The role of biofilms as environmental reservoirs of antibiotic resistance
Identifieur interne : 000691 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000690; suivant : 000692The role of biofilms as environmental reservoirs of antibiotic resistance
Auteurs : José L. Balcázar [Espagne] ; Jéssica Subirats [Espagne] ; Carles M. Borrego [Espagne]Source :
- Frontiers in Microbiology [ 1664-302X ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has become a significant and growing threat to public and environmental health. To face this problem both at local and global scales, a better understanding of the sources and mechanisms that contribute to the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance is required. Recent studies demonstrate that aquatic ecosystems are reservoirs of resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes as well as potential conduits for their transmission to human pathogens. Despite the wealth of information about antibiotic pollution and its effect on the aquatic microbial resistome, the contribution of environmental biofilms to the acquisition and spread of antibiotic resistance has not been fully explored in aquatic systems. Biofilms are structured multicellular communities embedded in a self-produced extracellular matrix that acts as a barrier to antibiotic diffusion. High population densities and proximity of cells in biofilms also increases the chances for genetic exchange among bacterial species converting biofilms in hot spots of antibiotic resistance. This review focuses on the potential effect of antibiotic pollution on biofilm microbial communities, with special emphasis on ecological and evolutionary processes underlying acquired resistance to these compounds.
Url:
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01216
PubMed: 26583011
PubMed Central: 4628128
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
- to stream Pmc, to step Corpus: 000095
- to stream Pmc, to step Curation: 000095
- to stream Pmc, to step Checkpoint: 000056
Links to Exploration step
PMC:4628128Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The role of biofilms as environmental reservoirs of antibiotic resistance</title>
<author><name sortKey="Balcazar, Jose L" sort="Balcazar, Jose L" uniqKey="Balcazar J" first="José L." last="Balcázar">José L. Balcázar</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Catalan Institute for Water Research</institution>
<country>Girona, Spain</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff region in country</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Subirats, Jessica" sort="Subirats, Jessica" uniqKey="Subirats J" first="Jéssica" last="Subirats">Jéssica Subirats</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Catalan Institute for Water Research</institution>
<country>Girona, Spain</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff region in country</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Borrego, Carles M" sort="Borrego, Carles M" uniqKey="Borrego C" first="Carles M." last="Borrego">Carles M. Borrego</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Catalan Institute for Water Research</institution>
<country>Girona, Spain</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff region in country</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Group of Molecular Microbial Ecology, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona</institution>
<country>Girona, Spain</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff region in country</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">26583011</idno>
<idno type="pmc">4628128</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4628128</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:4628128</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.3389/fmicb.2015.01216</idno>
<date when="2015">2015</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000095</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000095</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000056</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000691</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The role of biofilms as environmental reservoirs of antibiotic resistance</title>
<author><name sortKey="Balcazar, Jose L" sort="Balcazar, Jose L" uniqKey="Balcazar J" first="José L." last="Balcázar">José L. Balcázar</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Catalan Institute for Water Research</institution>
<country>Girona, Spain</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff region in country</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Subirats, Jessica" sort="Subirats, Jessica" uniqKey="Subirats J" first="Jéssica" last="Subirats">Jéssica Subirats</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Catalan Institute for Water Research</institution>
<country>Girona, Spain</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff region in country</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Borrego, Carles M" sort="Borrego, Carles M" uniqKey="Borrego C" first="Carles M." last="Borrego">Carles M. Borrego</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Catalan Institute for Water Research</institution>
<country>Girona, Spain</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff region in country</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Group of Molecular Microbial Ecology, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona</institution>
