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Serological detection of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ in citrus, and identification by GeLC-MS/MS of a chaperone protein responding to cellular pathogens

Identifieur interne : 000469 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000468; suivant : 000470

Serological detection of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ in citrus, and identification by GeLC-MS/MS of a chaperone protein responding to cellular pathogens

Auteurs : Fang Ding [République populaire de Chine, États-Unis] ; Yongping Duan [États-Unis] ; Qing Yuan [République populaire de Chine] ; Jonathan Shao [États-Unis] ; John S. Hartung [États-Unis]

Source :

RBID : PMC:4933950

Abstract

We describe experiments with antibodies against ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus used to detect the pathogen in infected plants. We used scFv selected to bind epitopes exposed on the surface of the bacterium in tissue prints, with secondary monoclonal antibodies directed at a FLAG epitope included at the carboxyl end of the scFv. Unexpectedly, the anti-FLAG secondary antibody produced positive results with CaLas diseased samples when the primary scFv were not used. The anti-FLAG monoclonal antibody (Mab) also identified plants infected with other vascular pathogens. We then identified a paralogous group of secreted chaperone proteins in the HSP-90 family that contained the amino acid sequence DDDDK identical to the carboxy-terminal sequence of the FLAG epitope. A rabbit polyclonal antibody against one of the same epitopes combined with a goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody produced very strong purple color in individual phloem cells, as expected for this pathogen. These results were entirely specific for CaLas-infected citrus. The simplicity, cost and ability to scale the tissue print assay makes this an attractive assay to complement PCR-based assays currently in use. The partial FLAG epitope may itself be useful as a molecular marker for the rapid screening of citrus plants for the presence of vascular pathogens.


