A Review on Architectures and Communications Technologies for Wearable Health-Monitoring Systems
Identifieur interne : 000334 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000333; suivant : 000335A Review on Architectures and Communications Technologies for Wearable Health-Monitoring Systems
Auteurs : Víctor Custodio ; Francisco J. Herrera ; Gregorio L Pez ; José Ignacio MorenoSource :
- Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) [ 1424-8220 ] ; 2012.
Abstract
Nowadays society is demanding more and more smart healthcare services that allow monitoring patient status in a non-invasive way, anywhere and anytime. Thus, healthcare applications are currently facing important challenges guided by the u-health (ubiquitous health) and p-health (pervasive health) paradigms. New emerging technologies can be combined with other widely deployed ones to develop such next-generation healthcare systems. The main objective of this paper is to review and provide more details on the work presented in “LOBIN: E-Textile and Wireless-Sensor-Network-Based Platform for Healthcare Monitoring in Future Hospital Environments”, published in the
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/s121013907
PubMed: 23202028
PubMed Central: 3545599
Affiliations:
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">A Review on Architectures and Communications Technologies for Wearable Health-Monitoring Systems</title><author><name sortKey="Custodio, Victor" sort="Custodio, Victor" uniqKey="Custodio V" first="Víctor" last="Custodio">Víctor Custodio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Herrera, Francisco J" sort="Herrera, Francisco J" uniqKey="Herrera F" first="Francisco J." last="Herrera">Francisco J. Herrera</name></author><author><name sortKey="L Pez, Gregorio" sort="L Pez, Gregorio" uniqKey="L Pez G" first="Gregorio" last="L Pez">Gregorio L Pez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moreno, Jose Ignacio" sort="Moreno, Jose Ignacio" uniqKey="Moreno J" first="José Ignacio" last="Moreno">José Ignacio Moreno</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23202028</idno><idno type="pmc">3545599</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3545599</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3545599</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/s121013907</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000646</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000646</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000646</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000646</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000334</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000334</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">A Review on Architectures and Communications Technologies for Wearable Health-Monitoring Systems</title><author><name sortKey="Custodio, Victor" sort="Custodio, Victor" uniqKey="Custodio V" first="Víctor" last="Custodio">Víctor Custodio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Herrera, Francisco J" sort="Herrera, Francisco J" uniqKey="Herrera F" first="Francisco J." last="Herrera">Francisco J. Herrera</name></author><author><name sortKey="L Pez, Gregorio" sort="L Pez, Gregorio" uniqKey="L Pez G" first="Gregorio" last="L Pez">Gregorio L Pez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moreno, Jose Ignacio" sort="Moreno, Jose Ignacio" uniqKey="Moreno J" first="José Ignacio" last="Moreno">José Ignacio Moreno</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</title><idno type="eISSN">1424-8220</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Nowadays society is demanding more and more smart healthcare services that allow monitoring patient status in a non-invasive way, anywhere and anytime. Thus, healthcare applications are currently facing important challenges guided by the u-health (ubiquitous health) and p-health (pervasive health) paradigms. New emerging technologies can be combined with other widely deployed ones to develop such next-generation healthcare systems. The main objective of this paper is to review and provide more details on the work presented in “LOBIN: E-Textile and Wireless-Sensor-Network-Based Platform for Healthcare Monitoring in Future Hospital Environments”, published in the <italic>IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine</italic>, as well as to extend and update the comparison with other similar systems. As a result, the paper discusses the main advantages and disadvantages of using different architectures and communications technologies to develop wearable systems for pervasive healthcare applications.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Teng, X F" uniqKey="Teng X">X.F. Teng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Y T" uniqKey="Zhang Y">Y.T. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sensors (Basel)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sensors (Basel)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1424-8220</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23202028</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3545599</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/s121013907</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">sensors-12-13907</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>A Review on Architectures and Communications Technologies for Wearable Health-Monitoring Systems</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Custodio</surname><given-names>Víctor</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-sensors-12-13907"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Herrera</surname><given-names>Francisco J.</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>López</surname><given-names>Gregorio</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moreno</surname><given-names>José Ignacio</given-names></name></contrib><aff id="af1-sensors-12-13907">Telematics Engineering Department, Carlos III University of Madrid, Avda. Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain; E-Mails:<email>franciscojose.herrera.luque@uc3m.es</email> (F.J.H.);<email>gregorio.lopez@uc3m.es</email> (G.L.);<email>joseignacio.moreno@uc3m.es</email> (J.I.M.)</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="c1-sensors-12-13907"><label>*</label>Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: <email>victor.custodio@uc3m.es</email>; Tel.: +34-91-624-8798.</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>10</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>13907</fpage><lpage>13946</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>16</day><month>7</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>09</day><month>10</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>10</day><month>10</month><year>2012</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><license><license-p><pmc-comment>CREATIVE COMMONS</pmc-comment>This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Nowadays society is demanding more and more smart healthcare services that allow monitoring patient status in a non-invasive way, anywhere and anytime. Thus, healthcare applications are currently facing important challenges guided by the u-health (ubiquitous health) and p-health (pervasive health) paradigms. New emerging technologies can be combined with other widely deployed ones to develop such next-generation healthcare systems. The main objective of this paper is to review and provide more details on the work presented in “LOBIN: E-Textile and Wireless-Sensor-Network-Based Platform for Healthcare Monitoring in Future Hospital Environments”, published in the <italic>IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine</italic>, as well as to extend and update the comparison with other similar systems. As a result, the paper discusses the main advantages and disadvantages of using different architectures and communications technologies to develop wearable systems for pervasive healthcare applications.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Wearable Health Monitoring Systems (WHMS)</kwd><kwd>Body Area Networks (BAN)</kwd><kwd>Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)</kwd><kwd>ubiquitous health</kwd><kwd>pervasive health</kwd><kwd>e-Textile</kwd><kwd>indoor location</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Figure 1.