<country>Girona, Spain</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea></wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff region in country</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Frontiers in Microbiology</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1664-302X</idno>
<imprint><date when="2015">2015</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Antibiotic resistance has become a significant and growing threat to public and environmental health. To face this problem both at local and global scales, a better understanding of the sources and mechanisms that contribute to the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance is required. Recent studies demonstrate that aquatic ecosystems are reservoirs of resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes as well as potential conduits for their transmission to human pathogens. Despite the wealth of information about antibiotic pollution and its effect on the aquatic microbial resistome, the contribution of environmental biofilms to the acquisition and spread of antibiotic resistance has not been fully explored in aquatic systems. Biofilms are structured multicellular communities embedded in a self-produced extracellular matrix that acts as a barrier to antibiotic diffusion. High population densities and proximity of cells in biofilms also increases the chances for genetic exchange among bacterial species converting biofilms in hot spots of antibiotic resistance. This review focuses on the potential effect of antibiotic pollution on biofilm microbial communities, with special emphasis on ecological and evolutionary processes underlying acquired resistance to these compounds.</p>
</div>
</front>
<back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Allen, H K" uniqKey="Allen H">H. K. Allen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Donato, J" uniqKey="Donato J">J. Donato</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, H H" uniqKey="Wang H">H. H. Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cloud Hansen, K A" uniqKey="Cloud Hansen K">K. A. Cloud-Hansen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Davies, J" uniqKey="Davies J">J. Davies</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Handelsman, J" uniqKey="Handelsman J">J. Handelsman</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Anderl, J N" uniqKey="Anderl J">J. N. Anderl</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Franklin, M J" uniqKey="Franklin M">M. J. Franklin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stewart, P S" uniqKey="Stewart P">P. S. Stewart</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Andersson, D I" uniqKey="Andersson D">D. I. Andersson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hughes, D" uniqKey="Hughes D">D. Hughes</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bagge, N" uniqKey="Bagge N">N. Bagge</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schuster, M" uniqKey="Schuster M">M. Schuster</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hentzer, M" uniqKey="Hentzer M">M. Hentzer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ciofu, O" uniqKey="Ciofu O">O. Ciofu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Givskov, M" uniqKey="Givskov M">M. Givskov</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Greenberg, E P" uniqKey="Greenberg E">E. P. Greenberg</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baquero, F" uniqKey="Baquero F">F. Baquero</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martinez, J L" uniqKey="Martinez J">J.-L. Martínez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cant N, R" uniqKey="Cant N R">R. Cantón</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Battin, T J" uniqKey="Battin T">T. J. Battin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sloan, W T" uniqKey="Sloan W">W. T. Sloan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kjelleberg, S" uniqKey="Kjelleberg S">S. Kjelleberg</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Daims, H" uniqKey="Daims H">H. Daims</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Head, I M" uniqKey="Head I">I. M. Head</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Curtis, T P" uniqKey="Curtis T">T. P. Curtis</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Beaber, J W" uniqKey="Beaber J">J. W. Beaber</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hochhut, B" uniqKey="Hochhut B">B. Hochhut</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Waldor, M K" uniqKey="Waldor M">M. K. Waldor</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bernier, S P" uniqKey="Bernier S">S. P. Bernier</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Surette, M G" uniqKey="Surette M">M. G. Surette</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bonnineau, C" uniqKey="Bonnineau C">C. Bonnineau</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guasch, H" uniqKey="Guasch H">H. Guasch</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Proia, L" uniqKey="Proia L">L. Proia</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ricart, M" uniqKey="Ricart M">M. Ricart</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Geiszinger, A" uniqKey="Geiszinger A">A. Geiszinger</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Romani, A M" uniqKey="Romani A">A. M. Romaní</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Borjesson, S" uniqKey="Borjesson S">S. Börjesson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dienues, O" uniqKey="Dienues O">O. Dienues</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jarnheimer, P