Fluvial response to horizontal shortening and glaciations: A study in the Southern Alps of New Zealand
Identifieur interne : 009988 ( Main/Curation ); précédent : 009987; suivant : 009989Fluvial response to horizontal shortening and glaciations: A study in the Southern Alps of New Zealand
Auteurs : Frédéric Herman [Australie, États-Unis] ; Jean Braun [Australie, France]Source :
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface [ 0148-0227 ] ; 2006-03.
Descripteurs français
- Pascal (Inist)
- Advection, Affluent, Alpes Australes Nouvelle Zélande Ile Sud, Asymétrie, Chenal, Dynamique, Efficacité, Equation ordre 1, Erosion fluviatile, Faille, Glaciation, Géomorphologie, Hauteur, Ligne partage eau, Modèle, Ordre 1, Paysage, Position, Précipitation atmosphérique, Période interglaciaire, Relief, Rivière, Surrection, Tectonique, Valeur extrême, Vallée.
- Wicri :
- topic : Géomorphologie, érosion, Géomorphologie.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Active mountain belts, Advected, Advection, Advection term, Alpine, Alpine fault, Alps, Asymmetry, Base level, Batt, Beaumont, Beavan, Bedrock, Bedrock incision, Braun, Cascade, Central part, Compressional orogens, Continental collision, Convergence, Convergence velocity, Craw, Critical slope, Crustal, Crustal deformation, Different values, Digital elevation model, Drainage area, Drainage basins, Eastern side, Equilibrium position, Erosion, Erosion rate, Erosional, First order, First order equation, Fluvial, Fluvial conditions, Fluvial efficiency, Fluvial erosion, Fluvial incision, Fluvial processes, Fluvial response, Geol, Geomorphic, Geomorphology, Geophys, Glacial, Glacial debris, Glacial erosion, Glacial periods, Glaciated, Glaciation, Grid, Height, Hillslope, Hillslope diffusion, Hillslope erosion, Hillslope processes, Horizontal advection, Hovius, Incision, Koons, Landform, Landform evolution, Landscape evolution, Landscape evolution model, Landsliding, Large number, Last glaciation, Main drainage, Maximum slope, Misfit, Misfit function, Misfit value, Mountain belt, Mountain range, Mountain ranges, New Zealand Southern Alps, Numerical experiments, Numerical models, Oblique, Orogen, Orogens, Orographic, Orographic precipitation, Parameter space, Personal communication, Position, Precipitation, Proside, Relief production, Retroside, River profile, River tributaries, Rock uplift, Run1, Run2, Sambridge, Satellite image, Seismic, Seismic strain rate, Southern alps, Southern alps figure, Steady state, Steady state conditions, Surface topography, Tectonic, Tectonic advection, Tectonic model, Tectonic uplift, Tectonics, Tectonomorphic model, Thermochronological data, Time step, Topographic, Topographic balance, Topography, Tributary, Uplift, Uplift rate, Valley floor, Various processes, Velocity field, Western flank, Western side, Whataroa, Whataroa river, Whitehouse, Willett, Zealand, advection, asymmetry, atmospheric precipitation, channels, drainage divide, dynamics, efficiency, extreme value, faults, fluvial erosion, geomorphology, glaciation, interglacial periods, landscapes, models, relief, rivers, tectonics, tributaries, uplifts, valleys.
