Divergent Evolutionary Pattern of Sugar Transporter Genes is Associated with the Difference in Sugar Accumulation between Grasses and Eudicots
Identifieur interne : 000468 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000467; suivant : 000469Divergent Evolutionary Pattern of Sugar Transporter Genes is Associated with the Difference in Sugar Accumulation between Grasses and Eudicots
Auteurs : Wei Wang [République populaire de Chine] ; Hui Zhou [République populaire de Chine] ; Baiquan Ma [République populaire de Chine] ; Albert Owiti [République populaire de Chine] ; Schuyler S. Korban [États-Unis] ; Yuepeng Han [République populaire de Chine]Source :
- Scientific Reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Sugars play a variety of roles in plants, and their accumulation in seeds and/or surrounding pericarp tissues is distinctly different between grasses and eudicots. However, little is known about the evolutionary pattern of genes involved in sugar accumulation in these two major groups of flowering plants. Here, we compared evolutionary rates, gene duplication, and selective patterns of genes involved in sugar metabolism and transport between grasses and eudicots using six grass species and seven eudicot species as materials. Overall, sugar transporter genes exhibit divergent evolutionary patterns, whereas, sugar metabolism genes showing similar evolutionary pattern between monocots and eudicots. Sugar transporter genes have higher frequencies of recent duplication in eudicots than in grasses and their patterns of evolutionary rate are different. Evidence for divergent selection of these two groups of flowering plants is also observed in sugar transporter genes, wherein, these genes have undergone positive selection in eudicots, but not in grasses. Taken together, these findings suggest that sugar transporter genes rather than sugar metabolism genes play important roles in sugar accumulation in plants, and that divergent evolutionary patterns of sugar transporter genes are associated with the difference of sugar accumulation in storage tissues of grasses and eudicots.
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DOI: 10.1038/srep29153
PubMed: 27356489
PubMed Central: 4928125
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Divergent Evolutionary Pattern of Sugar Transporter Genes is Associated with the Difference in Sugar Accumulation between Grasses and Eudicots</title><author><name sortKey="Wang, Wei" sort="Wang, Wei" uniqKey="Wang W" first="Wei" last="Wang">Wei Wang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Wuhan, 430074,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Hui" sort="Zhou, Hui" uniqKey="Zhou H" first="Hui" last="Zhou">Hui Zhou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Wuhan, 430074,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, Baiquan" sort="Ma, Baiquan" uniqKey="Ma B" first="Baiquan" last="Ma">Baiquan Ma</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Wuhan, 430074,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Owiti, Albert" sort="Owiti, Albert" uniqKey="Owiti A" first="Albert" last="Owiti">Albert Owiti</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Wuhan, 430074,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Korban, Schuyler S" sort="Korban, Schuyler S" uniqKey="Korban S" first="Schuyler S." last="Korban">Schuyler S. 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430074,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27356489</idno><idno type="pmc">4928125</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4928125</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4928125</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/srep29153</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000469</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000468</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Divergent Evolutionary Pattern of Sugar Transporter Genes is Associated with the Difference in Sugar Accumulation between Grasses and Eudicots</title><author><name sortKey="Wang, Wei" sort="Wang, Wei" uniqKey="Wang W" first="Wei" last="Wang">Wei Wang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Wuhan, 430074,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Hui" sort="Zhou, Hui" uniqKey="Zhou H" first="Hui" last="Zhou">Hui Zhou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Wuhan, 430074,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, Baiquan" sort="Ma, Baiquan" uniqKey="Ma B" first="Baiquan" last="Ma">Baiquan Ma</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Wuhan, 430074,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Owiti, Albert" sort="Owiti, Albert" uniqKey="Owiti A" first="Albert" last="Owiti">Albert Owiti</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Wuhan, 430074,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Korban, Schuyler S" sort="Korban, Schuyler S" uniqKey="Korban S" first="Schuyler S." last="Korban">Schuyler S. Korban</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston</institution>, Boston, MA 02184,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Han, Yuepeng" sort="Han, Yuepeng" uniqKey="Han Y" first="Yuepeng" last="Han">Yuepeng Han</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Wuhan, 430074,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Wuhan, 430074,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific Reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Sugars play a variety of roles in plants, and their accumulation in seeds and/or surrounding pericarp tissues is distinctly different between grasses and eudicots. However, little is known about the evolutionary pattern of genes involved in sugar accumulation in these two major groups of flowering plants. Here, we compared evolutionary rates, gene duplication, and selective patterns of genes involved in sugar metabolism and transport between grasses and eudicots using six grass species and seven eudicot species as materials. Overall, sugar transporter genes exhibit divergent evolutionary patterns, whereas, sugar metabolism genes showing similar evolutionary pattern between monocots and eudicots. Sugar transporter genes have higher frequencies of recent duplication in eudicots than in grasses and their patterns of evolutionary rate are different. Evidence for divergent selection of these two groups of flowering plants is also observed in sugar transporter genes, wherein, these genes have undergone positive selection in eudicots, but not in grasses. Taken together, these findings suggest that sugar transporter genes rather than sugar metabolism genes play important roles in sugar accumulation in plants, and that divergent evolutionary patterns of sugar transporter genes are associated with the difference of sugar accumulation in storage tissues of grasses and eudicots.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sreenivasulu, N" uniqKey="Sreenivasulu N">N. Sreenivasulu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wobus, U" uniqKey="Wobus U">U. Wobus</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sreenivasulu, N" uniqKey="Sreenivasulu N">N. Sreenivasulu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Halford, N G" uniqKey="Halford N">N. G. Halford</name></author><author><name sortKey="Curtis, T Y" uniqKey="Curtis T">T. Y. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Scientific Reports</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2045-2322</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27356489</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4928125</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">srep29153</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep29153</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Divergent Evolutionary Pattern of Sugar Transporter Genes is Associated with the Difference in Sugar Accumulation between Grasses and Eudicots</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Wei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>Hui</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ma</surname><given-names>Baiquan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Owiti</surname><given-names>Albert</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Korban</surname><given-names>Schuyler S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Han</surname><given-names>Yuepeng</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">a</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="n1">*</xref></contrib><aff id="a1"><label>1</label><institution>Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Wuhan, 430074,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="a2"><label>2</label><institution>Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="a3"><label>3</label><institution>Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston</institution>, Boston, MA 