A" uniqKey="Jarnheimer P">P. A. Jarnheimer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Olsen, B" uniqKey="Olsen B">B. Olsen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matussek, A" uniqKey="Matussek A">A. Matussek</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lindgren, P E" uniqKey="Lindgren P">P. E. Lindgren</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Boxall, A B" uniqKey="Boxall A">A. B. Boxall</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brazelton, W J" uniqKey="Brazelton W">W. J. Brazelton</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baross, J A" uniqKey="Baross J">J. A. Baross</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Buchfink, B" uniqKey="Buchfink B">B. Buchfink</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xie, C" uniqKey="Xie C">C. Xie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huson, D H" uniqKey="Huson D">D. H. Huson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Burns, A" uniqKey="Burns A">A. Burns</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ryder, D S" uniqKey="Ryder D">D. S. Ryder</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chow, L" uniqKey="Chow L">L. Chow</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Waldron, L" uniqKey="Waldron L">L. Waldron</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gillings, M R" uniqKey="Gillings M">M. R. Gillings</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cockerill, F R" uniqKey="Cockerill F">F. R. Cockerill</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Costerton, J W" uniqKey="Costerton J">J. W. Costerton</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Geesey, G G" uniqKey="Geesey G">G. G. Geesey</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cheng, K J" uniqKey="Cheng K">K. J. Cheng</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Davies, J" uniqKey="Davies J">J. Davies</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Davies, J" uniqKey="Davies J">J. Davies</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Davies, D" uniqKey="Davies D">D. Davies</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Davies, J" uniqKey="Davies J">J. Davies</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Spiegelman, G B" uniqKey="Spiegelman G">G. B. Spiegelman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yim, G" uniqKey="Yim G">G. Yim</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dionisio, F" uniqKey="Dionisio F">F. Dionisio</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matic, I" uniqKey="Matic I">I. Matic</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Radman, M" uniqKey="Radman M">M. Radman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rodrigues, O R" uniqKey="Rodrigues O">O. R. Rodrigues</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Taddei, F" uniqKey="Taddei F">F. Taddei</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Donlan, R M" uniqKey="Donlan R">R. M. Donlan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Donlan, R M" uniqKey="Donlan R">R. M. Donlan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Costerton, J W" uniqKey="Costerton J">J. W. Costerton</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Edgar, R C" uniqKey="Edgar R">R. C. Edgar</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ehlers, L J" uniqKey="Ehlers L">L. J. Ehlers</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bouwer, E J" uniqKey="Bouwer E">E. J. Bouwer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Engemann, C A" uniqKey="Engemann C">C. A. Engemann</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Adams, L" uniqKey="Adams L">L. Adams</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Knapp, C W" uniqKey="Knapp C">C. W. Knapp</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Graham, D W" uniqKey="Graham D">D. W. Graham</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Engemann, C A" uniqKey="Engemann C">C. A. Engemann</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Keen, P L" uniqKey="Keen P">P. L. Keen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Knapp, C W" uniqKey="Knapp C">C. W. Knapp</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hall, K J" uniqKey="Hall K">K. J. Hall</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Graham, D W" uniqKey="Graham D">D. W. Graham</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Farkas, A" uniqKey="Farkas A">A. Farkas</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Butiuc Keul, A" uniqKey="Butiuc Keul A">A. Butiuc-Keul</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ciataraks, D" uniqKey="Ciataraks D">D. Ciatarâks</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Neamktu, C" uniqKey="Neamktu C">C. Neamktu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Crvaciunaks, C" uniqKey="Crvaciunaks C">C. Crvaciunaks</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Podar, D" uniqKey="Podar D">D. Podar</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Frost, L S" uniqKey="Frost L">L. S. Frost</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Leplae, R" uniqKey="Leplae R">R. Leplae</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Summers, A O" uniqKey="Summers A">A. O. Summers</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Toussaint, A" uniqKey="Toussaint A">A. Toussaint</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fux, C A" uniqKey="Fux C">C. A. Fux</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Costerton, J W" uniqKey="Costerton