- Teeft :
- Active mountain belts, Advected, Advection, Advection term, Alpine, Alpine fault, Alps, Asymmetry, Base level, Batt, Beaumont, Beavan, Bedrock, Bedrock incision, Braun, Cascade, Central part, Compressional orogens, Continental collision, Convergence, Convergence velocity, Craw, Critical slope, Crustal, Crustal deformation, Different values, Digital elevation model, Drainage area, Drainage basins, Eastern side, Equilibrium position, Erosion, Erosion rate, Erosional, Fluvial, Fluvial conditions, Fluvial efficiency, Fluvial erosion, Fluvial incision, Fluvial processes, Fluvial response, Geol, Geomorphic, Geomorphology, Geophys, Glacial, Glacial debris, Glacial erosion, Glacial periods, Glaciated, Glaciation, Grid, Hillslope, Hillslope diffusion, Hillslope erosion, Hillslope processes, Horizontal advection, Hovius, Incision, Koons, Landform, Landform evolution, Landscape evolution, Landscape evolution model, Landsliding, Large number, Last glaciation, Main drainage, Maximum slope, Misfit, Misfit function, Misfit value, Mountain belt, Mountain range, Mountain ranges, Numerical experiments, Numerical models, Oblique, Orogen, Orogens, Orographic, Orographic precipitation, Parameter space, Personal communication, Precipitation, Proside, Relief production, Retroside, River profile, River tributaries, Rock uplift, Run1, Run2, Sambridge, Satellite image, Seismic, Seismic strain rate, Southern alps, Southern alps figure, Steady state, Steady state conditions, Surface topography, Tectonic, Tectonic advection, Tectonic model, Tectonic uplift, Tectonics, Tectonomorphic model, Thermochronological data, Time step, Topographic, Topographic balance, Topography, Tributary, Uplift, Uplift rate, Valley floor, Various processes, Velocity field, Western flank, Western side, Whataroa, Whataroa river, Whitehouse, Willett, Zealand.
Abstract
It has been postulated that a steady state between erosional and tectonic processes may develop in continental collision. However, it is not clear whether steady state conditions can be reached for all components of the landscape. Here we show, using landscape evolution models and field evidence, that a true geomorphic steady state may never be reached in the Southern Alps of New Zealand. The strong asymmetries in tectonic uplift and tectonic advection and the onset of glaciations constantly interact to prevent the landscape from reaching a topographic steady state. Evidence suggests that the first‐order geomorphology on the western side of the Southern Alps is controlled by orographic precipitation combined with extreme rates of tectonic uplift, whereas the development of deep glacial valleys on the eastern side is initiated by differential uplift along large faults. We also develop a first‐order equation, governing the dynamics of the Main Divide, to show that both tectonic advection and fluvial erosion efficiency control the position and the height of the main drainage divide. Using a two‐dimensional landscape evolution model, we demonstrate that the transition from glacial to fluvial conditions at the end of the last glaciation led to substantial modifications of the landscape: While the main trunk channels get slowly uplifted, ridges are leveled down, causing the relief to decrease. Hillslopes appear to be affected by fluvial processes which seem to be driven by incision of river tributaries. This reduction of relief will probably never reach a steady state since warmer interglacial periods are substantially shorter than glacial periods.
Url:
DOI: 10.1029/2004JF000248
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Active mountain belts</term>
<term>Advected</term>
<term>Advection</term>
<term>Advection term</term>
<term>Alpine</term>
<term>Alpine fault</term>
<term>Alps</term>
<term>Asymmetry</term>
<term>Base level</term>
<term>Batt</term>
<term>Beaumont</term>
<term>Beavan</term>
<term>Bedrock</term>
<term>Bedrock incision</term>
<term>Braun</term>
<term>Cascade</term>
<term>Central part</term>
<term>Compressional orogens</term>
<term>Continental collision</term>
<term>Convergence</term>
<term>Convergence velocity</term>
<term>Craw</term>
<term>Critical slope</term>
<term>Crustal</term>
<term>Crustal deformation</term>
<term>Different values</term>
<term>Digital elevation model</term>
<term>Drainage area</term>
<term>Drainage basins</term>
<term>Eastern side</term>
<term>Equilibrium position</term>