</label><caption><p>General Communications Architecture for WHMS.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-13907f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Figure 2.</label><caption><p>Communications Technologies and Communications Segments.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-13907f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Figure 3.</label><caption><p>System Architecture.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-13907f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Figure 4.</label><caption><p>Healthcare Monitoring Subsystem Block Diagram.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-13907f4"></graphic></fig><fig id="f5-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Figure 5.</label><caption><p>Physiological Sensors.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-13907f5"></graphic></fig><fig id="f6-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Figure 6.</label><caption><p>(<bold>a</bold>) Wearable Data Acquisition Device (WDAD) (<bold>b</bold>) Healthcare Monitoring Wireless Transmission Board (WTB).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-13907f6"></graphic></fig><fig id="f7-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Figure 7.</label><caption><p>Overall Location Subsystem architecture.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-13907f7"></graphic></fig><fig id="f8-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Figure 8.</label><caption><p>Overall WCI Subsystem architecture.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-13907f8"></graphic></fig><fig id="f9-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Figure 9.</label><caption><p>Management Subsystem client-server architecture.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-13907f9"></graphic></fig><fig id="f10-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Figure 10.</label><caption><p>(<bold>A</bold>) Distribution Point network test (<bold>B</bold>) Test results for DP network topology.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-13907f10"></graphic></fig><fig id="f11-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Figure 11.</label><caption><p>Gateway network test.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-13907f11"></graphic></fig><fig id="f12-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Figure 12.</label><caption><p>Pilot scheme schematics.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-13907f12"></graphic></fig><fig id="f13-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Figure 13.</label><caption><p>Real-time ECG.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="sensors-12-13907f13"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 1.</label><caption><p>Summary of Communications Technologies for WBAN.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="cols"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MICS</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEEE 802.15.6</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ANT</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zigbee</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bluetooth 4.0 (LE)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Radio & MAC Stds</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FCC and ETSI Stds</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEEE 802.15.6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Propr.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEEE 802.15.4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEEE 802.15.1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Frequency Band</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">402–405 MHz</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NB: 402–405/420–450/863–870/902–928/950–956/2,360–2,400/2,400–2,483.5 MHzUWB: 3–10 GHzHBC: 16/27 MHz</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,4–2,524 GHz: 125 1 MHz channels</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">868 MHz/915 MHz/2.4 GHz</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4 GHz</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Data Rate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Up to 500 Kbps</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NB: 57.5–485.7 KbpsUWB: 0.5–10 Mbps</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20–250 Kbps</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50–200 Kbps</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Range</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 m</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 m</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Up to 10 m</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 m</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 m</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tx Power</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 μW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1 μW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01–1 mW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 mW</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">∼10 mW</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Network Topology</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Star, tree, mesh</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Star, tree, mesh</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Star</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stack size</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 KB</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 KB</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250 KB</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 2.</label><caption><p>Comparison of selected WHMS.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="cols"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><bold>Project Name</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><bold>Medical Area</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><bold>Ubiquity Level</bold></th><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1"><bold>Network Segments</bold></th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIThril LiveNet [2003] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17-sensors-12-13907">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18-sensors-12-13907">18</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Behavior</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controlled Area</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wd</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WF</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AMON [2004] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-sensors-12-13907">19</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">General Purpose</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wide Area</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wd</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fensli <italic>et al.</italic> [2005] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-sensors-12-13907">20</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cardiac</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wide Area</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ws</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RECAD [2005] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21-sensors-12-13907">21</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cardiac</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wide Area</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ws</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">*</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LifeGuard [2005] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-sensors-12-13907">22</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">General purpose</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Self-Monitoring</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wd</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MagIC [2005] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23-sensors-12-13907">23</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cardiac</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controlled Area</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WEALTHY [2005] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-sensors-12-13907">24</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cardiac</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wide Area</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">eT</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CodeBlue [2005] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-sensors-12-13907">25</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">General purpose</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controlled area</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jovanov <italic>et al.