J">J. W. Costerton</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stewart, P S" uniqKey="Stewart P">P. S. Stewart</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stoodley, P" uniqKey="Stoodley P">P. Stoodley</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gilbert, P" uniqKey="Gilbert P">P. Gilbert</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maira Litran, T" uniqKey="Maira Litran T">T. Maira-Litran</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcbain, A J" uniqKey="Mcbain A">A. J. McBain</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rickard, A H" uniqKey="Rickard A">A. H. Rickard</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Whyte, F" uniqKey="Whyte F">F. Whyte</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gillings, M" uniqKey="Gillings M">M. Gillings</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boucher, Y" uniqKey="Boucher Y">Y. Boucher</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Labbate, M" uniqKey="Labbate M">M. Labbate</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Holmes, A" uniqKey="Holmes A">A. Holmes</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Krishnan, S" uniqKey="Krishnan S">S. Krishnan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Holley, M" uniqKey="Holley M">M. Holley</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Grossart, H P" uniqKey="Grossart H">H. P. Grossart</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Grossart, H P" uniqKey="Grossart H">H. P. Grossart</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schlingloff, A" uniqKey="Schlingloff A">A. Schlingloff</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bernhard, M" uniqKey="Bernhard M">M. Bernhard</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Simon, M" uniqKey="Simon M">M. Simon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brinkhoff, T" uniqKey="Brinkhoff T">T. Brinkhoff</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hall Stoodley, L" uniqKey="Hall Stoodley L">L. Hall-Stoodley</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Costerton, J W" uniqKey="Costerton J">J. W. Costerton</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stoodley, P" uniqKey="Stoodley P">P. Stoodley</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hausner, M" uniqKey="Hausner M">M. Hausner</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wuertz, S" uniqKey="Wuertz S">S. Wuertz</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hoffman, L R" uniqKey="Hoffman L">L. R. Hoffman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="D Rgenio, D A" uniqKey="D Rgenio D">D. A. D’Argenio</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maccoss, M J" uniqKey="Maccoss M">M. J. MacCoss</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Z" uniqKey="Zhang Z">Z. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jones, R A" uniqKey="Jones R">R. A. Jones</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Miller, S I" uniqKey="Miller S">S. I. Miller</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="H Iby, N" uniqKey="H Iby N">N. Høiby</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bjarnsholt, T" uniqKey="Bjarnsholt T">T. Bjarnsholt</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Givskov, M" uniqKey="Givskov M">M. Givskov</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Molin, S" uniqKey="Molin S">S. Molin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ciofu, O" uniqKey="Ciofu O">O. Ciofu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kent, W J" uniqKey="Kent W">W. J. Kent</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liu, B" uniqKey="Liu B">B. Liu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pop, M" uniqKey="Pop M">M. Pop</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mah, T F C" uniqKey="Mah T">T. F. C. Mah</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="O Oole, G A" uniqKey="O Oole G">G. A. O’Toole</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Maiques, E" uniqKey="Maiques E">E. Maiques</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ubeda, C" uniqKey="Ubeda C">C. Úbeda</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Campoy, S" uniqKey="Campoy S">S. Campoy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lasa, I" uniqKey="Lasa I">I. Lasa</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Novick, R P" uniqKey="Novick R">R. P. Novick</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barbe, J" uniqKey="Barbe J">J. Barbé</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Markowitz, V M" uniqKey="Markowitz V">V. M. Markowitz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, I M" uniqKey="Chen I">I. M. Chen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chu, K" uniqKey="Chu K">K. Chu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Szeto, E" uniqKey="Szeto E">E. Szeto</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Palaniappan, K" uniqKey="Palaniappan K">K. Palaniappan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grechkin, Y" uniqKey="Grechkin Y">Y. Grechkin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marti, E" uniqKey="Marti E">E. Marti</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jofre, J" uniqKey="Jofre J">J. Jofre</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Balcazar, J L" uniqKey="Balcazar J">J. L. Balcazar</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marti, E" uniqKey="Marti E">E. Marti</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Variatza, E" uniqKey="Variatza