Long working hours and alcohol use: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data
Identifieur interne : 000085 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000084; suivant : 000086Long working hours and alcohol use: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data
Auteurs : Marianna Virtanen [Finlande] ; Markus Jokela [Finlande] ; Solja T. Nyberg [Finlande] ; Ida E H. Madsen [Danemark] ; Tea Lallukka [Finlande] ; Kirsi Ahola [Finlande] ; Lars Alfredsson [Suède] ; G David Batty [Royaume-Uni] ; Jakob B. Bjorner [Danemark] ; Marianne Borritz [Danemark] ; Hermann Burr [Allemagne] ; Annalisa Casini [Belgique] ; Els Clays [Belgique] ; Dirk De Bacquer [Belgique] ; Nico Dragano [Allemagne] ; Raimund Erbel [Allemagne] ; Jane E. Ferrie [Royaume-Uni] ; Eleonor I. Fransson [Suède] ; Mark Hamer [Royaume-Uni] ; Katriina Heikkil [Finlande] ; Karl-Heinz Jöckel [Allemagne] ; France Kittel [Belgique] ; Anders Knutsson [Suède] ; Markku Koskenvuo [Finlande] ; Karl-Heinz Ladwig [Allemagne] ; Thorsten Lunau [Allemagne] ; Martin L. Nielsen [Danemark] ; Maria Nordin [Suède] ; Tuula Oksanen [Finlande] ; Jan H. Pejtersen [Danemark] ; Jaana Pentti [Finlande] ; Reiner Rugulies [Danemark] ; Paula Salo [Finlande] ; Jürgen Schupp [Allemagne] ; Johannes Siegrist [Allemagne] ; Archana Singh-Manoux [Royaume-Uni, France] ; Andrew Steptoe [Royaume-Uni] ; Sakari B. Suominen [Finlande, Suède] ; Töres Theorell [Suède] ; Jussi Vahtera [Finlande] ; Gert G. Wagner [Allemagne] ; Peter J M. Westerholm [Suède] ; Hugo Westerlund [Suède] ; Mika Kivim Ki [Finlande, Royaume-Uni]Source :
- The BMJ [ 0959-8138 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Url:
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.g7772
PubMed: 25587065
PubMed Central: 4293546
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Long working hours and alcohol use: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data</title><author><name sortKey="Virtanen, Marianna" sort="Virtanen, Marianna" uniqKey="Virtanen M" first="Marianna" last="Virtanen">Marianna Virtanen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jokela, Markus" sort="Jokela, Markus" uniqKey="Jokela M" first="Markus" last="Jokela">Markus Jokela</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nyberg, Solja T" sort="Nyberg, Solja T" uniqKey="Nyberg S" first="Solja T" last="Nyberg">Solja T. Nyberg</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Madsen, Ida E H" sort="Madsen, Ida E H" uniqKey="Madsen I" first="Ida E H" last="Madsen">Ida E H. Madsen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lallukka, Tea" sort="Lallukka, Tea" uniqKey="Lallukka T" first="Tea" last="Lallukka">Tea Lallukka</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahola, Kirsi" sort="Ahola, Kirsi" uniqKey="Ahola K" first="Kirsi" last="Ahola">Kirsi Ahola</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alfredsson, Lars" sort="Alfredsson, Lars" uniqKey="Alfredsson L" first="Lars" last="Alfredsson">Lars Alfredsson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5">Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Batty, G David" sort="Batty, G David" uniqKey="Batty G" first="G David" last="Batty">G David Batty</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bjorner, Jakob B" sort="Bjorner, Jakob B" uniqKey="Bjorner J" first="Jakob B" last="Bjorner">Jakob B. Bjorner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Borritz, Marianne" sort="Borritz, Marianne" uniqKey="Borritz M" first="Marianne" last="Borritz">Marianne Borritz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10">Department of Occupational Medicine, Koge Hospital, Koge, Denmark</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Occupational Medicine, Koge Hospital, Koge</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burr, Hermann" sort="Burr, Hermann" uniqKey="Burr H" first="Hermann" last="Burr">Hermann Burr</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11">Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Berlin</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Casini, Annalisa" sort="Casini, Annalisa" uniqKey="Casini A" first="Annalisa" last="Casini">Annalisa Casini</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12">School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Clays, Els" sort="Clays, Els" uniqKey="Clays E" first="Els" last="Clays">Els Clays</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Bacquer, Dirk" sort="De Bacquer, Dirk" uniqKey="De Bacquer D" first="Dirk" last="De Bacquer">Dirk De Bacquer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dragano, Nico" sort="Dragano, Nico" uniqKey="Dragano N" first="Nico" last="Dragano">Nico Dragano</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff14">Institute for Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Erbel, Raimund" sort="Erbel, Raimund" uniqKey="Erbel R" first="Raimund" last="Erbel">Raimund Erbel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff15">Department of Cardiology, West-German Heart Center Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Cardiology, West-German Heart Center Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferrie, Jane E" sort="Ferrie, Jane E" uniqKey="Ferrie J" first="Jane E" last="Ferrie">Jane E. Ferrie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff16">School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fransson, Eleonor I" sort="Fransson, Eleonor I" uniqKey="Fransson E" first="Eleonor I" last="Fransson">Eleonor I. Fransson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5">Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff17">Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff18">School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, Jönköping</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hamer, Mark" sort="Hamer, Mark" uniqKey="Hamer M" first="Mark" last="Hamer">Mark Hamer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heikkil, Katriina" sort="Heikkil, Katriina" uniqKey="Heikkil K" first="Katriina" last="Heikkil">Katriina Heikkil</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff19">School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jockel, Karl