</italic> [2005–2006] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-sensors-12-13907">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27-sensors-12-13907">27</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">General purpose</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wide Area and self-monitoring</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Z</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WF,B, U</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HealthGear [2006] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-sensors-12-13907">28</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sleep</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Self-monitoring</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MERMOTH [2006] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-sensors-12-13907">29</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">General purpose</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wide Area and self-monitoring</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">eT</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WF</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MyHeart [2006] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-sensors-12-13907">30</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cardiac</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wide Area and self-monitoring</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wd</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AUBADE [2006] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b31-sensors-12-13907">31</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Behavior</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controlled area</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wd</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WF,B</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C. Park <italic>et al.</italic> [2006] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b32-sensors-12-13907">32</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cardiac</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controlled area</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ws</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WF,Wd, U</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SmartVest [2007] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b33-sensors-12-13907">33</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">General purpose</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controlled area</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ws</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human++ [2007] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b34-sensors-12-13907">34</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">General purpose</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controlled area</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ws</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">U</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Personal Health Monitor [2007] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b35-sensors-12-13907">35</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">General purpose</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wide Area and self-monitoring</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chung <italic>et al.</italic> [2008] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b36-sensors-12-13907">36</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cardiac</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controlled area</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chung et al. [2008] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b37-sensors-12-13907">37</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cardiac</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wide Area</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MASN [2008] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b38-sensors-12-13907">38</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cardiac</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controlled area</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wd</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HipGuard [2008] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b39-sensors-12-13907">39</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hip</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wide Area and self-monitoring</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B, WF</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HeartToGo [2009] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40-sensors-12-13907">40</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cardiac</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Self-monitoring</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wd</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chen <italic>et al.</italic> [2009] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b41-sensors-12-13907">41</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brain</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wide Area</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Z</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lee <italic>et al.</italic> [2009] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b42-sensors-12-13907">42</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">General purpose</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Self-monitoring</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">eT</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">O'Donovan <italic>et al.</italic> [2009] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b43-sensors-12-13907">43</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Falls</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wide Area</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Z</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LOBIN [2010] (Study CASE) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b44-sensors-12-13907">44</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cardiac</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controlled area</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">eT</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yuce <italic>et al.</italic> [2010] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b45-sensors-12-13907">45</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">General purpose</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controlled area</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MICS</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WMTS</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MEDISN [2010] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b46-sensors-12-13907">46</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">General purpose</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controlled area</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shengh <italic>et al.</italic> [2011] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b47-sensors-12-13907">47</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cardiac</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Self-monitoring</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WF</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kim <italic>et al.</italic> [2011] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b48-sensors-12-13907">48</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Posture</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controlled area</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ws</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zhang <italic>et al.