E">E. Variatza</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Balcazar, J L" uniqKey="Balcazar J">J. L. Balcazar</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marti, E" uniqKey="Marti E">E. Marti</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huerta, B" uniqKey="Huerta B">B. Huerta</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rodriguez Mozaz, S" uniqKey="Rodriguez Mozaz S">S. Rodríguez-Mozaz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barcel, D" uniqKey="Barcel D">D. Barceló</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jofre, J" uniqKey="Jofre J">J. Jofre</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Balcazar, J L" uniqKey="Balcazar J">J. L. Balcazar</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Martinez, J L" uniqKey="Martinez J">J. L. Martinez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Coque, T M" uniqKey="Coque T">T. M. Coque</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baquero, F" uniqKey="Baquero F">F. Baquero</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mcarthur, A G" uniqKey="Mcarthur A">A. G. McArthur</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Waglechner, N" uniqKey="Waglechner N">N. Waglechner</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nizam, F" uniqKey="Nizam F">F. Nizam</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yan, A" uniqKey="Yan A">A. Yan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Azad, M A" uniqKey="Azad M">M. A. Azad</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baylay, A J" uniqKey="Baylay A">A. J. Baylay</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Meyer, F" uniqKey="Meyer F">F. Meyer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Paarmann, D" uniqKey="Paarmann D">D. Paarmann</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="D Ouza, M" uniqKey="D Ouza M">M. D’Souza</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Olson, R" uniqKey="Olson R">R. Olson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Glass, E M" uniqKey="Glass E">E. M. Glass</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kubal, M" uniqKey="Kubal M">M. Kubal</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Miller, C" uniqKey="Miller C">C. Miller</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thomsen, L E" uniqKey="Thomsen L">L. E. Thomsen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gaggero, C" uniqKey="Gaggero C">C. Gaggero</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mosseri, R" uniqKey="Mosseri R">R. Mosseri</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ingmer, H" uniqKey="Ingmer H">H. Ingmer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cohen, S N" uniqKey="Cohen S">S. N. Cohen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Modi, S R" uniqKey="Modi S">S. R. Modi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Collins, J J" uniqKey="Collins J">J. J. Collins</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Relman, D A" uniqKey="Relman D">D. A. Relman</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Molin, S" uniqKey="Molin S">S. Molin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tolker Nielsen, T" uniqKey="Tolker Nielsen T">T. Tolker-Nielsen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Moura, A" uniqKey="Moura A">A. Moura</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Soares, M" uniqKey="Soares M">M. Soares</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pereira, C" uniqKey="Pereira C">C. Pereira</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Leitao, N" uniqKey="Leitao N">N. Leitão</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Henriques, I" uniqKey="Henriques I">I. Henriques</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Correia, A" uniqKey="Correia A">A. Correia</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="N Lvak, H" uniqKey="N Lvak H">H. Nõlvak</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Truu, M" uniqKey="Truu M">M. Truu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tiirik, K" uniqKey="Tiirik K">K. Tiirik</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oopkaup, K" uniqKey="Oopkaup K">K. Oopkaup</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sildvee, T" uniqKey="Sildvee T">T. Sildvee</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kaasik, A" uniqKey="Kaasik A">A. Kaasik</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Osorio, V" uniqKey="Osorio V">V. Osorio</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Proia, L" uniqKey="Proia L">L. Proia</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ricart, M" uniqKey="Ricart M">M. Ricart</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Perez, S" uniqKey="Perez S">S. Pérez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ginebreda, A" uniqKey="Ginebreda A">A. Ginebreda</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cortina, J L" uniqKey="Cortina J">J. L. Cortina</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Parsek, M R" uniqKey="Parsek M">M. R. Parsek</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Singh, P K" uniqKey="Singh P">P. K. Singh</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Proia, L" uniqKey="Proia L">L. Proia</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Morin, S" uniqKey="Morin S">S. Morin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peipoch, M" uniqKey="Peipoch M">M. Peipoch</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Romani, A M" uniqKey="Romani A">A. M. Romaní</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sabater, S" uniqKey="Sabater