Url:
DOI: 10.1038/srep29272
PubMed: 27381064
PubMed Central: 4933950

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PMC:4933950

Le document en format XML

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aLas-infected citrus. The simplicity, cost and ability to scale the tissue print assay makes this an attractive assay to complement PCR-based assays currently in use. The partial FLAG epitope may itself be useful as a molecular marker for the rapid screening of citrus plants for the presence of vascular pathogens.</p>
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</back>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article">
<pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sci Rep</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sci Rep</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Scientific Reports</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2045-2322</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27381064</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4933950</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pii">srep29272</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep29272</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Serological detection of ‘
<italic>Candidatus</italic>
Liberibacter asiaticus’ in citrus, and identification by GeLC-MS/MS of a chaperone protein responding to cellular pathogens</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ding</surname>
<given-names>Fang</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">a</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Duan</surname>
<given-names>Yongping</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Yuan</surname>
<given-names>Qing</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Shao</surname>
<given-names>Jonathan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hartung</surname>
<given-names>John S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">b</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="a1">
<label>1</label>
<institution>Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University</institution>
, Wuhan 430070
<country>P. R. China</country>
</aff>
<aff id="a2">
<label>2</label>
<institution>USDA ARS MPPL 10300 Baltimore Ave.</institution>
, Beltsville, MD 20705
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="a3">
<label>3</label>
<institution>USDA ARS USHRL 2001 South Rock Road</institution>
, Fort Pierce, FL 34945
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="a4">
<label>4</label>
<institution>Sichuan Medical University</institution>
, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000
<country>P. R. China</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1">
<label>a</label>
<email>dinfany@mail.hzau.edu.cn</email>
</corresp>
<corresp id="c2">
<label>b</label>
<email>John.Hartung@ars.usda.gov</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>06</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection">
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>6</volume>
<elocation-id>29272</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>14</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>15</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016, Macmillan Publishers Limited</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Macmillan Publishers Limited</copyright-holder>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>
</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<p>We describe experiments with antibodies against ‘
<italic>Candidatus</italic>
Liberibacter asiaticus used to detect the pathogen in infected plants. We used scFv selected to bind epitopes exposed on the surface of the bacterium in tissue prints, with secondary monoclonal antibodies directed at a FLAG epitope included at the carboxyl end of the scFv. Unexpectedly, the anti-FLAG secondary antibody produced positive results with
<italic>C</italic>
aLas diseased samples when the primary scFv were not used. The anti-FLAG monoclonal antibody (Mab) also identified plants infected with other vascular pathogens. We then identified a paralogous group of secreted chaperone proteins in the HSP-90 family that contained the amino acid sequence DDDDK identical to the carboxy-terminal sequence of the FLAG epitope. A rabbit polyclonal antibody against one of the same epitopes combined with a goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody produced very strong purple color in individual phloem cells, as expected for this pathogen. These results were entirely specific for
<italic>C</italic>
aLas-infected citrus. The simplicity, cost and ability to scale the tissue print assay makes this an attractive assay to complement PCR-based assays currently in use. The partial FLAG epitope may itself be useful as a molecular marker for the rapid screening of citrus plants for the presence of vascular pathogens.</p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Tissue prints were made for DTBIA from petioles of
<italic>C</italic>
aLas infected and healthy rough lemon and sweet orange trees.</title>
<p>scFv748 and scFv932 were used as primary antibodies (1:1000 dilution) in the top and bottom rows, respectively. Secondary anti-FLAG Mab conjugated with alkaline phosphatase was used (1:10,000 dilution). Detection was with NBT/BCIP.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="srep29272-f1"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Tissue prints were made for DTBIA from petioles of CaLas infected and healthy rough lemon and sweet orange trees.</title>
<p>Tissue prints were developed with only the secondary anti-FLAG antibody. No primary scFv labeled with FLAG were used. The secondary anti-FLAG Mab (Sigma) was conjugated with alkaline phosphatase and used at 1:10,000 dilution. Detection was with NBT/BCIP.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="srep29272-f2"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>DTBIA for vascular limited citrus pathogens.</title>
<p>A secondary anti-FLAG antibody conjugated with alkaline phosphatase was used at 1:10,000 dilution without any primary scFv antibodies for specific pathogen detection. (
<bold>A</bold>
) CTV B2 in sweet orange (
<bold>B</bold>
) CTV B6 in sweet orange (
<bold>C</bold>
) CCDV in
<italic>Citrus macrophylla</italic>
(
<bold>D</bold>
) CaLas in sweet orange (
<bold>E</bold>
) X.
<italic>fastidious</italic>
in sweet orange (
<bold>F</bold>
) Healthy sweet orange. Detection was with NBT/BCIP.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="srep29272-f3"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<title>FLAG-like epitope in
<italic>C. sinensis</italic>
new flush (NF) and mature leaves (ML) confirmed by western blot as compared in healthy and disease leaves by different kind of citrus cellular pathogens.</title>
<p>H1 and H2: Healthy new flush (NF) and healthy mature leaves (ML); CaLas-infected NF (1) and ML(2);
<italic>Citrus tristeza virus</italic>
infected NF(3) and ML(4); Citrus chlorotic dwarf virus infected NF(5) and ML(6). Total protein was adjusted to same concentration with standard protein marker (Dojindo, technologies), 15 ug was loaded for each well.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="srep29272-f4"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figure 5</label>
<caption>
<title>DTBIA for the detection of
<italic>Ca</italic>
Las in sweet orange petioles using rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against the major outer membrane protein OmpA.</title>
<p>The primary antibody (1:5000 dilution) was detected with Goat anti-rabbit secondary Pab diluted 1:50,000. (
<bold>A–E</bold>
)
<italic>Ca</italic>
Las B430 in different sections of petioles. (
<bold>F</bold>
) Healthy Sweet orange. Detection was with NBT/BCIP.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="srep29272-f5"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figure 6</label>
<caption>
<title>DTBIA of
<italic>C</italic>
aLas infected and healthy sweet orange petioles.</title>
<p>Tissue prints were probed with (
<bold>A,C</bold>
) polyclonal rabbit anti-OmpA antibodies and goat anti rabbit secondary Pab or (
<bold>B,D</bold>
) with the goat anti-rabbit secondary Pab alone. (
<bold>A,B</bold>
)
<italic>C</italic>
aLas infected sweet orange. (
<bold>C,D</bold>
) healthy sweet orange.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="srep29272-f6"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figure 7</label>
<caption>
<title>Specificity of the rabbit polyclonal anti-OmpA antibody in DTBIA of citrus petioles.</title>
<p>(
<bold>A</bold>
) Sweet orange infected by CTV B2. (
<bold>B</bold>
) Sweet orange infected by CTV B6. (
<bold>C</bold>
)
<italic>C. macrophylla</italic>
infected with CCDV. (
<bold>D</bold>
) Sweet orange infected with
<italic>X. fastidiosa</italic>
. (
<bold>E</bold>
)
<italic>Ca</italic>
Las infected sweet orange. (
<bold>F</bold>
