Infertility and the provision of infertility medical services in developing countries
Identifieur interne : 001109 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001108; suivant : 001110Infertility and the provision of infertility medical services in developing countries
Auteurs : Willem Ombelet ; Ian Cooke ; Silke Dyer ; Gamal Serour ; Paul DevroeySource :
- Human Reproduction Update [ 1355-4786 ] ; 2008.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide more than 70 million couples suffer from infertility, the majority being residents of developing countries. Negative consequences of childlessness are experienced to a greater degree in developing countries when compared with Western societies. Bilateral tubal occlusion due to sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy-related infections is the most common cause of infertility in developing countries, a condition that is potentially treatable with assisted reproductive technologies (ART). New reproductive technologies are either unavailable or very costly in developing countries. This review provides a comprehensive survey of all important papers on the issue of infertility in developing countries. METHODS Medline, PubMed, Excerpta Medica and EMBASE searches identified relevant papers published between 1978 and 2007 and the keywords used were the combinations of affordable, assisted reproduction, ART, developing countries, health services, infertility, IVF, simplified methods, traditional health care'. RESULTS The exact prevalence of infertility in developing countries is unknown due to a lack of registration and well-performed studies. On the other hand, the implementation of appropriate infertility treatment is currently not a main goal for most international non-profit organizations. Keystones in the successful implementation of infertility care in low-resource settings include simplification of diagnostic and ART procedures, minimizing the complication rate of interventions, providing training-courses for health-care workers and incorporating infertility treatment into sexual and reproductive health-care programmes. CONCLUSIONS Although recognizing the importance of education and prevention, we believe that for the reasons of social justice, infertility treatment in developing countries requires greater attention at National and International levels.
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DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmn042
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Dyer</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Reproductive Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Groote Schuur Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Serour, Gamal" sort="Serour, Gamal" uniqKey="Serour G" first="Gamal" last="Serour">Gamal Serour</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Al Azhar University, The Egyptian IVF-ET Center, 3 Street 161, Hadayek El-Maadi, Cairo 11431, Egypt</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Devroey, Paul" sort="Devroey, Paul" uniqKey="Devroey P" first="Paul" last="Devroey">Paul Devroey</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>The Center for Reproductive Medicine of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette, Belgium</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno 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Cooke</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Emeritus Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 80 Grove Road, Millhouses, Sheffield S7 2GZ, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dyer, Silke" sort="Dyer, Silke" uniqKey="Dyer S" first="Silke" last="Dyer">Silke Dyer</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Reproductive Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Groote Schuur Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Serour, Gamal" sort="Serour, Gamal" uniqKey="Serour G" first="Gamal" last="Serour">Gamal Serour</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Al Azhar University, The Egyptian IVF-ET Center, 3 Street 161, Hadayek El-Maadi, Cairo 11431, Egypt</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Devroey, Paul" sort="Devroey, Paul" uniqKey="Devroey P" first="Paul" last="Devroey">Paul Devroey</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>The Center for Reproductive Medicine of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette, Belgium</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Human Reproduction Update</title><idno type="ISSN">1355-4786</idno><idno type="eISSN">1460-2369</idno><imprint><publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher><date type="published" when="2008">2008</date><biblScope unit="volume">14</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">6</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="605">605</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="621">621</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">1355-4786</idno></series><idno type="istex">897F09B9AA2C3E79D004C01452427D4F152800C2</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1093/humupd/dmn042</idno><idno type="ArticleID">dmn042</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1355-4786</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">BACKGROUND Worldwide more than 70 million couples suffer from infertility, the majority being residents of developing countries. Negative consequences of childlessness are experienced to a greater degree in developing countries when compared with Western societies. Bilateral tubal occlusion due to sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy-related infections is the most common cause of infertility in developing countries, a condition that is potentially treatable with assisted reproductive technologies (ART). New reproductive technologies are either unavailable or very costly in developing countries. This review provides a comprehensive survey of all important papers on the issue of infertility in developing countries. METHODS Medline, PubMed, Excerpta Medica and EMBASE searches identified relevant papers published between 1978 and 2007 and the keywords used were the combinations of affordable, assisted reproduction, ART, developing countries, health services, infertility, IVF, simplified methods, traditional health care'. RESULTS The exact prevalence of infertility in developing countries is unknown due to a lack of registration and well-performed studies. On the other hand, the implementation of appropriate infertility treatment is currently not a main goal for most international non-profit organizations. Keystones in the successful implementation of infertility care in low-resource settings include simplification of diagnostic and ART procedures, minimizing the complication rate of interventions, providing training-courses for health-care workers and incorporating infertility treatment into sexual and reproductive health-care programmes. CONCLUSIONS Although recognizing the importance of education and prevention, we believe that for the reasons of social justice, infertility treatment in developing countries requires greater attention at National and International levels.