02184,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a4"><label>4</label><institution>Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>, Wuhan, 430074,<country>China</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="c1"><label>a</label><email>yphan@wbgcas.cn</email></corresp><fn id="n1"><label>*</label><p>Present address: Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><elocation-id>29153</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>17</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016, Macmillan Publishers Limited</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Macmillan Publishers Limited</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Sugars play a variety of roles in plants, and their accumulation in seeds and/or surrounding pericarp tissues is distinctly different between grasses and eudicots. However, little is known about the evolutionary pattern of genes involved in sugar accumulation in these two major groups of flowering plants. Here, we compared evolutionary rates, gene duplication, and selective patterns of genes involved in sugar metabolism and transport between grasses and eudicots using six grass species and seven eudicot species as materials. Overall, sugar transporter genes exhibit divergent evolutionary patterns, whereas, sugar metabolism genes showing similar evolutionary pattern between monocots and eudicots. Sugar transporter genes have higher frequencies of recent duplication in eudicots than in grasses and their patterns of evolutionary rate are different. Evidence for divergent selection of these two groups of flowering plants is also observed in sugar transporter genes, wherein, these genes have undergone positive selection in eudicots, but not in grasses. Taken together, these findings suggest that sugar transporter genes rather than sugar metabolism genes play important roles in sugar accumulation in plants, and that divergent evolutionary patterns of sugar transporter genes are associated with the difference of sugar accumulation in storage tissues of grasses and eudicots.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><title>Sucrose (Suc) synthesis, metabolism and transport in plant cell.</title><p>ADP-Glc: ADP-glucose; Glc: glucose; triose-P: triose-phosphate; G6P: Glc-6-phosphate; G1P: Glc-1-phosphate; F6P: fructose-6-phosphate; UDPG: uridine diphosphate glucose; SE/CC: sieve element/companion cell; Suc-P: Suc-phosphate; SPS: Suc-phosphate synthase; SPP: Suc-phosphate phosphatase; PGI: phosphoglucose isomerase; NI: neutral invertase; SUSY: sucrose synthase; HK: hexokinase; FK: fructokinase; PGM: phosphoglucomutase; UDPase: UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase; SS: starch synthase; SBE: starch branching enzyme; SDE: starch debranching enzyme; AMY: amylase; A: sucrose transporter; and B: sugar transport protein.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep29153-f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><title>Clusters of orthologous groups (COG) of the <italic>SUT</italic> gene family in plants.</title><p>Deep and light blue squares correspond to symmetrical and asymmetrical best hits (BeTs), respectively. Each gene ID is indicated, and the prefix “Rc” denotes IDs from <italic>Ricimus communis</italic>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep29153-f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><title>Analysis of phyogenetic relationships between SUT proteins in plants using the Neighbor-Joining method.</title><p>Bootstrap values (higher than 50%) are shown near branched lines. Recent and old duplication events are indicated by red and blue dots, respectively. Gene loss is indicated by red dash line. Genes are designated based on previous reports or BLAST results.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep29153-f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><title>Differences in ω values of <italic>SUT</italic> and <italic>HK</italic> gene subfamilies between grasses and eudicots.</title><p>Black and white columns correspond to ω values of gene subfamilies in eudicots and grasses, respectively. Error bars correspond to SE of means. *<italic>P</italic> < 0.05; **<italic>P</italic> < 0.01.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep29153-f4"></graphic></fig><fig id="f5"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><title>Estimation of ω values for the <italic>SUT1</italic> subfamily using the ML method.</title><p>Values higher than one are highlighted in black bold.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep29153-f5"></graphic></fig><table-wrap position="float" id="t1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Gene duplication and gene loss in gene families involved in sugar metabolism and transport in both grasses and dicots.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="left"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Species</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Duplication type</th><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Genes</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td rowspan="4" align="left" valign="middle" charoff="50">Grass-specific</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Old gene duplication</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>SPS</italic>(2)<italic>, HK</italic>(5)<italic>, NI</italic>(3)<italic>, SUSY</italic>(3)<italic>, PMT(1), STP(4), SUT(3), TMT(2), ERD6-like(2), INT(1)</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Recent gene duplication</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>SPS</italic>(3)<italic>, HK</italic>(4)<italic>, NI</italic>(3)<italic>, SUSY</italic>(3)<italic>, TMT(2), STP(2)</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Old gene loss</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>SUT</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Recent gene loss</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>HK, NI, SUSY, STP, TMT, ERD6-like,INT, pGlcT, SUT, PMT</italic></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4" align="left" valign="middle" charoff="50">Eudicot-specific</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Old gene duplication</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>SPS</italic>(1)<italic>, HK</italic>(1)<italic>, SUSY</italic>(1)<italic>, STP(1), TMT(1),</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Recent gene duplication</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>SPS</italic>(5)<italic>, HK</italic>(10)<italic>, NI</italic>(7)<italic>, SUSY(9), PMT(15), STP(34), SUT</italic>(18)<italic>, TMT(9), VGT(4), ERD6-like</italic>(16), <italic>INT</italic>(12), <italic>pGlcT</italic>(5)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Old gene loss</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">N/D</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Recent gene loss</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>HK, SUSY, PMT, STP SUT</italic>, <italic>NI, SPS, ERD6-like, pGlcT, TMT</italic></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>Likelihood-ratio test (LRT) statistic and parameters from Branch Model of PAML.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left" valign="bottom" charoff="50">Gene family/subfamily</th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Null hypothesis<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Alternative hypothesis<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LRT<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">-In L</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">ω</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">-In L</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">ω (grass)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">ω (edicot)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Statistic</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>P</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">HK</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">11783.30</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">11785.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.13</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.42</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.18</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">NI</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">16479.90</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.06</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">16479.89</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.06</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.07</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">SPS</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">19549.54</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">19549.53</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.14</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">SUSY</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">23700.