PSS2 gene, initially discovered in frog, appeared early in vertebrate evolution, before the emergence of the tetrapod lineage. The recent isolation of a [Pro2]S‐14 variant in the sturgeon, whose sequence is identical to that of lungfish SS2, suggests that the PSS2 gene may actually be present in the genome of all Osteichthyii. J. Comp. Neurol. 410:643–652, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>dipnoans</term></item><item><term>SRIF</term></item><item><term>cortistatin</term></item><item><term>evolution</term></item><item><term>central nervous system</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="1998-10-28">Received</change><change when="1999-03-08">Registration</change><change when="1999-08-09">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/7FA4965B5E0A5F34C1577B2562DB1F42BFAC5D8F/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><publisherInfo><publisherName>John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</publisherName><publisherLoc>New York</publisherLoc></publisherInfo><doi registered="yes">10.1002/(ISSN)1096-9861</doi><issn type="print">0021-9967</issn><issn type="electronic">1096-9861</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="CNE"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" xml:lang="en">Journal of Comparative Neurology</title><title type="short">J. Comp. Neurol.</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="40"><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990809)410:4<>1.0.CO;2-P</doi><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="410">410</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue">4</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="1999-08-09">9 August 1999</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" type="article" position="10" status="forIssue"><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990809)410:4<643::AID-CNE10>3.0.CO;2-#</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="CNE10"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="10"></count></countGroup><copyright ownership="publisher">Copyright © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</copyright><eventGroup><event type="manuscriptReceived" date="1998-10-28"></event><event type="manuscriptRevised" date="1999-01-20"></event><event type="manuscriptAccepted" date="1999-03-08"></event><event type="firstOnline" date="1999-06-29"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="1999-06-29"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:JWSART34_TO_WML3G version:2.3.2 mode:FullText source:HeaderRef result:HeaderRef" date="2010-03-01"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:3.8.8" date="2014-01-15"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.1.7 mode:FullText,remove_FC" date="2014-10-24"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst">643</numbering><numbering type="pageLast">652</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo>European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM U‐413), Unité Affiliée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UA CNRS), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France.</correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:CNE.CNE10.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="6"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="1"></count><count type="referenceTotal" number="45"></count><count type="wordTotal" number="6564"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" xml:lang="en">Molecular cloning of the cDNAs and distribution of the mRNAs encoding two somatostatin precursors in the African lungfish <i>Protopterus annectens</i></title><title type="short" xml:lang="en">TWO SOMATOSTATIN VARIANTS IN THE AFRICAN LUNGFISH</title></titleGroup><creators><creator xml:id="au1" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af1 #af2"><personName><givenNames>Michele</givenNames><familyName>Trabucchi</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au2" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af1"><personName><givenNames>Hervé</givenNames><familyName>Tostivint</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au3" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af1"><personName><givenNames>Isabelle</givenNames><familyName>Lihrmann</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au4" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af1"><personName><givenNames>Sylvie</givenNames><familyName>Jégou</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au5" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af2"><personName><givenNames>Mauro</givenNames><familyName>Vallarino</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au6" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af1" corresponding="yes"><personName><givenNames>Hubert</givenNames><familyName>Vaudry</familyName></personName><contactDetails><email normalForm="hubert.vaudry@univ-rouen.fr">hubert.vaudry@univ‐rouen.fr</email></contactDetails></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="af1" countryCode="FR" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM U‐413), Unité Affiliée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UA CNRS), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="af2" countryCode="IT" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Institute of Comparative Anatomy, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup xml:lang="en" type="author"><keyword xml:id="kwd1">dipnoans</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd2">SRIF</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd3">cortistatin</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd4">evolution</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd5">central nervous system</keyword></keywordGroup><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM)</fundingAgency><fundingNumber>U‐413</fundingNumber></fundingInfo><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>MURST (40%)</fundingAgency></fundingInfo><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>Italian Centro Nazionale delle Ricerche (Italy/France Bilateral Program)</fundingAgency><fundingNumber>95.00885.CT04</fundingNumber></fundingInfo><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>GALILEE exchange program</fundingAgency><fundingNumber>94–022</fundingNumber></fundingInfo><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale and Centro Nazionale delle Ricerche (INSERM/CNR Exchange Program)</fundingAgency></fundingInfo><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>Conseil Régional de Haute‐Normandie</fundingAgency></fundingInfo><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><title type="main">Abstract</title><p>The occurrence of two somatostatin precursors, PSS1 and PSS2, yielding S‐14 (SS1) and the variant [Pro<sup>2</sup>, Met<sup>13</sup>]S‐14 (SS2), has been recently reported in the frog <i>Rana ridibunda</i>. The evolutionary significance of frog PSS2 is unclear because its sequence exhibits very little similarity with other known vertebrate somatostatin precursors. In the present study, we report on the characterization of two somatostatin precursor