S">S. Sabater</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Proia, L" uniqKey="Proia L">L. Proia</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Osorio, V" uniqKey="Osorio V">V. Osorio</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Soley, S" uniqKey="Soley S">S. Soley</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kock Schulmeyer, M" uniqKey="Kock Schulmeyer M">M. Köck-Schulmeyer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Perez, S" uniqKey="Perez S">S. Pérez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barcel, D" uniqKey="Barcel D">D. Barceló</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Proia, L" uniqKey="Proia L">L. Proia</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lupini, G" uniqKey="Lupini G">G. Lupini</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Osorio, V" uniqKey="Osorio V">V. Osorio</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Perez, S" uniqKey="Perez S">S. Pérez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barcel, D" uniqKey="Barcel D">D. Barceló</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schwartz, T" uniqKey="Schwartz T">T. Schwartz</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pruden, A" uniqKey="Pruden A">A. Pruden</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pei, R" uniqKey="Pei R">R. Pei</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Storteboom, H" uniqKey="Storteboom H">H. Storteboom</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carlson, K H" uniqKey="Carlson K">K. H. Carlson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ricart, M" uniqKey="Ricart M">M. Ricart</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guasch, H" uniqKey="Guasch H">H. Guasch</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alberch, M" uniqKey="Alberch M">M. Alberch</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barcel, D" uniqKey="Barcel D">D. Barceló</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bonnineau, C" uniqKey="Bonnineau C">C. Bonnineau</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Geiszingerb, A" uniqKey="Geiszingerb A">A. Geiszingerb</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Romani, A M" uniqKey="Romani A">A. M. Romaní</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Romero, D" uniqKey="Romero D">D. Romero</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Traxler, M F" uniqKey="Traxler M">M. F. Traxler</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="L Pez, D" uniqKey="L Pez D">D. López</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kolter, R" uniqKey="Kolter R">R. Kolter</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Roose Amsaleg, C" uniqKey="Roose Amsaleg C">C. Roose-Amsaleg</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Laverman, A M" uniqKey="Laverman A">A. M. Laverman</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sabater, S" uniqKey="Sabater S">S. Sabater</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guasch, H" uniqKey="Guasch H">H. Guasch</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ricart, M" uniqKey="Ricart M">M. Ricart</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Romani, A" uniqKey="Romani A">A. Romaní</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vidal, G" uniqKey="Vidal G">G. Vidal</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Klunder, C" uniqKey="Klunder C">C. Klünder</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sabater, S" uniqKey="Sabater S">S. Sabater</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guasch, H" uniqKey="Guasch H">H. Guasch</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Romani, A" uniqKey="Romani A">A. Romaní</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mu Oz, I" uniqKey="Mu Oz I">I. Muñoz</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sabater, S" uniqKey="Sabater S">S. Sabater</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Romani, A M" uniqKey="Romani A">A. M. Romaní</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Salcedo, D E" uniqKey="Salcedo D">D. E. Salcedo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, J H" uniqKey="Lee J">J. H. Lee</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ha, U H" uniqKey="Ha U">U. H. Ha</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kim, S P" uniqKey="Kim S">S. P. Kim</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sarmah, A K" uniqKey="Sarmah A">A. K. Sarmah</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Meyer, M T" uniqKey="Meyer M">M. T. Meyer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boxall, A B A" uniqKey="Boxall A">A. B. A. Boxall</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schwartz, T" uniqKey="Schwartz T">T. Schwartz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kohnen, W" uniqKey="Kohnen W">W. Kohnen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jansen, B" uniqKey="Jansen B">B. Jansen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Obst, U" uniqKey="Obst U">U. Obst</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Seiler, C" uniqKey="Seiler C">C. Seiler</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Berendonk, T U" uniqKey="Berendonk T">T. U. Berendonk</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sengupta, S" uniqKey="Sengupta S">S. Sengupta</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chattopadhyay, M K" uniqKey="Chattopadhyay M">M. K. Chattopadhyay</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grossart, H P" uniqKey="Grossart