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">23700.04</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.08</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">SUT type1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">10101.69</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.12</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">100094.07</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">N/A</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.14</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">15.23</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4.93e–4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">SUT type2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5594.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.29</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5599.79</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.14</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.48</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">11.55</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.10e–3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">SUT type4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4056.79</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.35</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4107.06</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.76</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">100.54</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><1.00e–12</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">PMT</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">13163.31</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.11</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">13172.08</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.14</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.07</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">17.55</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.54e–4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">STP</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">13959.40</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.07</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">13903.48</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.11</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.05</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">111.84</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><1.00e–12</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">ERD6-like</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">10500.44</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.56</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">10614.28</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.33</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.14</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">227.67</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><1.00e–12</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">pGlcT</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">10476.77</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.11</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">10480.65</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.14</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.11</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7.76</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.07e–2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">INT</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7717.63</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.08</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7722.22</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">9.18</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.02e–2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">TMT</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">11508.87</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.11</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">11308.87</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.11</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.16</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">400.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><1.00e–12</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">VGT</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">9974.43</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.14</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">9797.18</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.13</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.15</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.05</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t3"><label>Table 3</label><caption><title>Estimation of likelihood ratios of gene families related to sugar metabolism and transport using the M3 and M3 + S1 Models in Fitmodel.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th colspan="14" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Gene family/subfamily<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Model Parameter</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>SUT1</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>SUT2</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>SUT4</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>VGT</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>STP</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>TMT</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>PMT</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>INT</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>pGlcT</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>ERD6-like</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>HK</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>NI</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>SUSY</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>SPS</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td rowspan="7" align="left" valign="middle" charoff="50">M3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">-In L</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">14922.22</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">24210.88</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7853.05</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">23354.78</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">15805.81</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">61719.92</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">51067.07</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">31257.70</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">19149.30</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">16142.70</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">63731.74</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">66066.34</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">73873.57</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">84870.00</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">p1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.38</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.21</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.20</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.37</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.46</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.15</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.17</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.06</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.44</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.32</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.08</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.15</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.14</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">p2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.39</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.49</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.60</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.35</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.35</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.50</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.48</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.63</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.67</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.39</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.35</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.47</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.37</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.46</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">p3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.