Effects of Term Infant Formulas Containing High sn-2 Palmitate With and Without Oligofructose on Stool Composition, Stool Characteristics, and Bifidogenicity
Identifieur interne : 000393 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000392; suivant : 000394Effects of Term Infant Formulas Containing High sn-2 Palmitate With and Without Oligofructose on Stool Composition, Stool Characteristics, and Bifidogenicity
Auteurs : Manjiang Yao [États-Unis] ; Eric L. Lien ; Maria R. Z. Capeding [Philippines] ; Margaret Fitzgerald ; Kalathur Ramanujam [États-Unis] ; Rebecca Yuhas [États-Unis] ; Robert Northington [États-Unis] ; Jowena Lebumfacil [Philippines] ; Lin Wang [États-Unis] ; Patricia A. DerussoSource :
- Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition [ 0277-2116 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Levels of stool fatty acid soaps and beneficial bacteria differ between formula-fed and breast-fed infants; addition of specific formula ingredients may reduce these differences. This study evaluated the effects of a term infant formula containing high
Healthy, term formula-fed infants 7 to 14 days old (n = 300) were randomized in a double-blind manner to receive standard formula (control),
The
High
Url:
DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000443
PubMed: 24840511
PubMed Central: 4222706
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Eric L. Lien<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Urbana</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Research and Development, Wyeth Nutritionals Ireland, Askeaton</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Askeaton</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">PA.</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
Le document en format XML
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-2 Palmitate With and Without Oligofructose on Stool Composition, Stool Characteristics, and Bifidogenicity</title>
<author><name sortKey="Yao, Manjiang" sort="Yao, Manjiang" uniqKey="Yao M" first="Manjiang" last="Yao">Manjiang Yao</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Capeding, Maria R Z" sort="Capeding, Maria R Z" uniqKey="Capeding M" first="Maria R. Z." last="Capeding">Maria R. Z. Capeding</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Ramanujam, Kalathur" sort="Ramanujam, Kalathur" uniqKey="Ramanujam K" first="Kalathur" last="Ramanujam">Kalathur Ramanujam</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Northington, Robert" sort="Northington, Robert" uniqKey="Northington R" first="Robert" last="Northington">Robert Northington</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Lebumfacil, Jowena" sort="Lebumfacil, Jowena" uniqKey="Lebumfacil J" first="Jowena" last="Lebumfacil">Jowena Lebumfacil</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Wang, Lin" sort="Wang, Lin" uniqKey="Wang L" first="Lin" last="Wang">Lin Wang</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Derusso, Patricia A" sort="Derusso, Patricia A" uniqKey="Derusso P" first="Patricia A." last="Derusso">Patricia A. Derusso</name>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Effects of Term Infant Formulas Containing High <italic>sn</italic>
-2 Palmitate With and Without Oligofructose on Stool Composition, Stool Characteristics, and Bifidogenicity</title>
<author><name sortKey="Yao, Manjiang" sort="Yao, Manjiang" uniqKey="Yao M" first="Manjiang" last="Yao">Manjiang Yao</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Research and Development, Nestlé Nutrition, King of Prussia, PA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Research and Development, Nestlé Nutrition, King of Prussia</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lien, Eric L" sort="Lien, Eric L" uniqKey="Lien E" first="Eric L." last="Lien">Eric L. Lien</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Urbana</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Capeding, Maria R Z" sort="Capeding, Maria R Z" uniqKey="Capeding M" first="Maria R. Z." last="Capeding">Maria R. Z. Capeding</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Pediatrics, Asian Hospital and Medical Center, Muntinlupa City, Philippines</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Philippines</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pediatrics, Asian Hospital and Medical Center, Muntinlupa City</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fitzgerald, Margaret" sort="Fitzgerald, Margaret" uniqKey="Fitzgerald M" first="Margaret" last="Fitzgerald">Margaret Fitzgerald</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Research and Development, Wyeth Nutritionals Ireland, Askeaton</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Askeaton</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ramanujam, Kalathur" sort="Ramanujam, Kalathur" uniqKey="Ramanujam K" first="Kalathur" last="Ramanujam">Kalathur Ramanujam</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Research and Development, Nestlé Nutrition, King of Prussia, PA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Research and Development, Nestlé Nutrition, King of Prussia</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yuhas, Rebecca" sort="Yuhas, Rebecca" uniqKey="Yuhas R" first="Rebecca" last="Yuhas">Rebecca Yuhas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Research and Development, Nestlé Nutrition, King of Prussia, PA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Research and Development, Nestlé Nutrition, King of Prussia</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Northington, Robert" sort="Northington, Robert" uniqKey="Northington R" first="Robert" last="Northington">Robert Northington</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Research and Development, Nestlé Nutrition, King of Prussia, PA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Research and Development, Nestlé Nutrition, King of Prussia</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lebumfacil, Jowena" sort="Lebumfacil, Jowena" uniqKey="Lebumfacil