AustralieFrV1, PascalFrancis, Corpus, bibRecord, 001F39

Entropy, non-linearity and hierarchy in ecosystems

Identifieur interne : 001F39 ( PascalFrancis/Corpus ); précédent : 001F38; suivant : 001F40

Entropy, non-linearity and hierarchy in ecosystems

Auteurs : T. M. Addiscott

Source :

Geoderma : (Amsterdam) [ 0016-7061 ] ; 2010.

RBID : Pascal:11-0147618

Descripteurs français

Pascal (Inist)
- Entropie, Hiérarchie, Ecosystème, Relation sol plante, Système biologique, Système ouvert, Thermodynamique, Régime permanent, Agroécosystème, Perturbation, Sol, Population statistique, Elément nutritif.

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- Agroecosystem, Biological system, Hierarchy, Perturbation, Soil plant relation, ecosystems, entropy, nutrients, open systems, populations, soils, steady regimes, thermodynamics.

Abstract

Soil-plant systems are open systems thermodynamically because they exchange both energy and matter with their surroundings. Thus they are properly described by the second and third of the three stages of thermodynamics defined by Prigogine and Stengers (1984). The second stage describes a system in which the flow is linearly related to the force. Such a system tends towards a steady state in which entropy production is minimized, but it depends on the capacity of the system for self-organization. In a third stage system, flow is non-linearly related to force, and the system can move far from equilibrium. This system maximizes entropy production but in so doing facilitates self-organization. The second stage system was suggested earlier to provide a useful analogue of the behaviour of natural and agricultural ecosystems subjected to perturbations, but it needs the capacity for self-organization. Considering an ecosystem as a hierarchy suggests that this capacity is provided by the soil population, which releases from dead plant matter nutrients such as nitrate, phosphate and cations needed for growth of new plants and the renewal of the whole ecosystem. This release of small molecules from macromolecules increases entropy, and the soil population maximizes entropy production by releasing nutrients and carbon dioxide as vigorously as conditions allow. In so doing it behaves as a third stage thermodynamic system. Other authors (Schneider and Kay, 1994, 1995) consider that it is the plants in an ecosystem that maximize entropy, mainly through transpiration, but studies on transpiration efficiency suggest that this is questionable.

Notice en format standard (ISO 2709)

Pour connaître la documentation sur le format Inist Standard.

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A11	`01`	`1`		`@1 ADDISCOTT (T. M.)`
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A15	`03`			`@1 Department of Soil Science, Rothamsted Research @2 Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ @3 GBR @Z 2 aut.`
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C01	`01`		`ENG`	@0 Soil-plant systems are open systems thermodynamically because they exchange both energy and matter with their surroundings. Thus they are properly described by the second and third of the three stages of thermodynamics defined by Prigogine and Stengers (1984). The second stage describes a system in which the flow is linearly related to the force. Such a system tends towards a steady state in which entropy production is minimized, but it depends on the capacity of the system for self-organization. In a third stage system, flow is non-linearly related to force, and the system can move far from equilibrium. This system maximizes entropy production but in so doing facilitates self-organization. The second stage system was suggested earlier to provide a useful analogue of the behaviour of natural and agricultural ecosystems subjected to perturbations, but it needs the capacity for self-organization. Considering an ecosystem as a hierarchy suggests that this capacity is provided by the soil population, which releases from dead plant matter nutrients such as nitrate, phosphate and cations needed for growth of new plants and the renewal of the whole ecosystem. This release of small molecules from macromolecules increases entropy, and the soil population maximizes entropy production by releasing nutrients and carbon dioxide as vigorously as conditions allow. In so doing it behaves as a third stage thermodynamic system. Other authors (Schneider and Kay, 1994, 1995) consider that it is the plants in an ecosystem that maximize entropy, mainly through transpiration, but studies on transpiration efficiency suggest that this is questionable.
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C03	`01`	`2`	`ENG`	`@0 entropy @5 01`
C03	`01`	`2`	`SPA`	`@0 Entropía @5 01`
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C03	`05`	`X`	`FRE`	`@0 Système biologique @5 06`
C03	`05`	`X`	`ENG`	`@0 Biological system @5 06`
C03	`05`	`X`	`SPA`	`@0 Sistema biológico @5 06`
C03	`06`	`2`	`FRE`	`@0 Système ouvert @5 07`
C03	`06`	`2`	`ENG`	`@0 open systems @5 07`
C03	`06`	`2`	`SPA`	`@0 Sistema abierto @5 07`
C03	`07`	`2`	`FRE`	`@0 Thermodynamique @5 09`
C03	`07`	`2`	`ENG`	`@0 thermodynamics @5 09`
C03	`07`	`2`	`SPA`	`@0 Termodinámica @5 09`
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C03	`09`	`X`	`FRE`	`@0 Agroécosystème @5 19`
C03	`09`	`X`	`ENG`	`@0 Agroecosystem @5 19`
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C03	`10`	`X`	`FRE`	`@0 Perturbation @5 20`
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C03	`11`	`2`	`SPA`	`@0 Suelo @2 NT @5 21`
C03	`12`	`2`	`FRE`	`@0 Population statistique @5 22`
C03	`12`	`2`	`ENG`	`@0 populations @5 22`
C03	`12`	`2`	`SPA`	`@0 Población estadística @5 22`
C03	`13`	`2`	`FRE`	`@0 Elément nutritif @5 25`
C03	`13`	`2`	`ENG`	`@0 nutrients @5 25`
C03	`13`	`2`	`SPA`	`@0 Nutriente @5 25`
N21				`@1 094`