</italic> [2011] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b49-sensors-12-13907">49</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Posture</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controlled area</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nerino <italic>et al.</italic> [2011] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b50-sensors-12-13907">50</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Activity</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controlled area</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Garverick <italic>et al.</italic> [2011] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b51-sensors-12-13907">51</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cardiac</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wide Area</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wd</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GeM-REM [2011] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b52-sensors-12-13907">52</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cardiac</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wide Area</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ws</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rofouei <italic>et al.</italic> [2011] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b53-sensors-12-13907">53</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sleep</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wide Area and self-monitoring</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wd</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KNOWME [2012] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b54-sensors-12-13907">54</xref>]</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Activity</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wide Area</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-sensors-12-13907"><p>B: Bluetooth; C: Cellular Network (e.g., GSM, GPRS; UMTS); eT: e-textile or integrated conductive yarns; I: Regular Internet connection (e.g., ADSL, cable); U: USB; Wd: Wired; WF: Wi-Fi; Ws: Wireless proprietary/not specified; Z: Zigbee; 15.4: IEEE 802.15.4; *: See appropriate table.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 3.</label><caption><p>Summary of MIThril LiveNet.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">MIThril LiveNet [2003] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17-sensors-12-13907">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18-sensors-12-13907">18</xref>]/MIT</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">General purpose individual and distributed group-based context-aware applications platform (mainly healthcare monitoring and social interaction dynamics analysis).</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ECG, EMG, GSR, T, (additional commercial sensors can be interfaced to the system)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non-physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acc, L, Voice</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">PDA with GPS and wearable microcontroller board with sensors. Classifier and inter-process communications software.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wired</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11b)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Real time context-aware classification capabilities.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t4-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 4.</label><caption><p>Summary of AMON.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">AMON [2004] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-sensors-12-13907">19</xref>]/EU IST FP5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Unobtrusive monitoring of physiological parameters.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BPr, ECG, HR, SpO2, T</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acc</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Wrist-worn, on-board GSM transceiver and sensors.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wired</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cellular network (GSM)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Sending of sensed data three times a day or on demand. Sending of alerts and sensing data values if any parameter goes out of range.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t5-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 5.</label><caption><p>Summary of Fensli <italic>et al.</italic></p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Fensli <italic>et al.</italic> [2005] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-sensors-12-13907">20</xref>]/Norwegian Research Council (MEDKAP project)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Real time and remote heart monitoring.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ECG</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Wireless ECG-sensor, PDA and remote web server.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RF-transmitter at 869.700 MHz</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cellular network (GPRS)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Real time ECG monitoring and report to physicians of ECG alarm situations. Web based diagnosis feedback to patient.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t6-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 6.</label><caption><p>Summary of RECAD.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">RECAD [2005] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21-sensors-12-13907">21</xref>]/University of Blaise Pascal Clermont-Ferrand</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Real time remote and continuous cardiac arrhythmias detection and monitoring.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ECG</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Wireless ECG-sensor, PDA and remote web server.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wireless (not specified)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Supports Wi-Fi, Bluetooth or digital radio communication</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Supports wired network mediums (classical modem, ADSL, ISDN, Ethernet, <italic>etc.</italic>) and wide wireless technologies (GSM, GPRS, UMTS and satellite)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Alarm message is generation in case of cardiac abnormal event.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t7-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 7.</label><caption><p>Summary of LifeGuard.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">LifeGuard [2005] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-sensors-12-13907">22</xref>]/Stanford University and NASA</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Monitoring in extreme situations.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BPr, ECG, HR, R, Sp02</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Sensors connected by cables to a custom device.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Serial cable</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bluetooth</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Monitoring data can be digitally stored during 9 hours on the device or streamed to a base station.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t8-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 8.</label><caption><p>Summary of MagIC.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">MagIC [2005] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23-sensors-12-13907">23</xref>]/University of Milan, Bioeng. Centre & Cardiac Rehab. Unit</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Unobtrusive recording of cardiac patients in clinical environment.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ECG, R</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acc</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Vest with sensors and portable electronic board.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bluetooth</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Transmission of tracked signals to a remote computer or PDA for data storage.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t9-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 9.