J" first="Jowena" last="Lebumfacil">Jowena Lebumfacil</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5">Medical Affairs Department, Wyeth Philippines Inc, Makati City, Philippines</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Philippines</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Medical Affairs Department, Wyeth Philippines Inc, Makati City</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, Lin" sort="Wang, Lin" uniqKey="Wang L" first="Lin" last="Wang">Lin Wang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Peapack, NJ</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">New Jersey</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Peapack</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Derusso, Patricia A" sort="Derusso, Patricia A" uniqKey="Derusso P" first="Patricia A." last="Derusso">Patricia A. Derusso</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">PA.</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0277-2116</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1536-4801</idno>
<imprint><date when="2014">2014</date>
</imprint>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>ABSTRACT</title>
<sec><title>Objectives:</title>
<p>Levels of stool fatty acid soaps and beneficial bacteria differ between formula-fed and breast-fed infants; addition of specific formula ingredients may reduce these differences. This study evaluated the effects of a term infant formula containing high <italic>sn-</italic>
2 palmitate term infant formula (<italic>sn</italic>
-2) or an identical formula supplemented with oligofructose (OF) at 2 concentrations (<italic>sn</italic>
-2+3 g/L OF, <italic>sn</italic>
-2+5 g/L OF) on stool composition, stool characteristics, and fecal bifidobacteria.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods"><title>Methods:</title>
<p>Healthy, term formula-fed infants 7 to 14 days old (n = 300) were randomized in a double-blind manner to receive standard formula (control), <italic>sn</italic>
-2, <italic>sn</italic>
-2+3 g/L OF, or <italic>sn</italic>
-2+5 g/L OF for 8 weeks. Human milk (HM)–fed infants (n = 75) were studied in parallel. Stool samples were collected from all subjects at week 8 for fatty acid soaps and mineral content, and from a subset at baseline and week 8 for bifidobacteria. Stool characteristics were assessed via 3-day diary.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results"><title>Results:</title>
<p>The <italic>sn</italic>
-2 group had 46% less stool soap palmitate (<italic>P</italic>
< 0.001) and softer stools than control (20% more mushy soft stools, <italic>P</italic>
= 0.026; 50% fewer formed stools, <italic>P</italic>
= 0.003). Addition of OF resulted in even fewer formed stools versus control (65% fewer for <italic>sn</italic>
-2+3 g/L OF, 79% fewer for <italic>sn</italic>
-2+5 g/L OF), with 5 g/L OF more closely resembling that of HM-fed infants. Both <italic>sn</italic>
-2 (<italic>P</italic>
< 0.05) and <italic>sn</italic>
-2 with OF groups (<italic>P</italic>
< 0.01) had significantly higher fecal bifidobacteria concentrations than control at week 8, not differing from HM-fed infants.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusion"><title>Conclusions:</title>
<p>High <italic>sn</italic>
-2-palmitate formulas led to reduced stool soaps, softer stools, and increased bifidobacteria, whereas addition of OF further improved stool consistency. Those modifications brought outcomes in formula-fed infants closer to that in HM-fed infants.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
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</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JPGA</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0277-2116</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1536-4801</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24840511</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4222706</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/MPG.0000000000000443</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="art-access-id">00007</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Articles: Hepatology and Nutrition</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Effects of Term Infant Formulas Containing High <italic>sn</italic>
-2 Palmitate With and Without Oligofructose on Stool Composition, Stool Characteristics, and Bifidogenicity</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yao</surname>
<given-names>Manjiang</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>∗</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lien</surname>
<given-names>Eric L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>†</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Capeding</surname>
<given-names>Maria R.Z.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>‡</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fitzgerald</surname>
<given-names>Margaret</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>§</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ramanujam</surname>
<given-names>Kalathur</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>∗</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yuhas</surname>
<given-names>Rebecca</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>∗</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Northington</surname>
<given-names>Robert</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>∗</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lebumfacil</surname>
<given-names>Jowena</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>||</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Lin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>¶</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>DeRusso</surname>
<given-names>Patricia A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>#</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1"><label>∗</label>
Research and Development, Nestlé Nutrition, King of Prussia, PA</aff>
