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Effects of Term Infant Formulas Containing High sn-2 Palmitate With and Without Oligofructose on Stool Composition, Stool Characteristics, and Bifidogenicity

Identifieur interne : 000393 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000392; suivant : 000394

Effects of Term Infant Formulas Containing High sn-2 Palmitate With and Without Oligofructose on Stool Composition, Stool Characteristics, and Bifidogenicity

Auteurs : Manjiang Yao [États-Unis] ; Eric L. Lien ; Maria R. Z. Capeding [Philippines] ; Margaret Fitzgerald ; Kalathur Ramanujam [États-Unis] ; Rebecca Yuhas [États-Unis] ; Robert Northington [États-Unis] ; Jowena Lebumfacil [Philippines] ; Lin Wang [États-Unis] ; Patricia A. Derusso

Source :

RBID : PMC:4222706

Abstract

ABSTRACTObjectives:

Levels of stool fatty acid soaps and beneficial bacteria differ between formula-fed and breast-fed infants; addition of specific formula ingredients may reduce these differences. This study evaluated the effects of a term infant formula containing high sn-2 palmitate term infant formula (sn-2) or an identical formula supplemented with oligofructose (OF) at 2 concentrations (sn-2+3 g/L OF, sn-2+5 g/L OF) on stool composition, stool characteristics, and fecal bifidobacteria.

Methods:

Healthy, term formula-fed infants 7 to 14 days old (n = 300) were randomized in a double-blind manner to receive standard formula (control), sn-2, sn-2+3 g/L OF, or sn-2+5 g/L OF for 8 weeks. Human milk (HM)–fed infants (n = 75) were studied in parallel. Stool samples were collected from all subjects at week 8 for fatty acid soaps and mineral content, and from a subset at baseline and week 8 for bifidobacteria. Stool characteristics were assessed via 3-day diary.

Results:

The sn-2 group had 46% less stool soap palmitate (P < 0.001) and softer stools than control (20% more mushy soft stools, P = 0.026; 50% fewer formed stools, P = 0.003). Addition of OF resulted in even fewer formed stools versus control (65% fewer for sn-2+3 g/L OF, 79% fewer for sn-2+5 g/L OF), with 5 g/L OF more closely resembling that of HM-fed infants. Both sn-2 (P < 0.05) and sn-2 with OF groups (P < 0.01) had significantly higher fecal bifidobacteria concentrations than control at week 8, not differing from HM-fed infants.

Conclusions:

High sn-2-palmitate formulas led to reduced stool soaps, softer stools, and increased bifidobacteria, whereas addition of OF further improved stool consistency. Those modifications brought outcomes in formula-fed infants closer to that in HM-fed infants.


Url:
DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000443
PubMed: 24840511
PubMed Central: 4222706

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Eric L. Lien
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Urbana</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
Margaret Fitzgerald
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff4">Research and Development, Wyeth Nutritionals Ireland, Askeaton</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Askeaton</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
Patricia A. Derusso
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">PA.</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>