23</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.30</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.21</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.28</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.18</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.35</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.35</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.34</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.27</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.17</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.33</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.46</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.48</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.40</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">ω1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.14</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.14</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.12</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.07</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.23</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.35</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.22</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.31</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.06</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.06</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">ω2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.27</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.77</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.74</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.24</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.14</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.83</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.47</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.97</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.98</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.15</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.16</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.41</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.50</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.52</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">ω3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.95</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.14</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">20.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.95</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.57</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.77</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.22</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4.38</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5.28</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.56</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.42</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.38</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.70</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.79</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="7" align="left" valign="middle" charoff="50">M3 + S1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">-In L</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">14891.35</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">24166.60</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7857.14</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">23250.22</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">15728.80</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">61624.07</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">50952.59</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">31239.20</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">19145.40</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">16035.70</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">63271.47</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">65900.66</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">73744.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">84666.08</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">p1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.44</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.20</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.20</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.50</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.58</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.18</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.22</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.05</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.06</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.60</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.41</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.20</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.20</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">p2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.34</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.50</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.60</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.35</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.31</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.53</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.52</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.67</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.67</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.36</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.34</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.52</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.35</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.48</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">p3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.23</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.30</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.20</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.15</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.28</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.26</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.28</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.27</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.29</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.25</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.39</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.45</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.32</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">ω1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.12</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.12</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.18</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.06</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">ω2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.28</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.72</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.76</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.39</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.24</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.87</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.53</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.94</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.16</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.35</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.51</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.55</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">ω3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.13</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.32</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">20.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.78</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.80</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.08</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1.61</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5.40</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5.66</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">2.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.64</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4.14</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.95</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.98</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t4"><label>Table 4</label><caption><title>Estimation of positive sites in gene families related to sugar metabolism and transport using the M3 + S1 Model in Fitmodel.