<aff id="aff2"><label>†</label>
Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana</aff>
<aff id="aff3"><label>‡</label>
Department of Pediatrics, Asian Hospital and Medical Center, Muntinlupa City, Philippines</aff>
<aff id="aff4"><label>§</label>
Research and Development, Wyeth Nutritionals Ireland, Askeaton</aff>
<aff id="aff5"><label>||</label>
Medical Affairs Department, Wyeth Philippines Inc, Makati City, Philippines</aff>
<aff id="aff6"><label>¶</label>
Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Peapack, NJ</aff>
<aff id="aff7"><label>#</label>
Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.</aff>
<author-notes><corresp>Address correspondence to Manjiang Yao, MD, PhD, Director, Clinical Science, Nestlé Nutrition, 3000 Horizon Dr, Suite 100, King of Prussia, PA 19406 (e-mail: <email>manjiang.yao@rd.nestle.com</email>
).</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>10</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>59</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>440</fpage>
<lpage>448</lpage>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>27</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2013</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>12</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright 2014 by ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License, where it is permissible to download and share the work, provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ext-link>
</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="jpga-59-440.pdf"></self-uri>
<abstract><title>ABSTRACT</title>
<sec><title>Objectives:</title>
<p>Levels of stool fatty acid soaps and beneficial bacteria differ between formula-fed and breast-fed infants; addition of specific formula ingredients may reduce these differences. This study evaluated the effects of a term infant formula containing high <italic>sn-</italic>
2 palmitate term infant formula (<italic>sn</italic>
-2) or an identical formula supplemented with oligofructose (OF) at 2 concentrations (<italic>sn</italic>
-2+3 g/L OF, <italic>sn</italic>
-2+5 g/L OF) on stool composition, stool characteristics, and fecal bifidobacteria.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods"><title>Methods:</title>
<p>Healthy, term formula-fed infants 7 to 14 days old (n = 300) were randomized in a double-blind manner to receive standard formula (control), <italic>sn</italic>
-2, <italic>sn</italic>
-2+3 g/L OF, or <italic>sn</italic>
-2+5 g/L OF for 8 weeks. Human milk (HM)–fed infants (n = 75) were studied in parallel. Stool samples were collected from all subjects at week 8 for fatty acid soaps and mineral content, and from a subset at baseline and week 8 for bifidobacteria. Stool characteristics were assessed via 3-day diary.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results"><title>Results:</title>
<p>The <italic>sn</italic>
-2 group had 46% less stool soap palmitate (<italic>P</italic>
< 0.001) and softer stools than control (20% more mushy soft stools, <italic>P</italic>
= 0.026; 50% fewer formed stools, <italic>P</italic>
= 0.003). Addition of OF resulted in even fewer formed stools versus control (65% fewer for <italic>sn</italic>
-2+3 g/L OF, 79% fewer for <italic>sn</italic>
-2+5 g/L OF), with 5 g/L OF more closely resembling that of HM-fed infants. Both <italic>sn</italic>
-2 (<italic>P</italic>
< 0.05) and <italic>sn</italic>
-2 with OF groups (<italic>P</italic>
< 0.01) had significantly higher fecal bifidobacteria concentrations than control at week 8, not differing from HM-fed infants.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusion"><title>Conclusions:</title>
<p>High <italic>sn</italic>
-2-palmitate formulas led to reduced stool soaps, softer stools, and increased bifidobacteria, whereas addition of OF further improved stool consistency. Those modifications brought outcomes in formula-fed infants closer to that in HM-fed infants.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>bifidobacteria</kwd>
<kwd>fatty acid soaps</kwd>
<kwd>infant formula</kwd>
<kwd>oligofructose</kwd>
<kwd><italic>sn</italic>
-2-palmitate</kwd>
<kwd>stool consistency</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>OPEN-ACCESS</meta-name>
<meta-value>TRUE</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>TABLE 1</label>
<caption><p>Composition of study formulas</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>sn</italic>
-2</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>sn</italic>
-2+3g/L OF</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>sn</italic>
-2+5g/L OF</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Energy, kcal/L</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">654</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">642</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">660</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">671</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Protein, g/L</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.1</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.8</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.3</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total carbohydrate, g/L</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.2</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.7</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.5</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">74.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fat, g/L</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.2</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.5</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.7</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Calcium, mg/L</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">473.7</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">457.5</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">439.4</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">414.