Heinz" sort="Jockel, Karl Heinz" uniqKey="Jockel K" first="Karl-Heinz" last="Jöckel">Karl-Heinz Jöckel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff20">Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kittel, France" sort="Kittel, France" uniqKey="Kittel F" first="France" last="Kittel">France Kittel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12">School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Knutsson, Anders" sort="Knutsson, Anders" uniqKey="Knutsson A" first="Anders" last="Knutsson">Anders Knutsson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff21">Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koskenvuo, Markku" sort="Koskenvuo, Markku" uniqKey="Koskenvuo M" first="Markku" last="Koskenvuo">Markku Koskenvuo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ladwig, Karl Heinz" sort="Ladwig, Karl Heinz" uniqKey="Ladwig K" first="Karl-Heinz" last="Ladwig">Karl-Heinz Ladwig</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff22">Helmholtz Zentrum München (German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH)), 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Helmholtz Zentrum München (German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH)), 85764 Oberschleißheim</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lunau, Thorsten" sort="Lunau, Thorsten" uniqKey="Lunau T" first="Thorsten" last="Lunau">Thorsten Lunau</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff14">Institute for Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nielsen, Martin L" sort="Nielsen, Martin L" uniqKey="Nielsen M" first="Martin L" last="Nielsen">Martin L. Nielsen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff23">Unit of Social Medicine, Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Unit of Social Medicine, Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nordin, Maria" sort="Nordin, Maria" uniqKey="Nordin M" first="Maria" last="Nordin">Maria Nordin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff17">Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff24">Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oksanen, Tuula" sort="Oksanen, Tuula" uniqKey="Oksanen T" first="Tuula" last="Oksanen">Tuula Oksanen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pejtersen, Jan H" sort="Pejtersen, Jan H" uniqKey="Pejtersen J" first="Jan H" last="Pejtersen">Jan H. Pejtersen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff25">Danish National Centre for Social Research, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Danish National Centre for Social Research, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pentti, Jaana" sort="Pentti, Jaana" uniqKey="Pentti J" first="Jaana" last="Pentti">Jaana Pentti</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rugulies, Reiner" sort="Rugulies, Reiner" uniqKey="Rugulies R" first="Reiner" last="Rugulies">Reiner Rugulies</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff26">Department of Public Health and Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health and Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salo, Paula" sort="Salo, Paula" uniqKey="Salo P" first="Paula" last="Salo">Paula Salo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff27">Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schupp, Jurgen" sort="Schupp, Jurgen" uniqKey="Schupp J" first="Jürgen" last="Schupp">Jürgen Schupp</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff28">German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff29">Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Free University of Berlin, Berlin</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Siegrist, Johannes" sort="Siegrist, Johannes" uniqKey="Siegrist J" first="Johannes" last="Siegrist">Johannes Siegrist</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff14">Institute for Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Singh Manoux, Archana" sort="Singh Manoux, Archana" uniqKey="Singh Manoux A" first="Archana" last="Singh-Manoux">Archana Singh-Manoux</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff30">Inserm U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Villejuif, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Inserm U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Villejuif</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steptoe, Andrew" sort="Steptoe, Andrew" uniqKey="Steptoe A" first="Andrew" last="Steptoe">Andrew Steptoe</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Suominen, Sakari B" sort="Suominen, Sakari B" uniqKey="Suominen S" first="Sakari B" last="Suominen">Sakari B. Suominen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff31">Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff32">Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff33">Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Theorell, Tores" sort="Theorell, Tores" uniqKey="Theorell T" first="Töres" last="Theorell">Töres Theorell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff17">Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vahtera, Jussi" sort="Vahtera, Jussi" uniqKey="Vahtera J" first="Jussi" last="Vahtera">Jussi Vahtera</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff31">Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff34">Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Turku University Hospital, Turku</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wagner, Gert G" sort="Wagner, Gert G" uniqKey="Wagner G" first="Gert G" last="Wagner">Gert G. Wagner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff28">German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff35">Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff36">Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Berlin University of Technology, Berlin</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Westerholm, Peter J M" sort="Westerholm, Peter J M" uniqKey="Westerholm P" first="Peter J M" last="Westerholm">Peter J