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<name sortKey="Yao, Manjiang" sort="Yao, Manjiang" uniqKey="Yao M" first="Manjiang" last="Yao">Manjiang Yao</name>
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<name sortKey="Capeding, Maria R Z" sort="Capeding, Maria R Z" uniqKey="Capeding M" first="Maria R. Z." last="Capeding">Maria R. Z. Capeding</name>
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<name sortKey="Ramanujam, Kalathur" sort="Ramanujam, Kalathur" uniqKey="Ramanujam K" first="Kalathur" last="Ramanujam">Kalathur Ramanujam</name>
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<name sortKey="Lebumfacil, Jowena" sort="Lebumfacil, Jowena" uniqKey="Lebumfacil J" first="Jowena" last="Lebumfacil">Jowena Lebumfacil</name>
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<name sortKey="Wang, Lin" sort="Wang, Lin" uniqKey="Wang L" first="Lin" last="Wang">Lin Wang</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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<name sortKey="Derusso, Patricia A" sort="Derusso, Patricia A" uniqKey="Derusso P" first="Patricia A." last="Derusso">Patricia A. Derusso</name>
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<title level="j">Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0277-2116</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1536-4801</idno>
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<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<sec>
<title>Objectives:</title>
<p>Levels of stool fatty acid soaps and beneficial bacteria differ between formula-fed and breast-fed infants; addition of specific formula ingredients may reduce these differences. This study evaluated the effects of a term infant formula containing high
<italic>sn-</italic>
2 palmitate term infant formula (
<italic>sn</italic>
-2) or an identical formula supplemented with oligofructose (OF) at 2 concentrations (
<italic>sn</italic>
-2+3 g/L OF,
<italic>sn</italic>
-2+5 g/L OF) on stool composition, stool characteristics, and fecal bifidobacteria.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Methods:</title>
<p>Healthy, term formula-fed infants 7 to 14 days old (n = 300) were randomized in a double-blind manner to receive standard formula (control),
<italic>sn</italic>
-2,
<italic>sn</italic>
-2+3 g/L OF, or
<italic>sn</italic>
-2+5 g/L OF for 8 weeks. Human milk (HM)–fed infants (n = 75) were studied in parallel. Stool samples were collected from all subjects at week 8 for fatty acid soaps and mineral content, and from a subset at baseline and week 8 for bifidobacteria. Stool characteristics were assessed via 3-day diary.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Results:</title>
<p>The
<italic>sn</italic>
-2 group had 46% less stool soap palmitate (
<italic>P</italic>
 < 0.001) and softer stools than control (20% more mushy soft stools,
<italic>P</italic>
 = 0.026; 50% fewer formed stools,
<italic>P</italic>
 = 0.003). Addition of OF resulted in even fewer formed stools versus control (65% fewer for
<italic>sn</italic>
-2+3 g/L OF, 79% fewer for
<italic>sn</italic>
-2+5 g/L OF), with 5 g/L OF more closely resembling that of HM-fed infants. Both
<italic>sn</italic>
-2 (
<italic>P</italic>
 < 0.05) and
<italic>sn</italic>
-2 with OF groups (
<italic>P</italic>
 < 0.01) had significantly higher fecal bifidobacteria concentrations than control at week 8, not differing from HM-fed infants.</p>
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<title>Conclusions:</title>
<p>High
<italic>sn</italic>
-2-palmitate formulas led to reduced stool soaps, softer stools, and increased bifidobacteria, whereas addition of OF further improved stool consistency. Those modifications brought outcomes in formula-fed infants closer to that in HM-fed infants.</p>
</sec>
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</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article">
<pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JPGA</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0277-2116</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1536-4801</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24840511</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4222706</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/MPG.0000000000000443</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="art-access-id">00007</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Original Articles: Hepatology and Nutrition</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Effects of Term Infant Formulas Containing High
<italic>sn</italic>
-2 Palmitate With and Without Oligofructose on Stool Composition, Stool Characteristics, and Bifidogenicity</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Yao</surname>
<given-names>Manjiang</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup></sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lien</surname>
<given-names>Eric L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup></sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Capeding</surname>
<given-names>Maria R.Z.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup></sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Fitzgerald</surname>
<given-names>Margaret</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>§</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ramanujam</surname>
<given-names>Kalathur</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup></sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Yuhas</surname>
<given-names>Rebecca</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup></sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Northington</surname>
<given-names>Robert</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup></sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lebumfacil</surname>
<given-names>Jowena</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>||</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Lin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup></sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>DeRusso</surname>
<given-names>Patricia A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>#</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1">
<label></label>
Research and Development, Nestlé Nutrition, King of Prussia, PA</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label></label>
Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label></label>
Department of Pediatrics, Asian Hospital and Medical Center, Muntinlupa City, Philippines</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>§</label>
Research and Development, Wyeth Nutritionals Ireland, Askeaton</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>||</label>
Medical Affairs Department, Wyeth Philippines Inc, Makati City, Philippines</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label></label>
Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Peapack, NJ</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>#</label>
Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp>Address correspondence to Manjiang Yao, MD, PhD, Director, Clinical Science, Nestlé Nutrition, 3000 Horizon Dr, Suite 100, King of Prussia, PA 19406 (e-mail:
<email>manjiang.yao@rd.nestle.com</email>
).</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<month>10</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>24</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>59</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>440</fpage>
<lpage>448</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>27</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2013</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>12</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright 2014 by ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License, where it is permissible to download and share the work, provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ext-link>
</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="jpga-59-440.pdf"></self-uri>
<abstract>
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<sec>
<title>Objectives:</title>
