AustralieFrV1, Main, Curation, bibRecord, 007055

Two Nonrecombining Sympatric Forms of the Human Malaria Parasite Plasmodium ovale Occur Globally

Identifieur interne : 007055 ( Main/Curation ); précédent : 007054; suivant : 007056

Two Nonrecombining Sympatric Forms of the Human Malaria Parasite Plasmodium ovale Occur Globally

Auteurs : Colin J. Sutherland [Royaume-Uni] ; Naowarat Tanomsing ; Debbie Nolder ; Mary Oguike ; Charlie Jennison ; Sasithon Pukrittayakamee ; Christiane Dolecek [Viêt Nam] ; Tran Tinh Hien [Viêt Nam] ; Virgilio E. Do Rosário [Portugal] ; Ana Paula Arez [Portugal] ; João Pinto [Portugal] ; Pascal Michon [Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée] ; Ananias A. Escalante [États-Unis] ; Francois Nosten [Royaume-Uni, Thaïlande] ; Martina Burke ; Rogan Lee [Australie] ; Marie Blaze ; Thomas Dan Otto [Royaume-Uni] ; John W. Barnwell [États-Unis] ; Arnab Pain [Royaume-Uni] ; John Williams ; Nicholas J. White [Royaume-Uni] ; Nicholas P. J. Day [Royaume-Uni] ; Georges Snounou [France, Singapour] ; Peter J. Lockhart [Nouvelle-Zélande] ; Peter L. Chiodini [Royaume-Uni] ; Mallika Imwong ; Spencer D. Polley [Royaume-Uni]

Source :

The Journal of Infectious Diseases [ 0022-1899 ] ; 2010-05-15.

RBID : ISTEX:934AE9AC3FE9987720CDD21CD1D7141C54A6538D

Descripteurs français

Pascal (Inist)
- Homme, Infection, Paludisme, Plasmodium ovale.
Wicri :
- topic : Homme.

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- Human, Infection, Malaria, Plasmodium ovale.

Abstract

Background. Malaria in humans is caused by apicomplexan parasites belonging to 5 species of the genus Plasmodium. Infections with Plasmodium ovale are widely distributed but rarely investigated, and the resulting burden of disease is not known. Dimorphism in defined genes has led to P. ovale parasites being divided into classic and variant types. We hypothesized that these dimorphs represent distinct parasite species. Methods. Multilocus sequence analysis of 6 genetic characters was carried out among 55 isolates from 12 African and 3 Asia-Pacific countries. Results. Each genetic character displayed complete dimorphism and segregated perfectly between the 2 types. Both types were identified in samples from Ghana, Nigeria, São Tomé, Sierra Leone, and Uganda and have been described previously in Myanmar. Splitting of the 2 lineages is estimated to have occurred between 1.0 and 3.5 million years ago in hominid hosts. Conclusions. We propose that P. ovale comprises 2 nonrecombining species that are sympatric in Africa and Asia. We speculate on possible scenarios that could have led to this speciation. Furthermore, the relatively high frequency of imported cases of symptomatic P. ovale infection in the United Kingdom suggests that the morbidity caused by ovale malaria has been underestimated.

Url:

https://api.istex.fr/document/934AE9AC3FE9987720CDD21CD1D7141C54A6538D/fulltext/pdf

DOI: 10.1086/652240

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No country items

Naowarat Tanomsing

<affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">University</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>

Debbie Nolder

<affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Medicine</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>

Mary Oguike

<affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Medicine</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>

Charlie Jennison

<affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Medicine</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>

Sasithon Pukrittayakamee

<affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Bangkok</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>

Martina Burke

<affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Medicine</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>

Marie Blaze

<affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Medicine</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>

John Williams

<affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Medicine</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>

Nicholas J. White

<affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">University</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>

Nicholas P. J. Day

<affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">University</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>

Mallika Imwong

<affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">University</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>