M. Westerholm</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff37">Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Westerlund, Hugo" sort="Westerlund, Hugo" uniqKey="Westerlund H" first="Hugo" last="Westerlund">Hugo Westerlund</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff17">Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kivim Ki, Mika" sort="Kivim Ki, Mika" uniqKey="Kivim Ki M" first="Mika" last="Kivim Ki">Mika Kivim Ki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25587065</idno><idno type="pmc">4293546</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4293546</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4293546</idno><idno type="doi">10.1136/bmj.g7772</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000085</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000085</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Long working hours and alcohol use: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data</title><author><name sortKey="Virtanen, Marianna" sort="Virtanen, Marianna" uniqKey="Virtanen M" first="Marianna" last="Virtanen">Marianna Virtanen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jokela, Markus" sort="Jokela, Markus" uniqKey="Jokela M" first="Markus" last="Jokela">Markus Jokela</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nyberg, Solja T" sort="Nyberg, Solja T" uniqKey="Nyberg S" first="Solja T" last="Nyberg">Solja T. Nyberg</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Madsen, Ida E H" sort="Madsen, Ida E H" uniqKey="Madsen I" first="Ida E H" last="Madsen">Ida E H. Madsen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lallukka, Tea" sort="Lallukka, Tea" uniqKey="Lallukka T" first="Tea" last="Lallukka">Tea Lallukka</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahola, Kirsi" sort="Ahola, Kirsi" uniqKey="Ahola K" first="Kirsi" last="Ahola">Kirsi Ahola</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alfredsson, Lars" sort="Alfredsson, Lars" uniqKey="Alfredsson L" first="Lars" last="Alfredsson">Lars Alfredsson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5">Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Batty, G David" sort="Batty, G David" uniqKey="Batty G" first="G David" last="Batty">G David Batty</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bjorner, Jakob B" sort="Bjorner, Jakob B" uniqKey="Bjorner J" first="Jakob B" last="Bjorner">Jakob B. Bjorner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Borritz, Marianne" sort="Borritz, Marianne" uniqKey="Borritz M" first="Marianne" last="Borritz">Marianne Borritz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10">Department of Occupational Medicine, Koge Hospital, Koge, Denmark</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Occupational Medicine, Koge Hospital, Koge</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burr, Hermann" sort="Burr, Hermann" uniqKey="Burr H" first="Hermann" last="Burr">Hermann Burr</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11">Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Berlin</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Casini, Annalisa" sort="Casini, Annalisa" uniqKey="Casini A" first="Annalisa" last="Casini">Annalisa Casini</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12">School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Clays, Els" sort="Clays, Els" uniqKey="Clays E" first="Els" last="Clays">Els Clays</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Bacquer, Dirk" sort="De Bacquer, Dirk" uniqKey="De Bacquer D" first="Dirk" last="De Bacquer">Dirk De Bacquer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dragano, Nico" sort="Dragano, Nico" uniqKey="Dragano N" first="Nico" last="Dragano">Nico Dragano</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff14">Institute for Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Erbel, Raimund" sort="Erbel, Raimund" uniqKey="Erbel R" first="Raimund" last="Erbel">Raimund Erbel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff15">Department of Cardiology, West-German Heart Center Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Cardiology, West-German Heart Center Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferrie, Jane E" sort="Ferrie, Jane E" uniqKey="Ferrie J" first="Jane E" last="Ferrie">Jane E. Ferrie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff16">School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fransson, Eleonor I" sort="Fransson, Eleonor I" uniqKey="Fransson E" first="Eleonor I" last="Fransson">Eleonor I. Fransson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5">Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff17">Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff18">School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, Jönköping</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hamer, Mark" sort="Hamer, Mark" uniqKey="Hamer M" first="Mark" last="Hamer">Mark Hamer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heikkil, Katriina" sort="Heikkil, Katriina" uniqKey="Heikkil K" first="Katriina" last="Heikkil">Katriina Heikkil</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff19">School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jockel, Karl Heinz" sort="Jockel, Karl Heinz" uniqKey="Jockel K" first="Karl-Heinz" last="Jöckel">Karl-Heinz Jöckel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff20">Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kittel, France" sort="Kittel, France" uniqKey="Kittel F" first="France" last="Kittel">France Kittel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12">School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Knutsson, Anders" sort="Knutsson, Anders" uniqKey="Knutsson A" first="Anders" last="Knutsson">Anders Knutsson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff21">Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koskenvuo, Markku" sort="Koskenvuo, Markku" uniqKey="Koskenvuo M" first="Markku" last="Koskenvuo">Markku Koskenvuo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ladwig, Karl Heinz" sort="Ladwig, Karl Heinz" uniqKey="Ladwig K" first="Karl-Heinz" last="Ladwig">Karl-Heinz