</label><caption><p>Summary of WEALTHY.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">WEALTHY [2005] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-sensors-12-13907">24</xref>]/EU IST FP5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Cardiovascular diseases monitoring during rehabilitation phase.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ECG, R, T</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Sensors, electrodes and connections integrated in fabric form.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">e-textile</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GPRS</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Sending of monitoring signals in quasi-real time.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t10-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 10.</label><caption><p>Summary of CodeBlue.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">CodeBlue [2005] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-sensors-12-13907">25</xref>]/Harvard University</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Real time monitoring of multiple patients in hospitals or clinics.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ECG, EMG, HR, SpO2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Wrist strap, finger sensors and EMG sensors.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEEE 802.15.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEEE 802.15.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Monitoring of multiple patients.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t11-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 11.</label><caption><p>Summary of Jovanov <italic>et al.</italic></p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Jovanov <italic>et al.</italic> [2005–2006] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-sensors-12-13907">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27-sensors-12-13907">27</xref>]/University of Alabama</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Ambulatory monitoring during normal daily activities.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ECG, SpO2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Humidity of the environment, L (GPS), M, P, T</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Tier 1: WBAN (based on TelosB hardware); Tier 2: Personal server (PDA or Phone); Tier 3: Medical Services.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zigbee</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USB, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cellular network (GPRS)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Real time analysis of sensing data with feedback to the user. Generation of warnings based on the user's and environment state.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t12-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 12.</label><caption><p>Summary of HealthGear.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">HealthGear [2006] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-sensors-12-13907">28</xref>]/Microsoft</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Real time monitoring, visualization and analysis of physiological signals while sleeping.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HR, SpO2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Wireless sensors connected to a mobile phone via Bluetooth.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bluetooth</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Real time monitoring and transmission to a cell phone which analyses and shows the physiological signals.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t13-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 13.</label><caption><p>Summary of MERMOTH.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">MERMOTH [2006] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-sensors-12-13907">29</xref>]/EU IST FP6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Medical monitoring system.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ECG, R, T</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A, P</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Garment with sensors, a microcontroller, a PDA with transceiver and a remote PC.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">e-textile</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wi-Fi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Internet connection</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Real time feedback to the patient and remote processing and display.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t14-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 14.</label><caption><p>Summary of MyHeart.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">MyHeart [2006] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-sensors-12-13907">30</xref>]/EU IST FP6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">ECG monitoring and classification of continuous motion activity.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ECG, HR</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">T-shirt with sensors and processing electronics module, and mobile phone.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wired</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bluetooth</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cellular network (GSM)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Data storing capabilities included in the on-body electronics. Java program for user interaction in mobile phone.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t15-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 15.</label><caption><p>Summary of AUBADE.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">AUBADE [2006] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b31-sensors-12-13907">31</xref>]/EU IST FP5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Emotional assessment of individuals under stress conditions (car racing drivers or patients suffering from neurological and psychological disorders).</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ECG, Facial EMG, GSR, R</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">A multi-sensorial wearable, composed of three pieces, a data acquisition and wireless communication module, and a centralized system for analysis.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wired</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bluetooth, Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11b)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Real-time emotional assessment and data storage.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t16-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 16.</label><caption><p>Summary of C. Park <italic>et al.</italic></p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">C. Park <italic>et al.</italic> [2006] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b32-sensors-12-13907">32</xref>]/NSF-CAREER, Army and Air Force of USA</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">ECG remote monitoring.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ECG</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">ECG sensors, base station and computer.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 Mbps proprietary radio</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USB, Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 b/g)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Base station sends the information to whichever device connected to it.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t17-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 17.</label><caption><p>Summary of SmartVest.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">SmartVest [2007] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b33-sensors-12-13907">33</xref>]/National Programme on Smart Materials (NPSM), India</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Monitoring of the health status and geo-location of employees to ensure the safety and the effective completion assigned tasks.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BPr, ECG, GSR, HR, Photoplethysmogram, T</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L (GPS)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Vest with e-textile sensors integrated, wearable data acquisition and processing hardware and remote monitoring station.