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<affiliation></affiliation>
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore</wicri:regionArea>
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</analytic>
<monogr></monogr>
<series><title level="j">The Journal of Infectious Diseases</title>
<title level="j" type="abbrev">The Journal of Infectious Diseases</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0022-1899</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1537-6613</idno>
<imprint><publisher>The University of Chicago Press</publisher>
<date type="published" when="2010-05-15">2010-05-15</date>
<biblScope unit="volume">201</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="issue">10</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" from="1544">1544</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" to="1550">1550</biblScope>
</imprint>
<idno type="ISSN">0022-1899</idno>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
<seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0022-1899</idno>
</seriesStmt>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Human</term>
<term>Infection</term>
<term>Malaria</term>
<term>Plasmodium ovale</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Homme</term>
<term>Infection</term>
<term>Paludisme</term>
<term>Plasmodium ovale</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Homme</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract">Background. Malaria in humans is caused by apicomplexan parasites belonging to 5 species of the genus Plasmodium. Infections with Plasmodium ovale are widely distributed but rarely investigated, and the resulting burden of disease is not known. Dimorphism in defined genes has led to P. ovale parasites being divided into classic and variant types. We hypothesized that these dimorphs represent distinct parasite species. Methods. Multilocus sequence analysis of 6 genetic characters was carried out among 55 isolates from 12 African and 3 Asia-Pacific countries. Results. Each genetic character displayed complete dimorphism and segregated perfectly between the 2 types. Both types were identified in samples from Ghana, Nigeria, São Tomé, Sierra Leone, and Uganda and have been described previously in Myanmar. Splitting of the 2 lineages is estimated to have occurred between 1.0 and 3.5 million years ago in hominid hosts. Conclusions. We propose that P. ovale comprises 2 nonrecombining species that are sympatric in Africa and Asia. We speculate on possible scenarios that could have led to this speciation. Furthermore, the relatively high frequency of imported cases of symptomatic P. ovale infection in the United Kingdom suggests that the morbidity caused by ovale malaria has been underestimated.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<double idat="0022-1899:2010:Sutherland C:two:nonrecombining:sympatric"><INIST><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Two Nonrecombining Sympatric Forms of the Human Malaria Parasite Plasmodium ovale Occur Globally</title>
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</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Health Protection Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</s1>
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<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Hospital for Tropical Diseases</s1>
<s2>London</s2>
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<sZ>26 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>28 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tanomsing, Naowarat" sort="Tanomsing, Naowarat" uniqKey="Tanomsing N" first="Naowarat" last="Tanomsing">Naowarat Tanomsing</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University</s1>
<s3>THA</s3>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>27 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Noider, Debbie" sort="Noider, Debbie" uniqKey="Noider D" first="Debbie" last="Noider">Debbie Noider</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Health Protection Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</s1>
<s3>GBR</s3>
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</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Health Protection Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oguike, Mary" sort="Oguike, Mary" uniqKey="Oguike M" first="Mary" last="Oguike">Mary Oguike</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</s1>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jennison, Charlie" sort="Jennison, Charlie" uniqKey="Jennison C" first="Charlie" last="Jennison">Charlie Jennison</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</s1>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pukrittayakamee, Sasithon" sort="Pukrittayakamee, Sasithon" uniqKey="Pukrittayakamee S" first="Sasithon" last="Pukrittayakamee">Sasithon Pukrittayakamee</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University</s1>
<s3>THA</s3>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>27 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="08"><s1>The Royal Institute</s1>
<s2>Bangkok</s2>
<s3>THA</s3>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:noRegion>The Royal Institute</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dolecek, Christiane" sort="Dolecek, Christiane" uniqKey="Dolecek C" first="Christiane" last="Dolecek">Christiane Dolecek</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases</s1>
<s2>Ho Chi Minh City</s2>
<s3>VNM</s3>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>8 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Viêt Nam</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Ho Chi Minh City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tran Tinh Hen" sort="Tran Tinh Hen" uniqKey="Tran Tinh Hen" last="Tran Tinh Hen">TRAN TINH HEN</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases</s1>
<s2>Ho Chi Minh City</s2>
<s3>VNM</s3>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>8 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Viêt Nam</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Ho Chi Minh City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Do Rosario, Virgilio E" sort="Do Rosario, Virgilio E" uniqKey="Do Rosario V" first="Virgilio E." last="Do Rosario">Virgilio E. Do Rosario</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>Centro de Malaria e outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa</s1>
<s2>Lisbon</s2>
<s3>PRT</s3>
<sZ>9 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>10 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>11 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Portugal</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Lisbon</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arez, Ana Paula" sort="Arez, Ana Paula" uniqKey="Arez A" first="Ana Paula" last="Arez">Ana Paula Arez</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>Centro de Malaria e outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa</s1>
<s2>Lisbon</s2>
<s3>PRT</s3>