Ladwig</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff22">Helmholtz Zentrum München (German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH)), 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Helmholtz Zentrum München (German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH)), 85764 Oberschleißheim</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lunau, Thorsten" sort="Lunau, Thorsten" uniqKey="Lunau T" first="Thorsten" last="Lunau">Thorsten Lunau</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff14">Institute for Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nielsen, Martin L" sort="Nielsen, Martin L" uniqKey="Nielsen M" first="Martin L" last="Nielsen">Martin L. Nielsen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff23">Unit of Social Medicine, Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Unit of Social Medicine, Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nordin, Maria" sort="Nordin, Maria" uniqKey="Nordin M" first="Maria" last="Nordin">Maria Nordin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff17">Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff24">Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oksanen, Tuula" sort="Oksanen, Tuula" uniqKey="Oksanen T" first="Tuula" last="Oksanen">Tuula Oksanen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pejtersen, Jan H" sort="Pejtersen, Jan H" uniqKey="Pejtersen J" first="Jan H" last="Pejtersen">Jan H. Pejtersen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff25">Danish National Centre for Social Research, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Danish National Centre for Social Research, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pentti, Jaana" sort="Pentti, Jaana" uniqKey="Pentti J" first="Jaana" last="Pentti">Jaana Pentti</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rugulies, Reiner" sort="Rugulies, Reiner" uniqKey="Rugulies R" first="Reiner" last="Rugulies">Reiner Rugulies</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff26">Department of Public Health and Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health and Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salo, Paula" sort="Salo, Paula" uniqKey="Salo P" first="Paula" last="Salo">Paula Salo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff27">Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schupp, Jurgen" sort="Schupp, Jurgen" uniqKey="Schupp J" first="Jürgen" last="Schupp">Jürgen Schupp</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff28">German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff29">Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Free University of Berlin, Berlin</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Siegrist, Johannes" sort="Siegrist, Johannes" uniqKey="Siegrist J" first="Johannes" last="Siegrist">Johannes Siegrist</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff14">Institute for Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Singh Manoux, Archana" sort="Singh Manoux, Archana" uniqKey="Singh Manoux A" first="Archana" last="Singh-Manoux">Archana Singh-Manoux</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff30">Inserm U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Villejuif, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Inserm U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Villejuif</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steptoe, Andrew" sort="Steptoe, Andrew" uniqKey="Steptoe A" first="Andrew" last="Steptoe">Andrew Steptoe</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Suominen, Sakari B" sort="Suominen, Sakari B" uniqKey="Suominen S" first="Sakari B" last="Suominen">Sakari B. Suominen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff31">Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff32">Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff33">Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Theorell, Tores" sort="Theorell, Tores" uniqKey="Theorell T" first="Töres" last="Theorell">Töres Theorell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff17">Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vahtera, Jussi" sort="Vahtera, Jussi" uniqKey="Vahtera J" first="Jussi" last="Vahtera">Jussi Vahtera</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff31">Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff34">Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Turku University Hospital, Turku</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wagner, Gert G" sort="Wagner, Gert G" uniqKey="Wagner G" first="Gert G" last="Wagner">Gert G. Wagner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff28">German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff35">Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff36">Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Berlin University of Technology, Berlin</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Westerholm, Peter J M" sort="Westerholm, Peter J M" uniqKey="Westerholm P" first="Peter J M" last="Westerholm">Peter J M. Westerholm</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff37">Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Westerlund, Hugo" sort="Westerlund, Hugo" uniqKey="Westerlund H" first="Hugo" last="Westerlund">Hugo Westerlund</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff17">Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kivim Ki, Mika" sort="Kivim Ki, Mika" uniqKey="Kivim Ki M" first="Mika" last="Kivim Ki">Mika Kivim Ki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The BMJ</title><idno type="ISSN">0959-8138</idno><idno type="eISSN">1756-1833</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Objective</bold> To quantify the association between long working hours and alcohol use.</p><p><bold>Design</bold> Systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data.</p><p><bold>Data sources</bold> A systematic search of PubMed and Embase databases in April 2014 for published studies, supplemented with manual searches. Unpublished individual participant data were obtained from 27 additional studies.