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Gene family</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Grass-specific</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Eudicot-specific</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>SUT1</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">N/A</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">27, 245, 260, 266, 346, 403, 409, 411, 414, 425</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>SUT2</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">N/A</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">97, 211, 356, 411, 477, 541</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>SUT4</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">N/A</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">N/A</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>VGT</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">N/A</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">N/A</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>STP</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">N/A</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">N/A</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>TMT</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">N/A</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">272, 552, 841, 864</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>PMT</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">N/A</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">36, 38, 82, 87, 92, 504, 522, 632</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>HK</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">N/A</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">20, 29, 34, 61, 67, 70, 74, 83, 89, 179, 180, 181</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>NI</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">67, 70, 71, 92, 128, 129, 131, 134, 149, 155, 156, 163, 180, 182, 183, 192, 193, 194, 195, 203, 223, 348, 736</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">109, 111, 112, 124, 137, 145, 153, 156, 157, 168–171, 180, 181, 183, 190, 200, 203, 218, 219, 221, 222, 226, 231, 254–257, 262, 263, 266, 271, 277–279, 681, 718</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>SUSY</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">N/A</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">120, 135, 1455, 1492, 1674, 1677, 1678, 1679</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>SPS</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">82, 110–112, 115, 133, 266, 449, 514, 528, 552, 669, 798, 805, 881, 932, 995, 1003, 1049, 1061, 1064, 1068, 1070, 1088, 1092, 1094, 1099, 1102, 1104, 1129, 1132, 1142, 1148, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1229, 1232, 1235, 1238, 1242, 1251, 1254, 1256, 1282, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1310, 1329, 1324</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">22, 37, 41, 42, 68, 73, 90, 104, 121, 135, 136, 139, 140, 167, 170, 176–178, 181–183, 297, 313, 338, 362, 398, 429, 463, 467, 491, 505, 535, 541, 552, 554, 557, 560, 585, 601, 638, 809, 814, 827, 833, 841, 851, 869, 873, 874, 878, 891, 892, 899–901, 904, 905, 912, 914, 915, 927, 928, 929, 937, 938, 947, 951, 955, 959, 962, 964, 967, 968, 972, 976, 978, 983, 985–987, 998, 1009, 1011, 1023, 1024, 1046, 1047, 1058–1060, 1064, 1069, 1071, 1073, 1089, 1091, 1096, 1150, 1176, 1178, 1199, 1205–1208, 1210–1214, 1217, 1227, 1231</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>INT</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">N/A</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">25, 78–82, 123, 124, 137, 148, 157, 172–181, 225, 361, 463, 491, 535–542</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>pGlcT</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">N/A</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">68, 87, 94, 99, 103, 116, 129, 130, 482, 576, 608</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>ERD6-like</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">N/A</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">29, 38, 61, 74, 89, 137.233, 231, 429</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t5"><label>Table 5</label><caption><title>Estimation of type II functional divergence (θ) using the Type II of DIVERGE software.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Gene</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Subfamily I</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Subfamily II</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">θ-II value</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>SUT</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Eudicot subfamily 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Eudicot subfamily 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.32 ± 0.15</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Eudicot subfamily 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.31 ± 0.14</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Grass subfamily 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.21 ± 0.15</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Grass subfamily 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.22 ± 0.15</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Grass subfamily 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.36 ± 0.14</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Grass subfamily 4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.35 ± 0.14</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Grass subfamily 5</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.29 ± 0.14</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Eudicot subfamily 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Eudicot subfamily 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.26 ± 0.11</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Grass subfamily 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.02 ± 0.11</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Grass subfamily 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.17 ± 0.11</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Grass subfamily 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.28 ± 0.11</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Grass subfamily 4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.26 ± 0.11</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Grass subfamily 5</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.29 ± 0.11</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Eudicot subfamily 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Grass subfamily 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.32 ± 0.08</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Grass subfamily 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.05 ± 0.07</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Grass subfamily 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.17 ± 0.09</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Grass subfamily 4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.14 ± 0.08</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Grass subfamily 5</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.14 ± 0.08</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Grass subfamily 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Grass subfamily 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.35 ± 0.06</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Grass subfamily 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.38 ± 0.08</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Grass subfamily 4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.34 ± 0.07</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Grass subfamily 5</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.38 ± 0.07</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Grass subfamily 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Grass subfamily 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.19 ± 0.08</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Grass subfamily 4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.18 ± 0.07</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Grass subfamily 5</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.19 ± 0.06</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Grass subfamily 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Grass subfamily 4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.21 ± 0.08</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Grass subfamily 5</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.22 ± 0.08</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Grass subfamily 4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Grass subfamily 5</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0.08 ± 0.07</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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