<p>Levels of stool fatty acid soaps and beneficial bacteria differ between formula-fed and breast-fed infants; addition of specific formula ingredients may reduce these differences. This study evaluated the effects of a term infant formula containing high
<italic>sn-</italic>
2 palmitate term infant formula (
<italic>sn</italic>
-2) or an identical formula supplemented with oligofructose (OF) at 2 concentrations (
<italic>sn</italic>
-2+3 g/L OF,
<italic>sn</italic>
-2+5 g/L OF) on stool composition, stool characteristics, and fecal bifidobacteria.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Methods:</title>
<p>Healthy, term formula-fed infants 7 to 14 days old (n = 300) were randomized in a double-blind manner to receive standard formula (control),
<italic>sn</italic>
-2,
<italic>sn</italic>
-2+3 g/L OF, or
<italic>sn</italic>
-2+5 g/L OF for 8 weeks. Human milk (HM)–fed infants (n = 75) were studied in parallel. Stool samples were collected from all subjects at week 8 for fatty acid soaps and mineral content, and from a subset at baseline and week 8 for bifidobacteria. Stool characteristics were assessed via 3-day diary.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Results:</title>
<p>The
<italic>sn</italic>
-2 group had 46% less stool soap palmitate (
<italic>P</italic>
 < 0.001) and softer stools than control (20% more mushy soft stools,
<italic>P</italic>
 = 0.026; 50% fewer formed stools,
<italic>P</italic>
 = 0.003). Addition of OF resulted in even fewer formed stools versus control (65% fewer for
<italic>sn</italic>
-2+3 g/L OF, 79% fewer for
<italic>sn</italic>
-2+5 g/L OF), with 5 g/L OF more closely resembling that of HM-fed infants. Both
<italic>sn</italic>
-2 (
<italic>P</italic>
 < 0.05) and
<italic>sn</italic>
-2 with OF groups (
<italic>P</italic>
 < 0.01) had significantly higher fecal bifidobacteria concentrations than control at week 8, not differing from HM-fed infants.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusion">
<title>Conclusions:</title>
<p>High
<italic>sn</italic>
-2-palmitate formulas led to reduced stool soaps, softer stools, and increased bifidobacteria, whereas addition of OF further improved stool consistency. Those modifications brought outcomes in formula-fed infants closer to that in HM-fed infants.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group>
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>bifidobacteria</kwd>
<kwd>fatty acid soaps</kwd>
<kwd>infant formula</kwd>
<kwd>oligofructose</kwd>
<kwd>
<italic>sn</italic>
-2-palmitate</kwd>
<kwd>stool consistency</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<custom-meta-group>
<custom-meta>
<meta-name>OPEN-ACCESS</meta-name>
<meta-value>TRUE</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group>
<table-wrap id="T1" position="float">
<label>TABLE 1</label>
<caption>
<p>Composition of study formulas</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>sn</italic>
-2</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>sn</italic>
-2+3g/L OF</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>sn</italic>
-2+5g/L OF</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Energy, kcal/L</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">654</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">642</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">660</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">671</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Protein, g/L</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.1</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.8</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.3</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total carbohydrate, g/L</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.2</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.7</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.5</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">74.8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fat, g/L</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.2</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.5</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.7</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Calcium, mg/L</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">473.7</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">457.5</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">439.4</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">414.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phosphorous, mg/L</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">275.0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">267.5</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">255.0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">256.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Magnesium, mg/L</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.8</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.9</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="5" rowspan="1">Fatty acids, wt% of total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C12:0 (lauric)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.2</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.7</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.9</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C14:0 (myristic)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.2</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.1</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C16:0 (palmitic)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.3</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.8</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C18:0 (stearic)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.2</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C18:1 (oleic)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.9</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.3</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.2</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C18:2 (linoleic)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.4</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C18:3 (linolenic)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C20:4 (arachidonic)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C22:6 (docosahexaenoic)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> %C16:0 in
<italic>sn-2</italic>
position</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.7</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.9</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.6</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.9</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>OF = oligofructose;
<italic>sn</italic>
-2 = high
<italic>sn</italic>
-2 palmitate infant formula.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="T2" position="float">
<label>TABLE 2</label>
<caption>
<p>Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics by feeding group</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control (n = 74)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>sn</italic>
-2 (n = 72)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>sn</italic>
-2+3g/L OF (n = 75)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>sn</italic>
-2+5g/L OF (n = 75)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HM (n = 73)</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="6" rowspan="1">Infant characteristics</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Age at enrollment, days
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TF2-1">
<sup>*</sup>
</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.3 ± 2.0
<sup></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.0 ± 2.0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.9 ± 2.0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.0 ± 2.1
<sup></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.3 ± 2.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Gestational age, wk
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TF2-1">
<sup>*</sup>