</p><p><bold>Review methods</bold> The search strategy was designed to retrieve cross sectional and prospective studies of the association between long working hours and alcohol use. Summary estimates were obtained with random effects meta-analysis. Sources of heterogeneity were examined with meta-regression.</p><p><bold>Results</bold> Cross sectional analysis was based on 61 studies representing 333 693 participants from 14 countries. Prospective analysis was based on 20 studies representing 100 602 participants from nine countries. The pooled maximum adjusted odds ratio for the association between long working hours and alcohol use was 1.11 (95% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.18) in the cross sectional analysis of published and unpublished data. Odds ratio of new onset risky alcohol use was 1.12 (1.04 to 1.20) in the analysis of prospective published and unpublished data. In the 18 studies with individual participant data it was possible to assess the European Union Working Time Directive, which recommends an upper limit of 48 hours a week. Odds ratios of new onset risky alcohol use for those working 49-54 hours and ≥55 hours a week were 1.13 (1.02 to 1.26; adjusted difference in incidence 0.8 percentage points) and 1.12 (1.01 to 1.25; adjusted difference in incidence 0.7 percentage points), respectively, compared with working standard 35-40 hours (incidence of new onset risky alcohol use 6.2%). There was no difference in these associations between men and women or by age or socioeconomic groups, geographical regions, sample type (population based <italic>v</italic> occupational cohort), prevalence of risky alcohol use in the cohort, or sample attrition rate.</p><p><bold>Conclusions</bold> Individuals whose working hours exceed standard recommendations are more likely to increase their alcohol use to levels that pose a health risk.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">BMJ</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">BMJ</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">bmj</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>The BMJ</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0959-8138</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1756-1833</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25587065</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4293546</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">virm021027</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.g7772</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Long working hours and alcohol use: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Virtanen</surname><given-names>Marianna</given-names></name><role>professor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jokela</surname><given-names>Markus</given-names></name><role>associate professor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nyberg</surname><given-names>Solja T</given-names></name><role>statistician</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Madsen</surname><given-names>Ida E H</given-names></name><role>researcher</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lallukka</surname><given-names>Tea</given-names></name><role>specialist researcher</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ahola</surname><given-names>Kirsi</given-names></name><role>team leader</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alfredsson</surname><given-names>Lars</given-names></name><role>professor of epidemiology</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Batty</surname><given-names>G David</given-names></name><role>reader in epidemiology</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">8</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">9</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bjorner</surname><given-names>Jakob B</given-names></name><role>professor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Borritz</surname><given-names>Marianne</given-names></name><role>assistant professor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">10</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Burr</surname><given-names>Hermann</given-names></name><role>scientist</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">11</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Casini</surname><given-names>Annalisa</given-names></name><role>lecturer</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">12</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Clays</surname><given-names>Els</given-names></name><role>postdoctoral researcher</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">13</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>De Bacquer</surname><given-names>Dirk</given-names></name><role>professor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">13</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dragano</surname><given-names>Nico</given-names></name><role>professor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">14</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Erbel</surname><given-names>Raimund</given-names></name><role>professor of medicine</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">15</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ferrie</surname><given-names>Jane E</given-names></name><role>senior research fellow</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">16</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fransson</surname><given-names>Eleonor I</given-names></name><role>associate professor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">17</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">18</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hamer</surname><given-names>Mark</given-names></name><role>principal research associate</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Heikkilä</surname><given-names>Katriina</given-names></name><role>specialist