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Proprietary from Xtream in the ISM band (2.4 GHz)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USB</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Continuous transmission of data to remote monitoring station.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t18-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 18.</label><caption><p>Summary of Human++.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Human++ [2007] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b34-sensors-12-13907">34</xref>]/IMEC-Nl/Holst Centre, Eindhoven, The Netherlands</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Ambulatory multi-parameter monitoring.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ECG, EEG, EMG</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Sensors, base station and PDA or PC.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RF 2.4 GHz ISM</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USB</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Acquisition, processing, storing and visualization of physiological parameters in an unobtrusive way.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t19-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 19.</label><caption><p>Summary of Personal Health Monitor.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Personal Health Monitor [2007] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b35-sensors-12-13907">35</xref>]/Microsoft</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Personal health monitoring.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BPr, ECG, SpO2, Weight</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P, L</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Wireless sensors and mobile phone with specific application.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bluetooth</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cellular network</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">The mobile phone application analyses, in real-time, data wirelessly received from the sensors, and can send this data in real-time to medical specialists. If any parameter goes out of the normal range, the mobile phone automatically determines the person's current location and generates an alert message.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t20-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 20.</label><caption><p>Summary of Chung <italic>et al.</italic></p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Chung <italic>et al.</italic> [2008] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b36-sensors-12-13907">36</xref>]/Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy (MOCIE) and Korea Industrial Technology Foundation(KOTEF)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Ubiquitous monitoring system.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ECG, SpO2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Chest belt, wrist bandage and monitoring system (PC).</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEEE 802.15.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Real-time monitoring and data analysis.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t21-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 21.</label><caption><p>Summary of Chung <italic>et al.</italic></p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Chung <italic>et al.</italic> [2008] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b37-sensors-12-13907">37</xref>]/Consortium research foundation between industry, university and institute by Small and Business Administration in 2006, Korea</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Ubiquitous monitoring system.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BPr, ECG</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Chest belt, wrist bandage, mobile phone and remote monitoring system (PC).</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEEE 802.15.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cellular network</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Real-time and local monitoring and data analysis. Remote transmission of data in case of suspicious pattern detection.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t22-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 22.</label><caption><p>Summary of MASN.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">MASN [2008] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b38-sensors-12-13907">38</xref>]/University of Alabama</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Remote cardiac monitoring of multiple patients.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ECG</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L (indoor)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">ECG micro-sensor with RF motes and ECG server.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wired</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEEE 802.15.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Real time data collection and data mining. Multiple patients monitoring in a mesh architecture.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t23-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 23.</label><caption><p>Summary of HipGuard.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">HipGuard [2008] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b39-sensors-12-13907">39</xref>]/Tampere University of technology, Finland</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Assessment of patients recovering from hip surgery.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P and rotation (of leg and hip). Force between foot and a shoe.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">3-axis accelerometers, 3-axis magnetometers, 1 Capacity insole sensor, wrist unit and a mobile phone.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ANT</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bluetooth, Wi-Fi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cellular network (GPRS, 3G)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Sending of signals to remote server for remote monitoring. Sending of alarm signals to patient's Wrist Unit.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t24-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 24.</label><caption><p>Summary of HeartToGo.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">HeartToGo [2009] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40-sensors-12-13907">40</xref>]/University of Pittsburgh</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Real-time monitoring and recording of ECG.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ECG</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">ECG sensor, GPS receiver and mobile phone with specific application.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wired</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bluetooth</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Real time monitoring and recording, feature extraction, report generation and health assessment.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t25-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 25.</label><caption><p>Summary of Chen <italic>et al.</italic></p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Chen <italic>et al.</italic> [2009] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b41-sensors-12-13907">41</xref>]/Korea Research Foundation Grant funded by Korea Government</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Monitoring of brain bioelectrical activity.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EEG</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Composed of Zigbee EEG sensors and a Zigbee/Internet Gateway (ZiGW).</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zigbee</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Internet</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">EEG data is stored in online database in real time.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t26-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 26.</label><caption><p>Summary of Lee <italic>et al.</italic></p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Lee <italic>et al.