Format Inist (serveur)

NO :	PASCAL 11-0147618 INIST
ET :	Entropy, non-linearity and hierarchy in ecosystems
AU :	ADDISCOTT (T. M.); TARQUIS (A. M.); BIRD (N. R. A.); PERRIER (E. M. A.); CRAWFORD (J. W.)
AF :	Rothamsted Research/Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ/Royaume-Uni (1 aut.); Judith and David Coffey Chair, Faculty of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Sydney/Sydney 2006/Australie (4 aut.); Departamento de Matemática Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid/28040 Madrid/Espagne (1 aut.); Department of Soil Science, Rothamsted Research/Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ/Royaume-Uni (2 aut.); Unité de Recherches GEODES UR079, Centre IRD Ile de France/93143 Bondy/France (3 aut.)
DT :	Publication en série; Niveau analytique
SO :	Geoderma : (Amsterdam); ISSN 0016-7061; Coden GEDMAB; Pays-Bas; Da. 2010; Vol. 160; No. 1; Pp. 57-63; Bibl. 1/2 p.
LA :	Anglais
EA :	Soil-plant systems are open systems thermodynamically because they exchange both energy and matter with their surroundings. Thus they are properly described by the second and third of the three stages of thermodynamics defined by Prigogine and Stengers (1984). The second stage describes a system in which the flow is linearly related to the force. Such a system tends towards a steady state in which entropy production is minimized, but it depends on the capacity of the system for self-organization. In a third stage system, flow is non-linearly related to force, and the system can move far from equilibrium. This system maximizes entropy production but in so doing facilitates self-organization. The second stage system was suggested earlier to provide a useful analogue of the behaviour of natural and agricultural ecosystems subjected to perturbations, but it needs the capacity for self-organization. Considering an ecosystem as a hierarchy suggests that this capacity is provided by the soil population, which releases from dead plant matter nutrients such as nitrate, phosphate and cations needed for growth of new plants and the renewal of the whole ecosystem. This release of small molecules from macromolecules increases entropy, and the soil population maximizes entropy production by releasing nutrients and carbon dioxide as vigorously as conditions allow. In so doing it behaves as a third stage thermodynamic system. Other authors (Schneider and Kay, 1994, 1995) consider that it is the plants in an ecosystem that maximize entropy, mainly through transpiration, but studies on transpiration efficiency suggest that this is questionable.
CC :	002A32; 001E01P03; 226C03
FD :	Entropie; Hiérarchie; Ecosystème; Relation sol plante; Système biologique; Système ouvert; Thermodynamique; Régime permanent; Agroécosystème; Perturbation; Sol; Population statistique; Elément nutritif
ED :	entropy; Hierarchy; ecosystems; Soil plant relation; Biological system; open systems; thermodynamics; steady regimes; Agroecosystem; Perturbation; soils; populations; nutrients
SD :	Entropía; Jerarquía; Ecosistema; Relación suelo planta; Sistema biológico; Sistema abierto; Termodinámica; Régimen permanente; Agroecosistema; Perturbación; Suelo; Población estadística; Nutriente
LO :	INIST-3607.354000194339950070
ID :	11-0147618