researcher</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">19</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jöckel</surname><given-names>Karl-Heinz</given-names></name><role>professor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">20</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kittel</surname><given-names>France</given-names></name><role>professor of health psychology and research methodology</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">12</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Knutsson</surname><given-names>Anders</given-names></name><role>professor of public health</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">21</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Koskenvuo</surname><given-names>Markku</given-names></name><role>professor of epidemiology</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ladwig</surname><given-names>Karl-Heinz</given-names></name><role>professor of psychosomatic medicine</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">22</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lunau</surname><given-names>Thorsten</given-names></name><role>researcher</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">14</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nielsen</surname><given-names>Martin L</given-names></name><role>consultant</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23">23</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nordin</surname><given-names>Maria</given-names></name><role>associate professor of psychology</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">17</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">24</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Oksanen</surname><given-names>Tuula</given-names></name><role>assistant chief medical officer</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pejtersen</surname><given-names>Jan H</given-names></name><role>senior researcher</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25">25</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pentti</surname><given-names>Jaana</given-names></name><role>statistician</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rugulies</surname><given-names>Reiner</given-names></name><role>professor of psychosocial work environment and health</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26">26</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Salo</surname><given-names>Paula</given-names></name><role>professor of psychology</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27">27</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schupp</surname><given-names>Jürgen</given-names></name><role>professor of sociology</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28">28</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29">29</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Siegrist</surname><given-names>Johannes</given-names></name><role>professor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">14</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Singh-Manoux</surname><given-names>Archana</given-names></name><role>research director</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30">30</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Steptoe</surname><given-names>Andrew</given-names></name><role>British Heart Foundation professor of psychology</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Suominen</surname><given-names>Sakari B</given-names></name><role>professor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">31</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">32</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33">33</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Theorell</surname><given-names>Töres</given-names></name><role>professor emeritus</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">17</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vahtera</surname><given-names>Jussi</given-names></name><role>professor of public health</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">31</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff34">34</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wagner</surname><given-names>Gert G</given-names></name><role>professor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28">28</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff35">35</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff36">36</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Westerholm</surname><given-names>Peter J M</given-names></name><role>professor emeritus</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff37">37</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Westerlund</surname><given-names>Hugo</given-names></name><role>professor of epidemiology</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">17</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kivimäki</surname><given-names>Mika</given-names></name><role>professor of social epidemiology</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label>National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark</aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label>Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland</aff><aff id="aff5"><label>5</label>Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</aff><aff id="aff6"><label>6</label>Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Sweden</aff><aff id="aff7"><label>7</label>Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK</aff><aff id="aff8"><label>8</label>Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</aff><aff id="aff9"><label>9</label>Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</aff><aff id="aff10"><label>10</label>Department of Occupational Medicine, Koge Hospital, Koge, Denmark</aff><aff id="aff11"><label>11</label>Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Berlin, Germany</aff><aff id="aff12"><label>12</label>School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium</aff><aff id="aff13"><label>13</label>Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium</aff><aff id="aff14"><label>14</label>Institute for Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany</aff><aff id="aff15"><label>15</label>Department