<sZ>9 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>10 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>11 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Portugal</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Lisbon</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pinto, Joao" sort="Pinto, Joao" uniqKey="Pinto J" first="João" last="Pinto">João Pinto</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>Centro de Malaria e outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa</s1>
<s2>Lisbon</s2>
<s3>PRT</s3>
<sZ>9 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>10 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>11 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Portugal</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Lisbon</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Michon, Pascal" sort="Michon, Pascal" uniqKey="Michon P" first="Pascal" last="Michon">Pascal Michon</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="12"><s1>Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research</s1>
<s2>Madang</s2>
<s3>PNG</s3>
<sZ>12 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Escalante, Ananias A" sort="Escalante, Ananias A" uniqKey="Escalante A" first="Ananias A." last="Escalante">Ananias A. Escalante</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="13"><s1>School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University</s1>
<s2>Tempe, Arizona</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Arizona</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nosten, Francois" sort="Nosten, Francois" uniqKey="Nosten F" first="Francois" last="Nosten">Francois Nosten</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital</s1>
<s2>Oxford</s2>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>22 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>23 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University</s1>
<s3>THA</s3>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>22 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>23 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="09"><s1>Shoklo Malaria Research Unit</s1>
<s2>Mae Sot</s2>
<s3>THA</s3>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Shoklo Malaria Research Unit</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Burke, Martina" sort="Burke, Martina" uniqKey="Burke M" first="Martina" last="Burke">Martina Burke</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Health Protection Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</s1>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>15 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>17 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>21 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>26 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Health Protection Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, Rogan" sort="Lee, Rogan" uniqKey="Lee R" first="Rogan" last="Lee">Rogan Lee</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="15"><s1>Westmead Hospital</s1>
<s2>Sydney</s2>
<s3>AUS</s3>
<sZ>16 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Australie</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement>
<region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Blaze, Marie" sort="Blaze, Marie" uniqKey="Blaze M" first="Marie" last="Blaze">Marie Blaze</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Health Protection Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</s1>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
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</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Health Protection Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dan Otto, Thomas" sort="Dan Otto, Thomas" uniqKey="Dan Otto T" first="Thomas" last="Dan Otto">Thomas Dan Otto</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Sanger Genome Centre</s1>
<s2>Hinxton</s2>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>18 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>20 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Sanger Genome Centre</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barnwell, John W" sort="Barnwell, John W" uniqKey="Barnwell J" first="John W." last="Barnwell">John W. Barnwell</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="14"><s1>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</s1>
<s2>Atlanta, Georgia</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>19 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pain, Arnab" sort="Pain, Arnab" uniqKey="Pain A" first="Arnab" last="Pain">Arnab Pain</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Sanger Genome Centre</s1>
<s2>Hinxton</s2>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>18 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>20 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Sanger Genome Centre</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, John" sort="Williams, John" uniqKey="Williams J" first="John" last="Williams">John Williams</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Health Protection Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</s1>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>15 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>17 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>21 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>26 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Health Protection Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="White, Nicholas J" sort="White, Nicholas J" uniqKey="White N" first="Nicholas J." last="White">Nicholas J. White</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital</s1>
<s2>Oxford</s2>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>22 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>23 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University</s1>
<s3>THA</s3>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>22 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>23 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Day, Nicholas P J" sort="Day, Nicholas P J" uniqKey="Day N" first="Nicholas P. J." last="Day">Nicholas P. J. Day</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital</s1>
<s2>Oxford</s2>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>22 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>23 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University</s1>
<s3>THA</s3>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>22 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>23 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Snounou, Georges" sort="Snounou, Georges" uniqKey="Snounou G" first="Georges" last="Snounou">Georges Snounou</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="16"><s1>Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche S945</s1>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>24 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Unité Mixte de Recherche S945</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche S945</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="17"><s1>Université Pierre and Marie Curie, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière</s1>