H">H. P. Grossart</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sentchilo, V" uniqKey="Sentchilo V">V. Sentchilo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mayer, A P" uniqKey="Mayer A">A. P. Mayer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guy, L" uniqKey="Guy L">L. Guy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Miyazaki, R" uniqKey="Miyazaki R">R. Miyazaki</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Green Tringe, S" uniqKey="Green Tringe S">S. Green Tringe</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barry, K" uniqKey="Barry K">K. Barry</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Seveno, N A" uniqKey="Seveno N">N. A. Séveno</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kallifidas, D" uniqKey="Kallifidas D">D. Kallifidas</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Smalla, K" uniqKey="Smalla K">K. Smalla</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Elsas, J D" uniqKey="Van Elsas J">J. D. van Elsas</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Collard, J M" uniqKey="Collard J">J. M. Collard</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Karagouni, A D" uniqKey="Karagouni A">A. D. Karagouni</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Simon, M" uniqKey="Simon M">M. Simon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grossart, H P" uniqKey="Grossart H">H. P. Grossart</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schweitzer, B" uniqKey="Schweitzer B">B. Schweitzer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ploug, H" uniqKey="Ploug H">H. Ploug</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sobecky, P A" uniqKey="Sobecky P">P. A. Sobecky</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hazen, T C" uniqKey="Hazen T">T. C. Hazen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stewart, P S" uniqKey="Stewart P">P. S. Stewart</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stewart, P S" uniqKey="Stewart P">P. S. Stewart</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Costerton, J W" uniqKey="Costerton J">J. W. Costerton</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sun, S" uniqKey="Sun S">S. Sun</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, J" uniqKey="Chen J">J. Chen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, W" uniqKey="Li W">W. Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Altintas, I" uniqKey="Altintas I">I. Altintas</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lin, A" uniqKey="Lin A">A. Lin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peltier, S" uniqKey="Peltier S">S. Peltier</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Teschler, J K" uniqKey="Teschler J">J. K. Teschler</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zamorano Sanchez, D" uniqKey="Zamorano Sanchez D">D. Zamorano-Sánchez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Utada, A S" uniqKey="Utada A">A. S. Utada</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Warner, C J A" uniqKey="Warner C">C. J. A. Warner</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wong, G C L" uniqKey="Wong G">G. C. L. Wong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Linington, R G" uniqKey="Linington R">R. G. Linington</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vaz Moreira, I" uniqKey="Vaz Moreira I">I. Vaz-Moreira</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nunes, O C" uniqKey="Nunes O">O. C. Nunes</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Manaia, C M" uniqKey="Manaia C">C. M. Manaia</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Waksman, S A" uniqKey="Waksman S">S. A. Waksman</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wimpenny, J" uniqKey="Wimpenny J">J. Wimpenny</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Manz, W" uniqKey="Manz W">W. Manz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Szewzyk, U" uniqKey="Szewzyk U">U. Szewzyk</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Winkworth, C L" uniqKey="Winkworth C">C. L. Winkworth</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhang, W" uniqKey="Zhang W">W. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sturm, B S M" uniqKey="Sturm B">B. S. M. Sturm</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Knapp, C W" uniqKey="Knapp C">C. W. Knapp</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Graham, D W" uniqKey="Graham D">D. W. Graham</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
</listBibl>
</div1>
</back>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Front Microbiol</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Front Microbiol</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Front. Microbiol.</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Frontiers in Microbiology</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1664-302X</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Frontiers Media S.A.</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26583011</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4628128</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fmicb.2015.01216</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Microbiology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Review</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>The role of biofilms as environmental reservoirs of antibiotic resistance</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Balcázar</surname>
<given-names>José L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn001"><sup>*</sup>