</italic> [2009] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b42-sensors-12-13907">42</xref>]/Dongseo University, Korea</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Battlefield, public safety, health monitoring, sports and fitness, among others.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ECG</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acc</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">E-textile t-shirt with sensors and PC.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">E-textile</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEEE 802.15.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Continuously collecting data. Use of the acceleration information to enhance ECG signal.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t27-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 27.</label><caption><p>Summary of O<bold>'</bold>Donovan <italic>et al.</italic></p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">O'Donovan <italic>et al.</italic> [2009] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b43-sensors-12-13907">43</xref>]/EU FP7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Falls assessment of elder patients.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BPr, ECG, HR, SpO2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M, Acc</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">BAN of Sensors and a GSM gateway.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zigbee</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cellular network (GSM)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Continuous acquisition of ECG and BPR of a single patient.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t28-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 28.</label><caption><p>Summary of LOBIN.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">LOBIN [2010] (Study case) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b44-sensors-12-13907">44</xref>]/Spanish Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Non-invasive and pervasive monitoring of patients with cardiac issues in future healthcare environments.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ECG, HR, T</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A, L (indoor)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">E-textile t-shirts, location devices, a wireless sensor networks and base stations that forward the data, and a server (see study case section)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">e-textile</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEEE 802.15.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Internet</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Sending of data either every 260 ms or on-demand, and storage in a server from where data can be accessed in real-time. Alert generation whenever tracked parameters go out of customizable range.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t29-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 29.</label><caption><p>Summary of Yuce <italic>et al.</italic></p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Yuce <italic>et al.</italic> [2010] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b45-sensors-12-13907">45</xref>]/Australian Research Council (ARC) under Discovery Projects Grant</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Monitoring of physiological signals from patients in medical environments.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BPr, ECG, EEG, EMG, GSR, R, T</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Sensors, a multi-hop WBAN with a receiving device and a local or remote PC.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MICS</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WMTS</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Internet</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Data from sensors is collected, interpreted and stored in the PC for further analysis by health professionals.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t30-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 30.</label><caption><p>Summary of MEDISN.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">MEDISN [2010] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b46-sensors-12-13907">46</xref>]/National Science Foundation and Department of Homeland Security, USA</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Medical emergency detection in hospital environments or disaster events.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ECG, HR, SpO2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">RF sensors with built-in display, relay points, a gateway and a remote database.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEEE 802.15.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEEE 802.15.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Internet</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Periodical data sending through a WSN mesh and data storing in a server.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t31-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 31.</label><caption><p>Summary of Shengh <italic>et al.</italic></p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Shengh <italic>et al.</italic> [2011] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b47-sensors-12-13907">47</xref>]/Michigan Technological University, Houghton, USA</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">ECG monitoring for cardiac arrhythmia classification.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ECG</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Wearable ECG sensor node and mobile phone</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bluetooth</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WiFi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GPRS</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Real-time analysis and diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t32-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 32.</label><caption><p>Summary of Kim <italic>et al.</italic></p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Kim <italic>et al.</italic> [2011] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b48-sensors-12-13907">48</xref>]/University of Virginia Biomedical Innovation Fund and the National Science Foundation under grants CBET</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Combat of “Forward Head Posture” and reduction of the associated neck pain.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cranium-vertebral angle (CV), P</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Body-mounted accelerometers and a laptop.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wireless not specified</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">CV angle is assessed and compared with FHP thresholds. A beep sounds for auto-correction.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t33-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 33.</label><caption><p>Summary of Zhang <italic>et al.</italic></p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Zhang <italic>et al.</italic> [2011] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b49-sensors-12-13907">49</xref>]/Imperial College London, UK</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Assessment of patients with back pain.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M (human back)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">3 axis accelerometer, a gyroscope, a magnetometer and a base station connected to a PC.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEEE 802.15.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Euler angles are defined to represent the orientation for human back segments. Kinematics analysis is then derived.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t34-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 34.</label><caption><p>Summary of Nerino <italic>et al.</italic></p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Nerino <italic>et al.</italic> [2011] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b50-sensors-12-13907">50</xref>]/EU FP7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Assessment of the hippo-therapy.