<s2>Paris</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>24 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="18"><s1>Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore</s1>
<s3>SGP</s3>
<sZ>24 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Singapour</country>
<orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lockhart, Peter J" sort="Lockhart, Peter J" uniqKey="Lockhart P" first="Peter J." last="Lockhart">Peter J. Lockhart</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="19"><s1>Alan Wilson Centre, Massey University</s1>
<s2>Palmerston North</s2>
<s3>NZL</s3>
<sZ>25 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Nouvelle-Zélande</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Palmerston North</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chiodini, Peter L" sort="Chiodini, Peter L" uniqKey="Chiodini P" first="Peter L." last="Chiodini">Peter L. Chiodini</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Health Protection Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</s1>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>15 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>17 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>21 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>26 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Health Protection Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Hospital for Tropical Diseases</s1>
<s2>London</s2>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>26 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>28 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
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<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>27 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Thaïlande</country>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Polley, Spencer D" sort="Polley, Spencer D" uniqKey="Polley S" first="Spencer D." last="Polley">Spencer D. Polley</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Hospital for Tropical Diseases</s1>
<s2>London</s2>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
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<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">INIST</idno>
<idno type="inist">10-0249353</idno>
<date when="2010">2010</date>
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<idno type="wicri:doubleKey">0022-1899:2010:Sutherland C:two:nonrecombining:sympatric</idno>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Two Nonrecombining Sympatric Forms of the Human Malaria Parasite Plasmodium ovale Occur Globally</title>
<author><name sortKey="Sutherland, Colin J" sort="Sutherland, Colin J" uniqKey="Sutherland C" first="Colin J." last="Sutherland">Colin J. Sutherland</name>
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</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Health Protection Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</s1>
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<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Hospital for Tropical Diseases</s1>
<s2>London</s2>
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<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
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<sZ>28 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tanomsing, Naowarat" sort="Tanomsing, Naowarat" uniqKey="Tanomsing N" first="Naowarat" last="Tanomsing">Naowarat Tanomsing</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University</s1>
<s3>THA</s3>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>27 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Noider, Debbie" sort="Noider, Debbie" uniqKey="Noider D" first="Debbie" last="Noider">Debbie Noider</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Health Protection Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</s1>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
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</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Health Protection Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oguike, Mary" sort="Oguike, Mary" uniqKey="Oguike M" first="Mary" last="Oguike">Mary Oguike</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</s1>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
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<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jennison, Charlie" sort="Jennison, Charlie" uniqKey="Jennison C" first="Charlie" last="Jennison">Charlie Jennison</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</s1>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
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<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pukrittayakamee, Sasithon" sort="Pukrittayakamee, Sasithon" uniqKey="Pukrittayakamee S" first="Sasithon" last="Pukrittayakamee">Sasithon Pukrittayakamee</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University</s1>
<s3>THA</s3>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>27 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="08"><s1>The Royal Institute</s1>
<s2>Bangkok</s2>
<s3>THA</s3>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:noRegion>The Royal Institute</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dolecek, Christiane" sort="Dolecek, Christiane" uniqKey="Dolecek C" first="Christiane" last="Dolecek">Christiane Dolecek</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases</s1>
<s2>Ho Chi Minh City</s2>
<s3>VNM</s3>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>8 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Viêt Nam</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Ho Chi Minh City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tran Tinh Hen" sort="Tran Tinh Hen" uniqKey="Tran Tinh Hen" last="Tran Tinh Hen">TRAN TINH HEN</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases</s1>
<s2>Ho Chi Minh City</s2>
<s3>VNM</s3>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>8 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Viêt Nam</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Ho Chi Minh City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Do Rosario, Virgilio E" sort="Do Rosario, Virgilio E" uniqKey="Do Rosario V" first="Virgilio E." last="Do Rosario">Virgilio E. Do Rosario</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>Centro de Malaria e outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa</s1>
<s2>Lisbon</s2>
<s3>PRT</s3>
<sZ>9 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>10 aut.</sZ>
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</inist:fA14>