</xref>
<uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/20266/overview"></uri>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Subirats</surname>
<given-names>Jéssica</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/244487/overview"></uri>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Borrego</surname>
<given-names>Carles M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/265887/overview"></uri>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1"><sup>1</sup>
<institution>Catalan Institute for Water Research</institution>
<country>Girona, Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2"><sup>2</sup>
<institution>Group of Molecular Microbial Ecology, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona</institution>
<country>Girona, Spain</country>
</aff>
<author-notes><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Edited by: <italic>Maurizio Labbate, University of Technology Sydney, Australia</italic>
</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Reviewed by: <italic>Michael R. Twiss, Clarkson University, USA; Hans-Peter Grossart, IGB-Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Germany</italic>
</p>
</fn>
<corresp id="fn001">*Correspondence: <italic>José L. Balcázar, <email xlink:type="simple">jlbalcazar@icra.cat</email>
</italic>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn002"><p>This article was submitted to Aquatic Microbiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>6</volume>
<elocation-id>1216</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>09</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>19</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015 Balcázar, Subirats and Borrego.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2015</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Balcázar, Subirats and Borrego</copyright-holder>
<license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>Antibiotic resistance has become a significant and growing threat to public and environmental health. To face this problem both at local and global scales, a better understanding of the sources and mechanisms that contribute to the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance is required. Recent studies demonstrate that aquatic ecosystems are reservoirs of resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes as well as potential conduits for their transmission to human pathogens. Despite the wealth of information about antibiotic pollution and its effect on the aquatic microbial resistome, the contribution of environmental biofilms to the acquisition and spread of antibiotic resistance has not been fully explored in aquatic systems. Biofilms are structured multicellular communities embedded in a self-produced extracellular matrix that acts as a barrier to antibiotic diffusion. High population densities and proximity of cells in biofilms also increases the chances for genetic exchange among bacterial species converting biofilms in hot spots of antibiotic resistance. This review focuses on the potential effect of antibiotic pollution on biofilm microbial communities, with special emphasis on ecological and evolutionary processes underlying acquired resistance to these compounds.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>aquatic ecosystems</kwd>
<kwd>biofilms</kwd>
<kwd>mobile genetic elements</kwd>
<kwd>antibiotic resistance genes</kwd>
<kwd>aquatic resistome</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group><award-group><funding-source id="cn001">Seventh Framework Programme<named-content content-type="fundref-id">10.13039/501100004963</named-content>
</funding-source>
<award-id rid="cn001">603629-ENV-2013-6.2.1-GLOBAQUA</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
<counts><fig-count count="1"></fig-count>
<table-count count="1"></table-count>
<equation-count count="0"></equation-count>
<ref-count count="85"></ref-count>
<page-count count="9"></page-count>
<word-count count="0"></word-count>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Espagne</li>
</country>
</list>
<tree><country name="Espagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Balcazar, Jose L" sort="Balcazar, Jose L" uniqKey="Balcazar J" first="José L." last="Balcázar">José L. Balcázar</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Borrego, Carles M" sort="Borrego, Carles M" uniqKey="Borrego C" first="Carles M." last="Borrego">Carles M. Borrego</name>
<name sortKey="Borrego, Carles M" sort="Borrego, Carles M" uniqKey="Borrego C" first="Carles M." last="Borrego">Carles M. Borrego</name>
<name sortKey="Subirats, Jessica" sort="Subirats, Jessica" uniqKey="Subirats J" first="Jéssica" last="Subirats">Jéssica Subirats</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Ticri/CIDE/explor/CyberinfraV1/Data/Ncbi/Merge
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000691 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Ncbi/Merge/biblio.hfd -nk 000691 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien |wiki= Ticri/CIDE |area= CyberinfraV1 |flux= Ncbi |étape= Merge |type= RBID |clé= PMC:4628128 |texte= The role of biofilms as environmental reservoirs of antibiotic resistance }}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Ncbi/Merge/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:26583011" \ | HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Ncbi/Merge/biblio.hfd \ | NlmPubMed2Wicri -a CyberinfraV1
![]() | This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.25. | ![]() |