<term>Erosion</term>
<term>Erosion rate</term>
<term>Erosional</term>
<term>First order</term>
<term>First order equation</term>
<term>Fluvial</term>
<term>Fluvial conditions</term>
<term>Fluvial efficiency</term>
<term>Fluvial erosion</term>
<term>Fluvial incision</term>
<term>Fluvial processes</term>
<term>Fluvial response</term>
<term>Geol</term>
<term>Geomorphic</term>
<term>Geomorphology</term>
<term>Geophys</term>
<term>Glacial</term>
<term>Glacial debris</term>
<term>Glacial erosion</term>
<term>Glacial periods</term>
<term>Glaciated</term>
<term>Glaciation</term>
<term>Grid</term>
<term>Height</term>
<term>Hillslope</term>
<term>Hillslope diffusion</term>
<term>Hillslope erosion</term>
<term>Hillslope processes</term>
<term>Horizontal advection</term>
<term>Hovius</term>
<term>Incision</term>
<term>Koons</term>
<term>Landform</term>
<term>Landform evolution</term>
<term>Landscape evolution</term>
<term>Landscape evolution model</term>
<term>Landsliding</term>
<term>Large number</term>
<term>Last glaciation</term>
<term>Main drainage</term>
<term>Maximum slope</term>
<term>Misfit</term>
<term>Misfit function</term>
<term>Misfit value</term>
<term>Mountain belt</term>
<term>Mountain range</term>
<term>Mountain ranges</term>
<term>New Zealand Southern Alps</term>
<term>Numerical experiments</term>
<term>Numerical models</term>
<term>Oblique</term>
<term>Orogen</term>
<term>Orogens</term>
<term>Orographic</term>
<term>Orographic precipitation</term>
<term>Parameter space</term>
<term>Personal communication</term>
<term>Position</term>
<term>Precipitation</term>
<term>Proside</term>
<term>Relief production</term>
<term>Retroside</term>
<term>River profile</term>
<term>River tributaries</term>
<term>Rock uplift</term>
<term>Run1</term>
<term>Run2</term>
<term>Sambridge</term>
<term>Satellite image</term>
<term>Seismic</term>
<term>Seismic strain rate</term>
<term>Southern alps</term>
<term>Southern alps figure</term>
<term>Steady state</term>
<term>Steady state conditions</term>
<term>Surface topography</term>
<term>Tectonic</term>
<term>Tectonic advection</term>
<term>Tectonic model</term>
<term>Tectonic uplift</term>
<term>Tectonics</term>
<term>Tectonomorphic model</term>
<term>Thermochronological data</term>
<term>Time step</term>
<term>Topographic</term>
<term>Topographic balance</term>
<term>Topography</term>
<term>Tributary</term>
<term>Uplift</term>
<term>Uplift rate</term>
<term>Valley floor</term>
<term>Various processes</term>
<term>Velocity field</term>
<term>Western flank</term>
<term>Western side</term>
<term>Whataroa</term>
<term>Whataroa river</term>
<term>Whitehouse</term>
<term>Willett</term>
<term>Zealand</term>
<term>advection</term>
<term>asymmetry</term>
<term>atmospheric precipitation</term>
<term>channels</term>
<term>drainage divide</term>
<term>dynamics</term>
<term>efficiency</term>
<term>extreme value</term>
<term>faults</term>
<term>fluvial erosion</term>
<term>geomorphology</term>
<term>glaciation</term>
<term>interglacial periods</term>
<term>landscapes</term>
<term>models</term>
<term>relief</term>
<term>rivers</term>
<term>tectonics</term>
<term>tributaries</term>
<term>uplifts</term>
<term>valleys</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Advection</term>
<term>Affluent</term>
<term>Alpes Australes Nouvelle Zélande Ile Sud</term>
<term>Asymétrie</term>
<term>Chenal</term>
<term>Dynamique</term>
<term>Efficacité</term>
<term>Equation ordre 1</term>
<term>Erosion fluviatile</term>
<term>Faille</term>
<term>Glaciation</term>
<term>Géomorphologie</term>
<term>Hauteur</term>
<term>Ligne partage eau</term>
<term>Modèle</term>
<term>Ordre 1</term>
<term>Paysage</term>
<term>Position</term>
<term>Précipitation atmosphérique</term>
<term>Période interglaciaire</term>
<term>Relief</term>
<term>Rivière</term>
<term>Surrection</term>
<term>Tectonique</term>
<term>Valeur extrême</term>
<term>Vallée</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Active mountain belts</term>
<term>Advected</term>
<term>Advection</term>
<term>Advection term</term>
<term>Alpine</term>
<term>Alpine fault</term>
<term>Alps</term>
<term>Asymmetry</term>
<term>Base level</term>
<term>Batt</term>
<term>Beaumont</term>
<term>Beavan</term>
<term>Bedrock</term>
<term>Bedrock incision</term>
<term>Braun</term>
<term>Cascade</term>
<term>Central part</term>
<term>Compressional orogens</term>
<term>Continental collision</term>