<country>Portugal</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Lisbon</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arez, Ana Paula" sort="Arez, Ana Paula" uniqKey="Arez A" first="Ana Paula" last="Arez">Ana Paula Arez</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>Centro de Malaria e outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa</s1>
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<s3>PRT</s3>
<sZ>9 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>10 aut.</sZ>
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</inist:fA14>
<country>Portugal</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Lisbon</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pinto, Joao" sort="Pinto, Joao" uniqKey="Pinto J" first="João" last="Pinto">João Pinto</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>Centro de Malaria e outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa</s1>
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<s3>PRT</s3>
<sZ>9 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>10 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>11 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Portugal</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Lisbon</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Michon, Pascal" sort="Michon, Pascal" uniqKey="Michon P" first="Pascal" last="Michon">Pascal Michon</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="12"><s1>Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research</s1>
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<s3>PNG</s3>
<sZ>12 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Escalante, Ananias A" sort="Escalante, Ananias A" uniqKey="Escalante A" first="Ananias A." last="Escalante">Ananias A. Escalante</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="13"><s1>School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University</s1>
<s2>Tempe, Arizona</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Arizona</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nosten, Francois" sort="Nosten, Francois" uniqKey="Nosten F" first="Francois" last="Nosten">Francois Nosten</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital</s1>
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<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
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<sZ>23 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University</s1>
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<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>22 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>23 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="09"><s1>Shoklo Malaria Research Unit</s1>
<s2>Mae Sot</s2>
<s3>THA</s3>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Shoklo Malaria Research Unit</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Burke, Martina" sort="Burke, Martina" uniqKey="Burke M" first="Martina" last="Burke">Martina Burke</name>
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<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
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<sZ>26 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Health Protection Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, Rogan" sort="Lee, Rogan" uniqKey="Lee R" first="Rogan" last="Lee">Rogan Lee</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="15"><s1>Westmead Hospital</s1>
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<s3>AUS</s3>
<sZ>16 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Australie</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement>
<region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Blaze, Marie" sort="Blaze, Marie" uniqKey="Blaze M" first="Marie" last="Blaze">Marie Blaze</name>
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<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
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</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Health Protection Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dan Otto, Thomas" sort="Dan Otto, Thomas" uniqKey="Dan Otto T" first="Thomas" last="Dan Otto">Thomas Dan Otto</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Sanger Genome Centre</s1>
<s2>Hinxton</s2>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>18 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>20 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Sanger Genome Centre</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barnwell, John W" sort="Barnwell, John W" uniqKey="Barnwell J" first="John W." last="Barnwell">John W. Barnwell</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="14"><s1>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</s1>
<s2>Atlanta, Georgia</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>19 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pain, Arnab" sort="Pain, Arnab" uniqKey="Pain A" first="Arnab" last="Pain">Arnab Pain</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Sanger Genome Centre</s1>
<s2>Hinxton</s2>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>18 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>20 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Sanger Genome Centre</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, John" sort="Williams, John" uniqKey="Williams J" first="John" last="Williams">John Williams</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Health Protection Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</s1>
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<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
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<sZ>17 aut.</sZ>
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<sZ>26 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Health Protection Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="White, Nicholas J" sort="White, Nicholas J" uniqKey="White N" first="Nicholas J." last="White">Nicholas J. White</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital</s1>
<s2>Oxford</s2>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>22 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>23 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
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</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University</s1>
<s3>THA</s3>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>22 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>23 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Day, Nicholas P J" sort="Day, Nicholas P J" uniqKey="Day N" first="Nicholas P. J." last="Day">Nicholas P. J. Day</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital</s1>
<s2>Oxford</s2>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>22 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>23 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University</s1>