Links to Exploration step

Pascal:11-0147618

Le document en format XML

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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Soil-plant systems are open systems thermodynamically because they exchange both energy and matter with their surroundings. Thus they are properly described by the second and third of the three stages of thermodynamics defined by Prigogine and Stengers (1984). The second stage describes a system in which the flow is linearly related to the force. Such a system tends towards a steady state in which entropy production is minimized, but it depends on the capacity of the system for self-organization. In a third stage system, flow is non-linearly related to force, and the system can move far from equilibrium. This system maximizes entropy production but in so doing facilitates self-organization. The second stage system was suggested earlier to provide a useful analogue of the behaviour of natural and agricultural ecosystems subjected to perturbations, but it needs the capacity for self-organization. Considering an ecosystem as a hierarchy suggests that this capacity is provided by the soil population, which releases from dead plant matter nutrients such as nitrate, phosphate and cations needed for growth of new plants and the renewal of the whole ecosystem. This release of small molecules from macromolecules increases entropy, and the soil population maximizes entropy production by releasing nutrients and carbon dioxide as vigorously as conditions allow. In so doing it behaves as a third stage thermodynamic system. Other authors (Schneider and Kay, 1994, 1995) consider that it is the plants in an ecosystem that maximize entropy, mainly through transpiration, but studies on transpiration efficiency suggest that this is questionable.</div>
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<fC03 i1="10" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Perturbation</s0>
<s5>20</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="10" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Perturbation</s0>
<s5>20</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="10" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Perturbación</s0>
<s5>20</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="11" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Sol</s0>
<s2>NT</s2>
<s5>21</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="11" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>soils</s0>
<s2>NT</s2>
<s5>21</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="11" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Suelo</s0>
<s2>NT</s2>
<s5>21</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="12" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Population statistique</s0>
<s5>22</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="12" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>populations</s0>
<s5>22</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="12" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Población estadística</s0>
<s5>22</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="13" i2="2" l="FRE"><s0>Elément nutritif</s0>
<s5>25</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="13" i2="2" l="ENG"><s0>nutrients</s0>
<s5>25</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="13" i2="2" l="SPA"><s0>Nutriente</s0>
<s5>25</s5>
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<server><NO>PASCAL 11-0147618 INIST</NO>
<ET>Entropy, non-linearity and hierarchy in ecosystems</ET>
<AU>ADDISCOTT (T. M.); TARQUIS (A. M.); BIRD (N. R. A.); PERRIER (E. M. A.); CRAWFORD (J. W.)</AU>
<AF>Rothamsted Research/Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ/Royaume-Uni (1 aut.); Judith and David Coffey Chair, Faculty of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Sydney/Sydney 2006/Australie (4 aut.); Departamento de Matemática Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid/28040 Madrid/Espagne (1 aut.); Department of Soil Science, Rothamsted Research/Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ/Royaume-Uni (2 aut.); Unité de Recherches GEODES UR079, Centre IRD Ile de France/93143 Bondy/France (3 aut.)</AF>
<DT>Publication en série; Niveau analytique</DT>
<SO>Geoderma : (Amsterdam); ISSN 0016-7061; Coden GEDMAB; Pays-Bas; Da. 2010; Vol. 160; No. 1; Pp. 57-63; Bibl. 1/2 p.</SO>
<LA>Anglais</LA>
<EA>Soil-plant systems are open systems thermodynamically because they exchange both energy and matter with their surroundings. Thus they are properly described by the second and third of the three stages of thermodynamics defined by Prigogine and Stengers (1984). The second stage describes a system in which the flow is linearly related to the force. Such a system tends towards a steady state in which entropy production is minimized, but it depends on the capacity of the system for self-organization. In a third stage system, flow is non-linearly related to force, and the system can move far from equilibrium. This system maximizes entropy production but in so doing facilitates self-organization. The second stage system was suggested earlier to provide a useful analogue of the behaviour of natural and agricultural ecosystems subjected to perturbations, but it needs the capacity for self-organization. Considering an ecosystem as a hierarchy suggests that this capacity is provided by the soil population, which releases from dead plant matter nutrients such as nitrate, phosphate and cations needed for growth of new plants and the renewal of the whole ecosystem. This release of small molecules from macromolecules increases entropy, and the soil population maximizes entropy production by releasing nutrients and carbon dioxide as vigorously as conditions allow. In so doing it behaves as a third stage thermodynamic system. Other authors (Schneider and Kay, 1994, 1995) consider that it is the plants in an ecosystem that maximize entropy, mainly through transpiration, but studies on transpiration efficiency suggest that this is questionable.</EA>
<CC>002A32; 001E01P03; 226C03</CC>
<FD>Entropie; Hiérarchie; Ecosystème; Relation sol plante; Système biologique; Système ouvert; Thermodynamique; Régime permanent; Agroécosystème; Perturbation; Sol; Population statistique; Elément nutritif</FD>
<ED>entropy; Hierarchy; ecosystems; Soil plant relation; Biological system; open systems; thermodynamics; steady regimes; Agroecosystem; Perturbation; soils; populations; nutrients</ED>
<SD>Entropía; Jerarquía; Ecosistema; Relación suelo planta; Sistema biológico; Sistema abierto; Termodinámica; Régimen permanente; Agroecosistema; Perturbación; Suelo; Población estadística; Nutriente</SD>
<LO>INIST-3607.354000194339950070</LO>
<ID>11-0147618</ID>
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Entropy, non-linearity and hierarchy in ecosystems

Entropy, non-linearity and hierarchy in ecosystems

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