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phosphorous, mg/L</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">275.0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">267.5</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">255.0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">256.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Magnesium, mg/L</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.8</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.9</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" rowspan="1">Fatty acids, wt% of total</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C12:0 (lauric)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.2</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.7</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.9</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C14:0 (myristic)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.2</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.1</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C16:0 (palmitic)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.3</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.8</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C18:0 (stearic)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.2</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C18:1 (oleic)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.9</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.3</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.2</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C18:2 (linoleic)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.4</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C18:3 (linolenic)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C20:4 (arachidonic)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C22:6 (docosahexaenoic)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> %C16:0 in <italic>sn-2</italic>
position</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.7</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.9</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.6</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.9</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>OF = oligofructose; <italic>sn</italic>
-2 = high <italic>sn</italic>
-2 palmitate infant formula.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="T2" position="float"><label>TABLE 2</label>
<caption><p>Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics by feeding group</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control (n = 74)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>sn</italic>
-2 (n = 72)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>sn</italic>
-2+3g/L OF (n = 75)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>sn</italic>
-2+5g/L OF (n = 75)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HM (n = 73)</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="1">Infant characteristics</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Age at enrollment, days<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TF2-1"><sup>*</sup>
</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.3 ± 2.0<sup>‡</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.0 ± 2.0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.9 ± 2.0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.0 ± 2.1<sup>‖</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.3 ± 2.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Gestational age, wk<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TF2-1"><sup>*</sup>
</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.9 ± 1.0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.9 ± 1.0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.8 ± 1.1</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.0 ± 1.1</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.8 ± 1.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Sex, % male</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">47</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">52</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="1">Maternal characteristics</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Age, y<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TF2-1"><sup>*</sup>
</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.2 ± 6.9</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.3 ± 5.9</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.9 ± 5.8</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.7 ± 6.1</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.5 ± 5.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Marital status, % married<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TF2-2"><sup>¶</sup>
</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">47</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Education, % completed college<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TF2-3"><sup>§</sup>
</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">17<sup>||</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">25<sup>‡</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Occupation, % homemaker<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TF2-4"><sup>#</sup>
</xref>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">34<sup>†</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">33<sup>†</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">29<sup>†</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">31<sup>†</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">74</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Comparisons between formula groups were conducted using analysis of variance (for continuous variables) or Fisher exact test/chi-square test (for categorical variables); comparisons between the HM group and each formula group were conducted using a series of independent <italic>t</italic>
tests or Fisher exact test. Each formula group versus HM: <sup>†</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