<s3>THA</s3>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>22 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>23 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Snounou, Georges" sort="Snounou, Georges" uniqKey="Snounou G" first="Georges" last="Snounou">Georges Snounou</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="16"><s1>Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche S945</s1>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>24 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Unité Mixte de Recherche S945</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche S945</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="17"><s1>Université Pierre and Marie Curie, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière</s1>
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<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>24 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="18"><s1>Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore</s1>
<s3>SGP</s3>
<sZ>24 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Singapour</country>
<orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lockhart, Peter J" sort="Lockhart, Peter J" uniqKey="Lockhart P" first="Peter J." last="Lockhart">Peter J. Lockhart</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="19"><s1>Alan Wilson Centre, Massey University</s1>
<s2>Palmerston North</s2>
<s3>NZL</s3>
<sZ>25 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Nouvelle-Zélande</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Palmerston North</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chiodini, Peter L" sort="Chiodini, Peter L" uniqKey="Chiodini P" first="Peter L." last="Chiodini">Peter L. Chiodini</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Health Protection Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</s1>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>15 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>17 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>21 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>26 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Health Protection Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Hospital for Tropical Diseases</s1>
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<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>26 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>28 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Imwong, Mallika" sort="Imwong, Mallika" uniqKey="Imwong M" first="Mallika" last="Imwong">Mallika Imwong</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University</s1>
<s3>THA</s3>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>27 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Polley, Spencer D" sort="Polley, Spencer D" uniqKey="Polley S" first="Spencer D." last="Polley">Spencer D. Polley</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Hospital for Tropical Diseases</s1>
<s2>London</s2>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>26 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>28 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j" type="main">The Journal of infectious diseases</title>
<title level="j" type="abbreviated">J. infect. dis.</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0022-1899</idno>
<imprint><date when="2010">2010</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
<seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">The Journal of infectious diseases</title>
<title level="j" type="abbreviated">J. infect. dis.</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0022-1899</idno>
</seriesStmt>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Human</term>
<term>Infection</term>
<term>Malaria</term>
<term>Plasmodium ovale</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Homme</term>
<term>Plasmodium ovale</term>
<term>Infection</term>
<term>Paludisme</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Homme</term>
</keywords>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Background. Malaria in humans is caused by apicomplexan parasites belonging to 5 species of the genus Plasmodium. Infections with Plasmodium ovale are widely distributed but rarely investigated, and the resulting burden of disease is not known. Dimorphism in defined genes has led to P. ovale parasites being divided into classic and variant types. We hypothesized that these dimorphs represent distinct parasite species. Methods. Multilocus sequence analysis of 6 genetic characters was carried out among 55 isolates from 12 African and 3 Asia-Pacific countries. Results. Each genetic character displayed complete dimorphism and segregated perfectly between the 2 types. Both types were identified in samples from Ghana, Nigeria, São Tomé, Sierra Leone, and Uganda and have been described previously in Myanmar. Splitting of the 2 lineages is estimated to have occurred between 1.0 and 3.5 million years ago in hominid hosts. Conclusions. We propose that P. ovale comprises 2 nonrecombining species that are sympatric in Africa and Asia. We speculate on possible scenarios that could have led to this speciation. Furthermore, the relatively high frequency of imported cases of symptomatic P. ovale infection in the United Kingdom suggests that the morbidity caused by ovale malaria has been underestimated.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
</INIST>
<ISTEX><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>Two Nonrecombining Sympatric Forms of the Human Malaria Parasite Plasmodium ovale Occur Globally</title>
<author><name sortKey="Sutherland, Colin J" sort="Sutherland, Colin J" uniqKey="Sutherland C" first="Colin J." last="Sutherland">Colin J. Sutherland</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tanomsing, Naowarat" sort="Tanomsing, Naowarat" uniqKey="Tanomsing N" first="Naowarat" last="Tanomsing">Naowarat Tanomsing</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nolder, Debbie" sort="Nolder, Debbie" uniqKey="Nolder D" first="Debbie" last="Nolder">Debbie Nolder</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oguike, Mary" sort="Oguike, Mary" uniqKey="Oguike M" first="Mary" last="Oguike">Mary Oguike</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jennison, Charlie" sort="Jennison, Charlie" uniqKey="Jennison C" first="Charlie" last="Jennison">Charlie Jennison</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pukrittayakamee, Sasithon" sort="Pukrittayakamee, Sasithon" uniqKey="Pukrittayakamee S" first="Sasithon" last="Pukrittayakamee">Sasithon Pukrittayakamee</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dolecek, Christiane" sort="Dolecek, Christiane" uniqKey="Dolecek C" first="Christiane" last="Dolecek">Christiane Dolecek</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hien, Tran Tinh" sort="Hien, Tran Tinh" uniqKey="Hien T" first="Tran Tinh" last="Hien">Tran Tinh Hien</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Do Rosario, Virgilio E" sort="Do Rosario, Virgilio E" uniqKey="Do Rosario V" first="Virgilio E." last="Do Rosário">Virgilio E. Do Rosário</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arez, Ana Paula" sort="Arez, Ana Paula" uniqKey="Arez A" first="Ana Paula" last="Arez">Ana Paula