<term>Convergence</term>
<term>Convergence velocity</term>
<term>Craw</term>
<term>Critical slope</term>
<term>Crustal</term>
<term>Crustal deformation</term>
<term>Different values</term>
<term>Digital elevation model</term>
<term>Drainage area</term>
<term>Drainage basins</term>
<term>Eastern side</term>
<term>Equilibrium position</term>
<term>Erosion</term>
<term>Erosion rate</term>
<term>Erosional</term>
<term>Fluvial</term>
<term>Fluvial conditions</term>
<term>Fluvial efficiency</term>
<term>Fluvial erosion</term>
<term>Fluvial incision</term>
<term>Fluvial processes</term>
<term>Fluvial response</term>
<term>Geol</term>
<term>Geomorphic</term>
<term>Geomorphology</term>
<term>Geophys</term>
<term>Glacial</term>
<term>Glacial debris</term>
<term>Glacial erosion</term>
<term>Glacial periods</term>
<term>Glaciated</term>
<term>Glaciation</term>
<term>Grid</term>
<term>Hillslope</term>
<term>Hillslope diffusion</term>
<term>Hillslope erosion</term>
<term>Hillslope processes</term>
<term>Horizontal advection</term>
<term>Hovius</term>
<term>Incision</term>
<term>Koons</term>
<term>Landform</term>
<term>Landform evolution</term>
<term>Landscape evolution</term>
<term>Landscape evolution model</term>
<term>Landsliding</term>
<term>Large number</term>
<term>Last glaciation</term>
<term>Main drainage</term>
<term>Maximum slope</term>
<term>Misfit</term>
<term>Misfit function</term>
<term>Misfit value</term>
<term>Mountain belt</term>
<term>Mountain range</term>
<term>Mountain ranges</term>
<term>Numerical experiments</term>
<term>Numerical models</term>
<term>Oblique</term>
<term>Orogen</term>
<term>Orogens</term>
<term>Orographic</term>
<term>Orographic precipitation</term>
<term>Parameter space</term>
<term>Personal communication</term>
<term>Precipitation</term>
<term>Proside</term>
<term>Relief production</term>
<term>Retroside</term>
<term>River profile</term>
<term>River tributaries</term>
<term>Rock uplift</term>
<term>Run1</term>
<term>Run2</term>
<term>Sambridge</term>
<term>Satellite image</term>
<term>Seismic</term>
<term>Seismic strain rate</term>
<term>Southern alps</term>
<term>Southern alps figure</term>
<term>Steady state</term>
<term>Steady state conditions</term>
<term>Surface topography</term>
<term>Tectonic</term>
<term>Tectonic advection</term>
<term>Tectonic model</term>
<term>Tectonic uplift</term>
<term>Tectonics</term>
<term>Tectonomorphic model</term>
<term>Thermochronological data</term>
<term>Time step</term>
<term>Topographic</term>
<term>Topographic balance</term>
<term>Topography</term>
<term>Tributary</term>
<term>Uplift</term>
<term>Uplift rate</term>
<term>Valley floor</term>
<term>Various processes</term>
<term>Velocity field</term>
<term>Western flank</term>
<term>Western side</term>
<term>Whataroa</term>
<term>Whataroa river</term>
<term>Whitehouse</term>
<term>Willett</term>
<term>Zealand</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Géomorphologie</term>
<term>érosion</term>
<term>Géomorphologie</term>
</keywords>
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<front><div type="abstract">It has been postulated that a steady state between erosional and tectonic processes may develop in continental collision. However, it is not clear whether steady state conditions can be reached for all components of the landscape. Here we show, using landscape evolution models and field evidence, that a true geomorphic steady state may never be reached in the Southern Alps of New Zealand. The strong asymmetries in tectonic uplift and tectonic advection and the onset of glaciations constantly interact to prevent the landscape from reaching a topographic steady state. Evidence suggests that the first‐order geomorphology on the western side of the Southern Alps is controlled by orographic precipitation combined with extreme rates of tectonic uplift, whereas the development of deep glacial valleys on the eastern side is initiated by differential uplift along large faults. We also develop a first‐order equation, governing the dynamics of the Main Divide, to show that both tectonic advection and fluvial erosion efficiency control the position and the height of the main drainage divide. Using a two‐dimensional landscape evolution model, we demonstrate that the transition from glacial to fluvial conditions at the end of the last glaciation led to substantial modifications of the landscape: While the main trunk channels get slowly uplifted, ridges are leveled down, causing the relief to decrease. Hillslopes appear to be affected by fluvial processes which seem to be driven by incision of river tributaries. This reduction of relief will probably never reach a steady state since warmer interglacial periods are substantially shorter than glacial periods.</div>