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M (of rider and horse)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Two 3-axis accelerometers sensors, an IEEE 802.15.4 gateway connected to a laptop and a webcam.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEEE 802.15.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">A Matlab script carries out a cross-correlation analysis of accelerations measured on the rider-horse.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t35-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 35.</label><caption><p>Summary of Garverick <italic>et al.</italic></p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Garverick <italic>et al.</italic> [2011] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b51-sensors-12-13907">51</xref>]/West Wireless Health Institute</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Cardiotocography</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HR (fetal)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uterine contractions</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Belt with toco sensor, fetal heart rate monitor device and optionally a cellular gateway.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wired</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bluetooth</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cellular network</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Built-in 4.5 hours monitoring back-up memory.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t36-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 36.</label><caption><p>Summary of GeM-REM.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">GeM-REM [2011] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b52-sensors-12-13907">52</xref>]/National Science Foundation, USA</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">ECG monitoring.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ECG</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">ECG leads, sensor platform, mobile phone gateway, base station (computer).</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wireless (not specified)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cellular</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Resource-efficient (energy consumption and data size at the sensor) ECG monitoring based on a generative ECG model at the base station and its lightweight version at the sensor: the sensor transmits data only when the sensed ECG deviates from model based values and the model parameters are continually updated based on the sensed ECG.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t37-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 37.</label><caption><p>Summary of Rofouei <italic>et al.</italic></p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Rofouei <italic>et al.</italic> [2011] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b53-sensors-12-13907">53</xref>]/UCLA, Microsoft Research</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Real-time sleep monitoring and pre-diagnosis of sleep apnea.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">R, SpO2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P (of the head)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Neck-cuff (with sensor nodes, microprocessor and Bluetooth transceiver) and cell phone or desktop machine.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wired</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bluetooth</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cloud (from mobile or laptop)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Real time data acquisition and visualization, and cloud aggregation.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t38-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 38.</label><caption><p>Summary of KNOWME.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Project Name/Funding</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">KNOWME [2012] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b54-sensors-12-13907">54</xref>]/University of Southern California, USA</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target Application</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Monitoring and evaluation of physical activity of pediatric obesity patients.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tracked Parameters</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ECG, SpO2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non- Physiological</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L(GPS), A, Acc</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Architecture</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">WBAN of sensors and a mobile phone (Nokia N95).</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Communication Technologies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bluetooth</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PAN/AN</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAN/Backhaul</td><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cellular network (GPRS/UMTS)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">System Highlights</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Continuous long term data collection to determine energy expenditure of patients. Inference of physical state.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t39-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 39.</label><caption><p>Healthcare Monitoring Subsystem Parameters.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Parameter</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Features</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ECG</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Frequency: 0.5–125 Hz<break></break>Amplitude: ∼0–50 mV<break></break>Gain: G<break></break>1 byte/sample<break></break>65 samples/tx packet</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Heart rate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Computed from ECG<break></break>1 byte/sample<break></break>1 sample/tx packet</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Angle of inclination</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Computed from 3-axis accelerometer<break></break>1 byte/sample<break></break>1 sample/tx packet</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Activity index</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Computed by averaging angle of inclination<break></break>1 byte/sample<break></break>1 sample/tx packet</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Body temperature</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Range: −20 °C to 120 °C<break></break>Accuracy: 0.1 °C<break></break>Valid range: 32 °C to 45 °C<break></break>1 byte/sample<break></break>1 sample/tx packet</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Level of battery</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100–0%<break></break>Coverage: 8–9 hours<break></break>1 byte/sample<break></break>1 sample/tx packet</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alert</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">To carry alert code if necessary<break></break>1 byte/sample<break></break>1 sample/tx packet</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t40-sensors-12-13907" position="float"><label>Table 40.</label><caption><p>Location Subsystem Tested Configurations.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="cols"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Test</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ptx_loc (s)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Tlisten (s)</bold></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Pbeacons (s)</bold></th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Custodio, Victor" sort="Custodio, Victor" uniqKey="Custodio V" first="Víctor" last="Custodio">Víctor Custodio</name><name sortKey="Herrera, Francisco J" sort="Herrera, Francisco J" uniqKey="Herrera F" first="Francisco J." last="Herrera">Francisco J. Herrera</name><name sortKey="L Pez, Gregorio" sort="L Pez, Gregorio" uniqKey="L Pez G" first="Gregorio" last="L Pez">Gregorio L Pez</name><name sortKey="Moreno, Jose Ignacio" sort="Moreno, Jose Ignacio" uniqKey="Moreno J" first="José Ignacio" last="Moreno">José Ignacio Moreno</name></noCountry></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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