< 0.001, <sup>‡</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
< 0.01, <sup>||</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
< 0.05. OF = oligofructose; <italic>sn</italic>
-2 = high <italic>sn</italic>
-2 palmitate infant formula.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TF2-1"><p><sup>*</sup>
Mean ± standard deviation.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TF2-2"><p><sup>¶</sup>
Group distribution across 4 marital status categories (eg, married, single, separated, widowed) used for statistical comparisons between groups.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TF2-3"><p><sup>§</sup>
Group distribution across 6 educational categories (eg, some high school, completed high school, some college) used for statistical comparisons between groups.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TF2-4"><p><sup>#</sup>
Group distribution across 11 occupational categories (eg, professional, technician/associate professional, service/shop/market sales) used for statistical comparisons between groups.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="T3" position="float"><label>TABLE 3</label>
<caption><p>Stool soap fatty acids and calcium at week 8 by feeding group</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control (n = 74)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>sn</italic>
-2 (n = 72)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>sn</italic>
-2+3g/L OF (n = 75)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>sn</italic>
-2+5g/L OF (n = 75)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HM (n = 73)</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td colspan="6" rowspan="1">Soap fatty acids, mean ± SD, mg/g dry stool weight</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C12:0 (lauric)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0 ± 2.0</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 ± 1.1<sup>*,†</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 ± 0.8<sup>*,†</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 ± 0.6<sup>*,†</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.6 ± 3.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C14:0 (myristic)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.3 ± 4.8<sup>‡</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2 ± 2.3<sup>*,†</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3 ± 2.2<sup>*,†</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7 ± 1.6<sup>*,†</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.8 ± 5.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C16:0 (palmitic)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.7 ± 61.9<sup>‡</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.4 ± 38.4<sup>*</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.4 ± 41.5<sup>*</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.6 ± 31.6<sup>*</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.3 ± 35.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C18:0 (stearic)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.5 ± 12.5<sup>†</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.2 ± 9.9<sup>§,†</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.6 ± 11.8<sup>†</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.6 ± 8.5<sup>§,†</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.0 ± 15.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C18:1 (oleic)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.8 ± 6.3<sup>||</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.2 ± 8.2<sup>||</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.5 ± 4.9<sup>¶</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.4 ± 4.9<sup>§</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.3 ± 5.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> C18:2 (linoleic)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9 ± 1.2<sup>†</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5 ± 0.9<sup>¶,||</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 ± 0.5<sup>*</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 ± 1.0<sup>*</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 ± 1.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total soaps</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">108.9 ± 89.4</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.3 ± 61.1<sup>*,‡</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">74.1 ± 63.2<sup>§</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.9 ± 47.7<sup>*,†</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">92.6 ± 61.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Calcium</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.4 ± 10.8<sup>†</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.8 ± 12.8<sup>†</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.7 ± 9.5<sup>¶,†</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.3 ± 8.6<sup>*,||</sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.3 ± 10.7</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Comparisons between formula groups were conducted using analysis of variance followed by pairwise comparisons; comparisons between the HM group and each formula group were conducted using independent <italic>t</italic>
tests. OF = oligofructose; SD = standard deviation; <italic>sn</italic>
-2 = high <italic>sn</italic>
-2 palmitate infant formula. Experimental formula groups vs control: <sup>*</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
< 0.001, <sup>§</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
< 0.01, <sup>¶</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
< 0.05. Each formula group vs HM: <sup>†</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
< 0.001, <sup>‡</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
< 0.01, <sup>||</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
< 0.05.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
</record>
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