</front>
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<author><name sortKey="Herman, Frederic" sort="Herman, Frederic" uniqKey="Herman F" first="Frédéric" last="Herman">Frédéric Herman</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Braun, Jean" sort="Braun, Jean" uniqKey="Braun J" first="Jean" last="Braun">Jean Braun</name>
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<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
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<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
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<series><title level="j" type="main">Journal of geophysical research</title>
<title level="j" type="abbreviated">J. geophys. res.</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno>
<imprint><date when="2006">2006</date>
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>First order</term>
<term>First order equation</term>
<term>Height</term>
<term>New Zealand Southern Alps</term>
<term>Position</term>
<term>advection</term>
<term>asymmetry</term>
<term>atmospheric precipitation</term>
<term>channels</term>
<term>drainage divide</term>
<term>dynamics</term>
<term>efficiency</term>
<term>extreme value</term>
<term>faults</term>
<term>fluvial erosion</term>
<term>geomorphology</term>
<term>glaciation</term>
<term>interglacial periods</term>
<term>landscapes</term>
<term>models</term>
<term>relief</term>
<term>rivers</term>
<term>tectonics</term>
<term>tributaries</term>
<term>uplifts</term>
<term>valleys</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Glaciation</term>
<term>Tectonique</term>
<term>Paysage</term>
<term>Modèle</term>
<term>Asymétrie</term>
<term>Surrection</term>
<term>Advection</term>
<term>Ordre 1</term>
<term>Géomorphologie</term>
<term>Précipitation atmosphérique</term>
<term>Valeur extrême</term>
<term>Vallée</term>
<term>Faille</term>
<term>Equation ordre 1</term>
<term>Dynamique</term>
<term>Erosion fluviatile</term>
<term>Efficacité</term>
<term>Position</term>
<term>Hauteur</term>
<term>Ligne partage eau</term>
<term>Chenal</term>
<term>Relief</term>
<term>Rivière</term>
<term>Affluent</term>
<term>Période interglaciaire</term>
<term>Alpes Australes Nouvelle Zélande Ile Sud</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Géomorphologie</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">[1] It has been postulated that a steady state between erosional and tectonic processes may develop in continental collision. However, it is not clear whether steady state conditions can be reached for all components of the landscape. Here we show, using landscape evolution models and field evidence, that a true geomorphic steady state may never be reached in the Southern Alps of New Zealand. The strong asymmetries in tectonic uplift and tectonic advection and the onset of glaciations constantly interact to prevent the landscape from reaching a topographic steady state. Evidence suggests that the first-order geomorphology on the western side of the Southern Alps is controlled by orographic precipitation combined with extreme rates of tectonic uplift, whereas the development of deep glacial valleys on the eastern side is initiated by differential uplift along large faults. We also develop a first-order equation, governing the dynamics of the Main Divide, to show that both tectonic advection and fluvial erosion efficiency control the position and the height of the main drainage divide. Using a two-dimensional landscape evolution model, we demonstrate that the transition from glacial to fluvial conditions at the end of the last glaciation led to substantial modifications of the landscape: While the main trunk channels get slowly uplifted, ridges are leveled down, causing the relief to decrease. Hillslopes appear to be affected by fluvial processes which seem to be driven by incision of river tributaries. This reduction of relief will probably never reach a steady state since warmer interglacial periods are substantially shorter than glacial periods.</div>
</front>