</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.9 ± 1.0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.9 ± 1.0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.8 ± 1.1</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.0 ± 1.1</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.8 ± 1.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Sex, % male</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">47</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">52</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="6" rowspan="1">Maternal characteristics</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Age, y
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TF2-1">
<sup>*</sup>
</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.2 ± 6.9</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.3 ± 5.9</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.9 ± 5.8</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.7 ± 6.1</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.5 ± 5.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Marital status, % married
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TF2-2">
<sup></sup>
</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">47</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Education, % completed college
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TF2-3">
<sup>§</sup>
</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">17
<sup>||</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">25
<sup></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Occupation, % homemaker
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TF2-4">
<sup>#</sup>
</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">34
<sup></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">33
<sup></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">29
<sup></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">31
<sup></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">74</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>Comparisons between formula groups were conducted using analysis of variance (for continuous variables) or Fisher exact test/chi-square test (for categorical variables); comparisons between the HM group and each formula group were conducted using a series of independent
<italic>t</italic>
tests or Fisher exact test. Each formula group versus HM:
<sup></sup>
<italic>P</italic>
 < 0.001,
<sup></sup>
<italic>P</italic>
 < 0.01,
<sup>||</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
 < 0.05. OF = oligofructose;
<italic>sn</italic>
-2 = high
<italic>sn</italic>
-2 palmitate infant formula.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TF2-1">
<p>
<sup>*</sup>
Mean ± standard deviation.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TF2-2">
<p>
<sup></sup>
Group distribution across 4 marital status categories (eg, married, single, separated, widowed) used for statistical comparisons between groups.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TF2-3">
<p>
<sup>§</sup>
Group distribution across 6 educational categories (eg, some high school, completed high school, some college) used for statistical comparisons between groups.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TF2-4">
<p>
<sup>#</sup>
Group distribution across 11 occupational categories (eg, professional, technician/associate professional, service/shop/market sales) used for statistical comparisons between groups.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="T3" position="float">
<label>TABLE 3</label>
<caption>
<p>Stool soap fatty acids and calcium at week 8 by feeding group</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control (n = 74)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>sn</italic>
-2 (n = 72)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>sn</italic>
-2+3g/L OF (n = 75)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>sn</italic>
-2+5g/L OF (n = 75)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HM (n = 73)</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="6" rowspan="1">Soap fatty acids, mean ± SD, mg/g dry stool weight</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C12:0 (lauric)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0 ± 2.0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 ± 1.1
<sup>*,†</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 ± 0.8
<sup>*,†</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 ± 0.6
<sup>*,†</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.6 ± 3.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C14:0 (myristic)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.3 ± 4.8
<sup></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2 ± 2.3
<sup>*,†</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3 ± 2.2
<sup>*,†</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7 ± 1.6
<sup>*,†</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.8 ± 5.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C16:0 (palmitic)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.7 ± 61.9
<sup></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.4 ± 38.4
<sup>*</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.4 ± 41.5
<sup>*</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.6 ± 31.6
<sup>*</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.3 ± 35.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C18:0 (stearic)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.5 ± 12.5
<sup></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.2 ± 9.9
<sup>§,†</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.6 ± 11.8
<sup></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.6 ± 8.5
<sup>§,†</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.0 ± 15.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C18:1 (oleic)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.8 ± 6.3
<sup>||</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.2 ± 8.2
<sup>||</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.5 ± 4.9
<sup></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.4 ± 4.9
<sup>§</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.3 ± 5.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C18:2 (linoleic)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9 ± 1.2
<sup></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5 ± 0.9
<sup>¶,||</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 ± 0.5
<sup>*</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 ± 1.0
<sup>*</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 ± 1.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total soaps</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">108.9 ± 89.4</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.3 ± 61.1
<sup>*,‡</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">74.1 ± 63.2
<sup>§</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.9 ± 47.7
<sup>*,†</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">92.6 ± 61.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Calcium</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.4 ± 10.8
<sup></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.8 ± 12.8
<sup></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.7 ± 9.5
<sup>¶,†</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.3 ± 8.6
<sup>*,||</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.3 ± 10.7</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>Comparisons between formula groups were conducted using analysis of variance followed by pairwise comparisons; comparisons between the HM group and each formula group were conducted using independent
<italic>t</italic>
tests. OF = oligofructose; SD = standard deviation;
<italic>sn</italic>
-2 = high
<italic>sn</italic>
-2 palmitate infant formula. Experimental formula groups vs control:
<sup>*</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
 < 0.001,
<sup>§</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
 < 0.01,
<sup></sup>
<italic>P</italic>
 < 0.05. Each formula group vs HM:
<sup></sup>
<italic>P</italic>
 < 0.001,
<sup></sup>
<italic>P</italic>
 < 0.01,
<sup>||</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
 < 0.05.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
</record>

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