) Healthy sweet orange. The primary antibody (1:5000 dilution) was detected with Goat anti-rabbit secondary Pab diluted 1:50,000.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="srep29272-f7"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figure 8</label>
<caption>
<title>Specificity of the secondary goat anti-rabbit Pab in DTBIA of citrus petioles.</title>
<p>(
<bold>A</bold>
) Sweet orange infected by CTV B2. (
<bold>B</bold>
) Sweet orange infected by CTV B6. (
<bold>C</bold>
)
<italic>C. macrophylla</italic>
infected with CCDV. (
<bold>D</bold>
) Sweet orange infected with
<italic>X. fastidiosa</italic>
. The polyclonal rabbit anti OmpA antibody was not used; only the goat anti rabbit secondary Pab conjugated with alkaline phosphatase was used. Detection was with NBT/BCIP.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="srep29272-f8"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap position="float" id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Representative results of TaqMan qPCR for quantification of ‘
<italic>Ca</italic>
. Liberibacter asiaticus’ in extracts of petioles used for DTBIA.</title>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1">
<colgroup>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="char" char="."></col>
<col align="char" char="."></col>
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr>
<th rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Host and isolate designation</th>
<th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">Cq value
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn1">a</xref>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">FAM (CaLas 16S RNA)</th>
<th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">TET (cytochrome oxidase)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr>
<td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">CaLas B430 in rough lemon</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> B430-1</td>
<td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">23.10</td>
<td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">19.22</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> B430-2</td>
<td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">21.4</td>
<td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">20.67</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> B430-3</td>
<td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">22.64</td>
<td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">20.56</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> B430-4</td>
<td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">21.44</td>
<td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">20.26</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> B430-5</td>
<td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">22.20</td>
<td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">21.03</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> B430-6</td>
<td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">21.60</td>
<td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">20.73</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">CaLas B232 in sweet orange</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> B232-1</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">21.08</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">19.38</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> B232-2</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">21.39</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">17.37</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> B232-3</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">22.58</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">18.18</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> B232-4</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">20.61</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">19.17</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> B232-5</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">20.41</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">20.85</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> B232-6</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">20.21</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">19.10</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">
<bold>Mean</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">21.56 ± 0.92</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">19.71 ± 1.16</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="t1-fn1">
<p>
<sup>a</sup>
qPCR performed as described (16).</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap position="float" id="t2">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Peptides identified by GeLC-MS/MS that are part of a HSP-90 protein which contains a portion of the FLAG epitope and is expressed in citrus trees infected with bacterial and viral pathogens
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t2-fn1">a</xref>
,
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t2-fn2">b</xref>
.</title>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1">
<colgroup>
<col align="left"></col>
</colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">>175</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">VVKDPEDAGVQQTAQLIYQTALMESGFSLNDPKDFASR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">>629</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">VVKDPEDAGVQQTAQLIYQTALMESGFSLNDPKDFASR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">>768</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">GLVDSDTLPLNVSR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">>889</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">VVKDPEDAGVQQTAQLIYQTALMESGFSLNDPKDFASR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">>940</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">VVKDPEDAGVQQTAQLIYQTALMESGFSLNDPKDFASR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">>1120</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">TALMESGFSLNDPKDFASR</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="t2-fn1">
<p>
<sup>a</sup>
Proteins from sweet orange petioles were resolved by SDS-PAGE and submitted for sequence determination by GeLC-MS/MS.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="t2-fn2">
<p>
<sup>b</sup>
pBlast best matches were to accessions KDO84885.1 and KDO84884.1 and XP_006473673.1 with E values from 3e-07 to 4e-23.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap position="float" id="t3">
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption>
<title>HSP-90 proteins encoded by the genomes of
<italic>Citrus sinensis</italic>
and
<italic>Citrus clementina</italic>
which contain a partial FLAG domain (DDDDK).</title>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1">
<colgroup>
<col align="left"></col>
<col align="center"></col>
<col align="center"></col>
<col align="center"></col>
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr>
<th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Accession</th>
<th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Definition</th>
<th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Amino Acids</th>
<th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Mass kd</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">KDO84884</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Hypothetical CISIN_1g003458 mg [Citrus sinensis]</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">818</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">93.88</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">KDO84885</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Hypothetical CISIN_1g003458 mg [Citrus sinensis]</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">679</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">78.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">KDO84886</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Hypothetical CISIN_1g003458 mg [Citrus sinensis]</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">762</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">87.95</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">XP_006473673</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Predicted endoplasmin homolog [Citrus sinensis]</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">822</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">94.31</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">XP_006435195</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Hypothetical CICLE_v10000296 mg [Citrus clementina]</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">820</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">94.09</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">XP_006482710</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">uncharacterized LOC102621298 isoform X1 [Citrus sinensis]</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">425</td>
<td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">49.23</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
</record>

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