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<author><name sortKey="Braun, Jean" sort="Braun, Jean" uniqKey="Braun J" first="Jean" last="Braun">Jean Braun</name>
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Active mountain belts</term>
<term>Advected</term>
<term>Advection</term>
<term>Advection term</term>
<term>Alpine</term>
<term>Alpine fault</term>
<term>Alps</term>
<term>Asymmetry</term>
<term>Base level</term>
<term>Batt</term>
<term>Beaumont</term>
<term>Beavan</term>
<term>Bedrock</term>
<term>Bedrock incision</term>
<term>Braun</term>
<term>Cascade</term>
<term>Central part</term>
<term>Compressional orogens</term>
<term>Continental collision</term>
<term>Convergence</term>
<term>Convergence velocity</term>
<term>Craw</term>
<term>Critical slope</term>
<term>Crustal</term>
<term>Crustal deformation</term>
<term>Different values</term>
<term>Digital elevation model</term>
<term>Drainage area</term>
<term>Drainage basins</term>
<term>Eastern side</term>
<term>Equilibrium position</term>
<term>Erosion</term>
<term>Erosion rate</term>
<term>Erosional</term>
<term>Fluvial</term>
<term>Fluvial conditions</term>
<term>Fluvial efficiency</term>
<term>Fluvial erosion</term>
<term>Fluvial incision</term>
<term>Fluvial processes</term>
<term>Fluvial response</term>
<term>Geol</term>
<term>Geomorphic</term>
<term>Geomorphology</term>
<term>Geophys</term>
<term>Glacial</term>
<term>Glacial debris</term>
<term>Glacial erosion</term>
<term>Glacial periods</term>
<term>Glaciated</term>
<term>Glaciation</term>
<term>Grid</term>
<term>Hillslope</term>
<term>Hillslope diffusion</term>
<term>Hillslope erosion</term>
<term>Hillslope processes</term>
<term>Horizontal advection</term>
<term>Hovius</term>
<term>Incision</term>
<term>Koons</term>
<term>Landform</term>
<term>Landform evolution</term>
<term>Landscape evolution</term>
<term>Landscape evolution model</term>
<term>Landsliding</term>
<term>Large number</term>
<term>Last glaciation</term>
<term>Main drainage</term>
<term>Maximum slope</term>
<term>Misfit</term>
<term>Misfit function</term>
<term>Misfit value</term>
<term>Mountain belt</term>
<term>Mountain range</term>
<term>Mountain ranges</term>
<term>Numerical experiments</term>
<term>Numerical models</term>
<term>Oblique</term>
<term>Orogen</term>
<term>Orogens</term>
<term>Orographic</term>
<term>Orographic precipitation</term>
<term>Parameter space</term>
<term>Personal communication</term>
<term>Precipitation</term>
<term>Proside</term>
<term>Relief production</term>
<term>Retroside</term>
<term>River profile</term>
<term>River tributaries</term>
<term>Rock uplift</term>
<term>Run1</term>
<term>Run2</term>
<term>Sambridge</term>
<term>Satellite image</term>
<term>Seismic</term>
<term>Seismic strain rate</term>
<term>Southern alps</term>
<term>Southern alps figure</term>
<term>Steady state</term>
<term>Steady state conditions</term>
<term>Surface topography</term>
<term>Tectonic</term>
<term>Tectonic advection</term>
<term>Tectonic model</term>
<term>Tectonic uplift</term>
<term>Tectonics</term>
<term>Tectonomorphic model</term>
<term>Thermochronological data</term>
<term>Time step</term>
<term>Topographic</term>
<term>Topographic balance</term>
<term>Topography</term>
<term>Tributary</term>
<term>Uplift</term>
<term>Uplift rate</term>
<term>Valley floor</term>
<term>Various processes</term>
<term>Velocity field</term>
<term>Western flank</term>
<term>Western side</term>
<term>Whataroa</term>
<term>Whataroa river</term>
<term>Whitehouse</term>
<term>Willett</term>
<term>Zealand</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Active mountain belts</term>
<term>Advected</term>
<term>Advection</term>
<term>Advection term</term>
<term>Alpine</term>
<term>Alpine fault</term>
<term>Alps</term>
<term>Asymmetry</term>
<term>Base level</term>
<term>Batt</term>
<term>Beaumont</term>
<term>Beavan</term>
<term>Bedrock</term>
<term>Bedrock incision</term>
<term>Braun</term>
<term>Cascade</term>
<term>Central part</term>
<term>Compressional orogens</term>
<term>Continental collision</term>
<term>Convergence</term>
<term>Convergence velocity</term>
<term>Craw</term>
<term>Critical slope</term>
<term>Crustal</term>
<term>Crustal deformation</term>
<term>Different values</term>
<term>Digital elevation model</term>
<term>Drainage area</term>
<term>Drainage basins</term>
<term>Eastern side</term>
<term>Equilibrium position</term>
<term>Erosion</term>