Arez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pinto, Joao" sort="Pinto, Joao" uniqKey="Pinto J" first="João" last="Pinto">João Pinto</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Michon, Pascal" sort="Michon, Pascal" uniqKey="Michon P" first="Pascal" last="Michon">Pascal Michon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Escalante, Ananias A" sort="Escalante, Ananias A" uniqKey="Escalante A" first="Ananias A." last="Escalante">Ananias A. Escalante</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nosten, Francois" sort="Nosten, Francois" uniqKey="Nosten F" first="Francois" last="Nosten">Francois Nosten</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Burke, Martina" sort="Burke, Martina" uniqKey="Burke M" first="Martina" last="Burke">Martina Burke</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, Rogan" sort="Lee, Rogan" uniqKey="Lee R" first="Rogan" last="Lee">Rogan Lee</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Blaze, Marie" sort="Blaze, Marie" uniqKey="Blaze M" first="Marie" last="Blaze">Marie Blaze</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Otto, Thomas Dan" sort="Otto, Thomas Dan" uniqKey="Otto T" first="Thomas Dan" last="Otto">Thomas Dan Otto</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barnwell, John W" sort="Barnwell, John W" uniqKey="Barnwell J" first="John W." last="Barnwell">John W. Barnwell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pain, Arnab" sort="Pain, Arnab" uniqKey="Pain A" first="Arnab" last="Pain">Arnab Pain</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, John" sort="Williams, John" uniqKey="Williams J" first="John" last="Williams">John Williams</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="White, Nicholas J" sort="White, Nicholas J" uniqKey="White N" first="Nicholas J." last="White">Nicholas J. White</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Day, Nicholas P J" sort="Day, Nicholas P J" uniqKey="Day N" first="Nicholas P. J." last="Day">Nicholas P. J. Day</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Snounou, Georges" sort="Snounou, Georges" uniqKey="Snounou G" first="Georges" last="Snounou">Georges Snounou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lockhart, Peter J" sort="Lockhart, Peter J" uniqKey="Lockhart P" first="Peter J." last="Lockhart">Peter J. Lockhart</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chiodini, Peter L" sort="Chiodini, Peter L" uniqKey="Chiodini P" first="Peter L." last="Chiodini">Peter L. Chiodini</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Imwong, Mallika" sort="Imwong, Mallika" uniqKey="Imwong M" first="Mallika" last="Imwong">Mallika Imwong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Polley, Spencer D" sort="Polley, Spencer D" uniqKey="Polley S" first="Spencer D." last="Polley">Spencer D. Polley</name>
</author>
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<idno type="doi">10.1086/652240</idno>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a">Two Nonrecombining Sympatric Forms of the Human Malaria Parasite Plasmodium ovale Occur Globally</title>
<author><name sortKey="Sutherland, Colin J" sort="Sutherland, Colin J" uniqKey="Sutherland C" first="Colin J." last="Sutherland">Colin J. Sutherland</name>
<affiliation></affiliation>
<affiliation></affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:orgArea>Hospital for Tropical Diseases</wicri:orgArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><country wicri:rule="url">Royaume-Uni</country>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Reprints or correspondence: Colin Sutherland, Immunology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>London WC1E 7HT</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><country wicri:rule="url">Royaume-Uni</country>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tanomsing, Naowarat" sort="Tanomsing, Naowarat" uniqKey="Tanomsing N" first="Naowarat" last="Tanomsing">Naowarat Tanomsing</name>
<affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">University</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nolder, Debbie" sort="Nolder, Debbie" uniqKey="Nolder D" first="Debbie" last="Nolder">Debbie Nolder</name>
<affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Medicine</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oguike, Mary" sort="Oguike, Mary" uniqKey="Oguike M" first="Mary" last="Oguike">Mary Oguike</name>
<affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Medicine</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jennison, Charlie" sort="Jennison, Charlie" uniqKey="Jennison C" first="Charlie" last="Jennison">Charlie Jennison</name>
<affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Medicine</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pukrittayakamee, Sasithon" sort="Pukrittayakamee, Sasithon" uniqKey="Pukrittayakamee S" first="Sasithon" last="Pukrittayakamee">Sasithon Pukrittayakamee</name>
<affiliation></affiliation>
<affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Bangkok</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dolecek, Christiane" sort="Dolecek, Christiane" uniqKey="Dolecek C" first="Christiane" last="Dolecek">Christiane Dolecek</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Viêt Nam</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ho Chi Minh City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hien, Tran Tinh" sort="Hien, Tran Tinh" uniqKey="Hien T" first="Tran Tinh" last="Hien">Tran Tinh Hien</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Viêt Nam</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ho Chi Minh City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Do Rosario, Virgilio E" sort="Do Rosario, Virgilio E" uniqKey="Do Rosario V" first="Virgilio E." last="Do Rosário">Virgilio E. Do Rosário</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centro de Malária e outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lisbon</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arez, Ana Paula" sort="Arez, Ana Paula" uniqKey="Arez A" first="Ana Paula" last="Arez">Ana Paula Arez</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centro de Malária e outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lisbon</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pinto, Joao" sort="Pinto, Joao" uniqKey="Pinto J" first="João" last="Pinto">João Pinto</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centro de Malária e outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lisbon</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Michon, Pascal" sort="Michon, Pascal" uniqKey="Michon P" first="Pascal" last="Michon">Pascal Michon</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Madang</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Escalante, Ananias A" sort="Escalante, Ananias A" uniqKey="Escalante A" first="Ananias A." last="Escalante">Ananias A. Escalante</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Arizona</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nosten, Francois" sort="Nosten, Francois" uniqKey="Nosten F" first="Francois" last="Nosten">Francois Nosten</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:orgArea>Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital</wicri:orgArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation></affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mae Sot</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Mae Sot</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Burke, Martina" sort="Burke, Martina" uniqKey="Burke M" first="Martina" last="Burke">Martina Burke</name>
<affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Medicine</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, Rogan" sort="Lee, Rogan" uniqKey="Lee R" first="Rogan" last="Lee">Rogan Lee</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Westmead Hospital, Sydney</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement>
<region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Blaze, Marie" sort="Blaze, Marie" uniqKey="Blaze M" first="Marie" last="Blaze">Marie Blaze</name>
<affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Medicine</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Otto, Thomas Dan" sort="Otto, Thomas Dan" uniqKey="Otto T" first="Thomas Dan" last="Otto">Thomas Dan Otto</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sanger Genome Centre, Hinxton</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Hinxton</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barnwell, John W" sort="Barnwell, John W" uniqKey="Barnwell J" first="John W." last="Barnwell">John W. Barnwell</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pain, Arnab" sort="Pain, Arnab" uniqKey="Pain A" first="Arnab" last="Pain">Arnab Pain</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sanger Genome Centre, Hinxton</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Hinxton</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, John" sort="Williams, John" uniqKey="Williams J" first="John" last="Williams">John Williams</name>
<affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Medicine</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="White, Nicholas J" sort="White, Nicholas J" uniqKey="White N" first="Nicholas J." last="White">Nicholas J. White</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:orgArea>Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital</wicri:orgArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">University</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Day, Nicholas P J" sort="Day, Nicholas P J" uniqKey="Day N" first="Nicholas P. J." last="Day">Nicholas P. J. Day</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:orgArea>Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital</wicri:orgArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">University</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Snounou, Georges" sort="Snounou, Georges" uniqKey="Snounou G" first="Georges" last="Snounou">Georges Snounou</name>
<affiliation></affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Université Pierre and Marie Curie, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lockhart, Peter J" sort="Lockhart, Peter J" uniqKey="Lockhart P" first="Peter J." last="Lockhart">Peter J. Lockhart</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Alan Wilson Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Palmerston North</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chiodini, Peter L" sort="Chiodini, Peter L" uniqKey="Chiodini P" first="Peter L." last="Chiodini">Peter L. Chiodini</name>
<affiliation></affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:orgArea>Hospital for Tropical Diseases</wicri:orgArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Imwong, Mallika" sort="Imwong, Mallika" uniqKey="Imwong M" first="Mallika" last="Imwong">Mallika Imwong</name>
<affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">University</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Polley, Spencer D" sort="Polley, Spencer D" uniqKey="Polley S" first="Spencer D." last="Polley">Spencer D. Polley</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:orgArea>Hospital for Tropical Diseases</wicri:orgArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<monogr></monogr>
<series><title level="j">The Journal of Infectious Diseases</title>
<title level="j" type="abbrev">The Journal of Infectious Diseases</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0022-1899</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1537-6613</idno>
<imprint><publisher>The University of Chicago Press</publisher>
<date type="published" when="2010-05-15">2010-05-15</date>
<biblScope unit="volume">201</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="issue">10</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" from="1544">1544</biblScope>
<biblScope unit="page" to="1550">1550</biblScope>
</imprint>
<idno type="ISSN">0022-1899</idno>
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</fileDesc>
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<front><div type="abstract">Background. Malaria in humans is caused by apicomplexan parasites belonging to 5 species of the genus Plasmodium. Infections with Plasmodium ovale are widely distributed but rarely investigated, and the resulting burden of disease is not known. Dimorphism in defined genes has led to P. ovale parasites being divided into classic and variant types. We hypothesized that these dimorphs represent distinct parasite species. Methods. Multilocus sequence analysis of 6 genetic characters was carried out among 55 isolates from 12 African and 3 Asia-Pacific countries. Results. Each genetic character displayed complete dimorphism and segregated perfectly between the 2 types. Both types were identified in samples from Ghana, Nigeria, São Tomé, Sierra Leone, and Uganda and have been described previously in Myanmar. Splitting of the 2 lineages is estimated to have occurred between 1.0 and 3.5 million years ago in hominid hosts. Conclusions. We propose that P. ovale comprises 2 nonrecombining species that are sympatric in Africa and Asia. We speculate on possible scenarios that could have led to this speciation. Furthermore, the relatively high frequency of imported cases of symptomatic P. ovale infection in the United Kingdom suggests that the morbidity caused by ovale malaria has been underestimated.</div>
</front>
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   |area=    AustralieFrV1
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   |clé=     ISTEX:934AE9AC3FE9987720CDD21CD1D7141C54A6538D
   |texte=   Two Nonrecombining Sympatric Forms of the Human Malaria Parasite Plasmodium ovale Occur Globally
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Two Nonrecombining Sympatric Forms of the Human Malaria Parasite Plasmodium ovale Occur Globally

Two Nonrecombining Sympatric Forms of the Human Malaria Parasite Plasmodium ovale Occur Globally

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