cDNAs from the brain of the African lungfish <i>Protopterus annectens</i>. One of the cDNAs encodes a 115‐amino‐acid protein that contains the SS1 sequence at its C‐terminal extremity and thus is clearly homologous to PSS1. Comparison with other vertebrate PSS1 showed that lungfish PSS1 is more closely related to PSS1 from tetrapods than to PSS1 from fish. The other cDNA encodes a 109‐amino‐acid protein that contains a somatostatin variant [Pro<sup>2</sup>]S‐14 at its C‐terminal extremity. Sequence analysis of this second precursor indicated that it is the lungfish counterpart of frog PSS2. Northern blot analysis showed that lungfish PSS1 mRNA is widely distributed in the central nervous system and in peripheral organs, including the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract. In contrast, PSS2 mRNA was primarily found in the central nervous system but not in the pancreas or gut. In situ hybridization studies showed that the two genes are differentially expressed in various regions of the lungfish brain. The present data indicate that the PSS2 gene, initially discovered in frog, appeared early in vertebrate evolution, before the emergence of the tetrapod lineage. The recent isolation of a [Pro<sup>2</sup>]S‐14 variant in the sturgeon, whose sequence is identical to that of lungfish SS2, suggests that the PSS2 gene may actually be present in the genome of all Osteichthyii. J. Comp. Neurol. 410:643–652, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Molecular cloning of the cDNAs and distribution of the mRNAs encoding two somatostatin precursors in the African lungfish Protopterus annectens</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>TWO SOMATOSTATIN VARIANTS IN THE AFRICAN LUNGFISH</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Molecular cloning of the cDNAs and distribution of the mRNAs encoding two somatostatin precursors in the African lungfish Protopterus annectens</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Michele</namePart><namePart type="family">Trabucchi</namePart><affiliation>European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM U‐413), Unité Affiliée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UA CNRS), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France</affiliation><affiliation>Institute of Comparative Anatomy, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Hervé</namePart><namePart type="family">Tostivint</namePart><affiliation>European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM U‐413), Unité Affiliée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UA CNRS), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Isabelle</namePart><namePart type="family">Lihrmann</namePart><affiliation>European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM U‐413), Unité Affiliée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UA CNRS), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Sylvie</namePart><namePart type="family">Jégou</namePart><affiliation>European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM U‐413), Unité Affiliée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UA CNRS), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Mauro</namePart><namePart type="family">Vallarino</namePart><affiliation>Institute of Comparative Anatomy, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Hubert</namePart><namePart type="family">Vaudry</namePart><affiliation>European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM U‐413), Unité Affiliée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UA CNRS), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France</affiliation><affiliation>European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM U‐413), Unité Affiliée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UA CNRS), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">New York</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1999-08-09</dateIssued><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">1998-10-28</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">1999-03-08</dateValid><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1999</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">6</extent><extent unit="tables">1</extent><extent unit="references">45</extent><extent unit="words">6564</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">The occurrence of two somatostatin precursors, PSS1 and PSS2, yielding S‐14 (SS1) and the variant [Pro2, Met13]S‐14 (SS2), has been recently reported in the frog Rana ridibunda. The evolutionary significance of frog PSS2 is unclear because its sequence exhibits very little similarity with other known vertebrate somatostatin precursors. In the present study, we report on the characterization of two somatostatin precursor cDNAs from the brain of the African lungfish Protopterus annectens. One of the cDNAs encodes a 115‐amino‐acid protein that contains the SS1 sequence at its C‐terminal extremity and thus is clearly homologous to PSS1. Comparison with other vertebrate PSS1 showed that lungfish PSS1 is more closely related to PSS1 from tetrapods than to PSS1 from fish. The other cDNA encodes a 109‐amino‐acid protein that contains a somatostatin variant [Pro2]S‐14 at its C‐terminal extremity. Sequence analysis of this second precursor indicated that it is the lungfish counterpart of frog PSS2. Northern blot analysis showed that lungfish PSS1 mRNA is widely distributed in the central nervous system and in peripheral organs, including the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract. In contrast, PSS2 mRNA was primarily found in the central nervous system but not in the pancreas or gut. In situ hybridization studies showed that the two genes are differentially expressed in various regions of the lungfish brain. The present data indicate that the PSS2 gene, initially discovered in frog, appeared early in vertebrate evolution, before the emergence of the tetrapod lineage. The recent isolation of a [Pro2]S‐14 variant in the sturgeon, whose sequence is identical to that of lungfish SS2, suggests that the PSS2 gene may actually be present in the genome of all Osteichthyii. J. Comp. Neurol. 410:643–652, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</abstract><note type="funding">Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) - No. U‐413; </note><note type="funding">MURST (40%)</note><note type="funding">Italian Centro Nazionale delle Ricerche (Italy/France Bilateral Program) - No. 95.00885.CT04; </note><note type="funding">GALILEE exchange program - No. 94–022; </note><note type="funding">Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale and Centro Nazionale delle Ricerche (INSERM/CNR Exchange Program)</note><note type="funding">Conseil Régional de Haute‐Normandie</note><subject lang="en"><genre>keywords</genre><topic>dipnoans</topic><topic>SRIF</topic><topic>cortistatin</topic><topic>evolution</topic><topic>central nervous system</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Comparative Neurology</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>J. Comp. 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