<term>Erosion rate</term>
<term>Erosional</term>
<term>Fluvial</term>
<term>Fluvial conditions</term>
<term>Fluvial efficiency</term>
<term>Fluvial erosion</term>
<term>Fluvial incision</term>
<term>Fluvial processes</term>
<term>Fluvial response</term>
<term>Geol</term>
<term>Geomorphic</term>
<term>Geomorphology</term>
<term>Geophys</term>
<term>Glacial</term>
<term>Glacial debris</term>
<term>Glacial erosion</term>
<term>Glacial periods</term>
<term>Glaciated</term>
<term>Glaciation</term>
<term>Grid</term>
<term>Hillslope</term>
<term>Hillslope diffusion</term>
<term>Hillslope erosion</term>
<term>Hillslope processes</term>
<term>Horizontal advection</term>
<term>Hovius</term>
<term>Incision</term>
<term>Koons</term>
<term>Landform</term>
<term>Landform evolution</term>
<term>Landscape evolution</term>
<term>Landscape evolution model</term>
<term>Landsliding</term>
<term>Large number</term>
<term>Last glaciation</term>
<term>Main drainage</term>
<term>Maximum slope</term>
<term>Misfit</term>
<term>Misfit function</term>
<term>Misfit value</term>
<term>Mountain belt</term>
<term>Mountain range</term>
<term>Mountain ranges</term>
<term>Numerical experiments</term>
<term>Numerical models</term>
<term>Oblique</term>
<term>Orogen</term>
<term>Orogens</term>
<term>Orographic</term>
<term>Orographic precipitation</term>
<term>Parameter space</term>
<term>Personal communication</term>
<term>Precipitation</term>
<term>Proside</term>
<term>Relief production</term>
<term>Retroside</term>
<term>River profile</term>
<term>River tributaries</term>
<term>Rock uplift</term>
<term>Run1</term>
<term>Run2</term>
<term>Sambridge</term>
<term>Satellite image</term>
<term>Seismic</term>
<term>Seismic strain rate</term>
<term>Southern alps</term>
<term>Southern alps figure</term>
<term>Steady state</term>
<term>Steady state conditions</term>
<term>Surface topography</term>
<term>Tectonic</term>
<term>Tectonic advection</term>
<term>Tectonic model</term>
<term>Tectonic uplift</term>
<term>Tectonics</term>
<term>Tectonomorphic model</term>
<term>Thermochronological data</term>
<term>Time step</term>
<term>Topographic</term>
<term>Topographic balance</term>
<term>Topography</term>
<term>Tributary</term>
<term>Uplift</term>
<term>Uplift rate</term>
<term>Valley floor</term>
<term>Various processes</term>
<term>Velocity field</term>
<term>Western flank</term>
<term>Western side</term>
<term>Whataroa</term>
<term>Whataroa river</term>
<term>Whitehouse</term>
<term>Willett</term>
<term>Zealand</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>érosion</term>
<term>Géomorphologie</term>
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<front><div type="abstract">It has been postulated that a steady state between erosional and tectonic processes may develop in continental collision. However, it is not clear whether steady state conditions can be reached for all components of the landscape. Here we show, using landscape evolution models and field evidence, that a true geomorphic steady state may never be reached in the Southern Alps of New Zealand. The strong asymmetries in tectonic uplift and tectonic advection and the onset of glaciations constantly interact to prevent the landscape from reaching a topographic steady state. Evidence suggests that the first‐order geomorphology on the western side of the Southern Alps is controlled by orographic precipitation combined with extreme rates of tectonic uplift, whereas the development of deep glacial valleys on the eastern side is initiated by differential uplift along large faults. We also develop a first‐order equation, governing the dynamics of the Main Divide, to show that both tectonic advection and fluvial erosion efficiency control the position and the height of the main drainage divide. Using a two‐dimensional landscape evolution model, we demonstrate that the transition from glacial to fluvial conditions at the end of the last glaciation led to substantial modifications of the landscape: While the main trunk channels get slowly uplifted, ridges are leveled down, causing the relief to decrease. Hillslopes appear to be affected by fluvial processes which seem to be driven by incision of river tributaries. This reduction of relief will probably never reach a steady state since warmer interglacial periods are substantially shorter than glacial periods.</div>
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