of Cardiology, West-German Heart Center Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany</aff><aff id="aff16"><label>16</label>School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK</aff><aff id="aff17"><label>17</label>Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden</aff><aff id="aff18"><label>18</label>School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden</aff><aff id="aff19"><label>19</label>School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland</aff><aff id="aff20"><label>20</label>Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany</aff><aff id="aff21"><label>21</label>Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden</aff><aff id="aff22"><label>22</label>Helmholtz Zentrum München (German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH)), 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany</aff><aff id="aff23"><label>23</label>Unit of Social Medicine, Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark</aff><aff id="aff24"><label>24</label>Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden</aff><aff id="aff25"><label>25</label>Danish National Centre for Social Research, Copenhagen, Denmark</aff><aff id="aff26"><label>26</label>Department of Public Health and Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</aff><aff id="aff27"><label>27</label>Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland</aff><aff id="aff28"><label>28</label>German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin, Germany</aff><aff id="aff29"><label>29</label>Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany</aff><aff id="aff30"><label>30</label>Inserm U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Villejuif, France</aff><aff id="aff31"><label>31</label>Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland</aff><aff id="aff32"><label>32</label>Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg, Sweden</aff><aff id="aff33"><label>33</label>Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland</aff><aff id="aff34"><label>34</label>Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland</aff><aff id="aff35"><label>35</label>Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany</aff><aff id="aff36"><label>36</label>Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany</aff><aff id="aff37"><label>37</label>Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp>Correspondence to: M Virtanen <email>marianna.virtanen@ttl.fi</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>1</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>350</volume><elocation-id>g7772</elocation-id><history><date date-type="accepted"><day>17</day><month>11</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© Virtanen et al 2015</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Virtanen et al</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</ext-link>.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="bmj.g7772.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p><bold>Objective</bold> To quantify the association between long working hours and alcohol use.</p><p><bold>Design</bold> Systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data.</p><p><bold>Data sources</bold> A systematic search of PubMed and Embase databases in April 2014 for published studies, supplemented with manual searches. Unpublished individual participant data were obtained from 27 additional studies.</p><p><bold>Review methods</bold> The search strategy was designed to retrieve cross sectional and prospective studies of the association between long working hours and alcohol use. Summary estimates were obtained with random effects meta-analysis. Sources of heterogeneity were examined with meta-regression.</p><p><bold>Results</bold> Cross sectional analysis was based on 61 studies representing 333 693 participants from 14 countries. Prospective analysis was based on 20 studies representing 100 602 participants from nine countries. The pooled maximum adjusted odds ratio for the association between long working hours and alcohol use was 1.11 (95% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.18) in the cross sectional analysis of published and unpublished data. Odds ratio of new onset risky alcohol use was 1.12 (1.04 to 1.20) in the analysis of prospective published and unpublished data. In the 18 studies with individual participant data it was possible to assess the European Union Working Time Directive, which recommends an upper limit of 48 hours a week. Odds ratios of new onset risky alcohol use for those working 49-54 hours and ≥55 hours a week were 1.13 (1.02 to 1.26; adjusted difference in incidence 0.8 percentage points) and 1.12 (1.01 to 1.25; adjusted difference in incidence 0.7 percentage points), respectively, compared with working standard 35-40 hours (incidence of new onset risky alcohol use 6.2%). There was no difference in these associations between men and women or by age or socioeconomic groups, geographical regions, sample type (population based <italic>v</italic> occupational cohort), prevalence of risky alcohol use in the cohort, or sample attrition rate.</p><p><bold>Conclusions</bold> Individuals whose working hours exceed standard recommendations are more likely to increase their alcohol use to levels that pose a health risk.</p></abstract></article-meta><notes notes-type="data-supplement"><label>Web Extra</label><title>Extra material supplied by the author</title><supplementary-material content-type="local-data"><caption><p><bold>Appendix 1</bold>: Data sources and eligibility criteria</p></caption><media xlink:href="virm021027.ww1_default.pdf"><caption><p>Click here for additional data file.</p></caption></media></supplementary-material><supplementary-material content-type="local-data"><caption><p><bold>Appendix 2</bold>: Supplementary tables A and B</p></caption><media xlink:href="virm021027.ww2_default.pdf"><caption><p>Click here for additional data file.</p></caption></media></supplementary-material></notes></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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