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>oup</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Willem Ombelet</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Genk Institute for Fertility Technology, Schiepse Bos 6, 3600 Genk, Belgium</json:string><json:string>E-mail: willem.ombelet@telenet.be</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Ian Cooke</name><affiliations><json:string>Emeritus Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 80 Grove Road, Millhouses, Sheffield S7 2GZ, UK</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Silke Dyer</name><affiliations><json:string>Reproductive Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Groote Schuur Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Gamal Serour</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Al Azhar University, The Egyptian IVF-ET Center, 3 Street 161, Hadayek El-Maadi, Cairo 11431, Egypt</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Paul Devroey</name><affiliations><json:string>The Center for Reproductive Medicine of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette, Belgium</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>developing countries</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>infertility</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>low-cost ART</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>politics</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>simplified infertility treatment</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>dmn042</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>research-article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>BACKGROUND Worldwide more than 70 million couples suffer from infertility, the majority being residents of developing countries. Negative consequences of childlessness are experienced to a greater degree in developing countries when compared with Western societies. Bilateral tubal occlusion due to sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy-related infections is the most common cause of infertility in developing countries, a condition that is potentially treatable with assisted reproductive technologies (ART). New reproductive technologies are either unavailable or very costly in developing countries. This review provides a comprehensive survey of all important papers on the issue of infertility in developing countries. METHODS Medline, PubMed, Excerpta Medica and EMBASE searches identified relevant papers published between 1978 and 2007 and the keywords used were the combinations of affordable, assisted reproduction, ART, developing countries, health services, infertility, IVF, simplified methods, traditional health care'. RESULTS The exact prevalence of infertility in developing countries is unknown due to a lack of registration and well-performed studies. On the other hand, the implementation of appropriate infertility treatment is currently not a main goal for most international non-profit organizations. Keystones in the successful implementation of infertility care in low-resource settings include simplification of diagnostic and ART procedures, minimizing the complication rate of interventions, providing training-courses for health-care workers and incorporating infertility treatment into sexual and reproductive health-care programmes. 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Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissionsoxfordjournals.org</p></availability><date>2008-09-26</date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a">Infertility and the provision of infertility medical services in developing countries</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">Willem</forename><surname>Ombelet</surname></persName><email>willem.ombelet@telenet.be</email><affiliation>Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Genk Institute for Fertility Technology, Schiepse Bos 6, 3600 Genk, Belgium</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">Ian</forename><surname>Cooke</surname></persName><affiliation>Emeritus Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 80 Grove Road, Millhouses, Sheffield S7 2GZ, UK</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">Silke</forename><surname>Dyer</surname></persName><affiliation>Reproductive Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Groote Schuur Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-4"><persName><forename type="first">Gamal</forename><surname>Serour</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Al Azhar University, The Egyptian IVF-ET Center, 3 Street 161, Hadayek El-Maadi, Cairo 11431, Egypt</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-5"><persName><forename type="first">Paul</forename><surname>Devroey</surname></persName><affiliation>The Center for Reproductive Medicine of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette, Belgium</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Human Reproduction Update</title><idno type="pISSN">1355-4786</idno><idno type="eISSN">1460-2369</idno><imprint><publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher><date type="published" when="2008"></date><biblScope unit="volume">14</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">6</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="605">605</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="621">621</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">897F09B9AA2C3E79D004C01452427D4F152800C2</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1093/humupd/dmn042</idno><idno type="ArticleID">dmn042</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2008-09-26</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract><p>BACKGROUND Worldwide more than 70 million couples suffer from infertility, the majority being residents of developing countries. Negative consequences of childlessness are experienced to a greater degree in developing countries when compared with Western societies. Bilateral tubal occlusion due to sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy-related infections is the most common cause of infertility in developing countries, a condition that is potentially treatable with assisted reproductive technologies (ART). New reproductive technologies are either unavailable or very costly in developing countries. This review provides a comprehensive survey of all important papers on the issue of infertility in developing countries. METHODS Medline, PubMed, Excerpta Medica and EMBASE searches identified relevant papers published between 1978 and 2007 and the keywords used were the combinations of affordable, assisted reproduction, ART, developing countries, health services, infertility, IVF, simplified methods, traditional health care'. RESULTS The exact prevalence of infertility in developing countries is unknown due to a lack of registration and well-performed studies. On the other hand, the implementation of appropriate infertility treatment is currently not a main goal for most international non-profit organizations. Keystones in the successful implementation of infertility care in low-resource settings include simplification of diagnostic and ART procedures, minimizing the complication rate of interventions, providing training-courses for health-care workers and incorporating infertility treatment into sexual and reproductive health-care programmes. CONCLUSIONS Although recognizing the importance of education and prevention, we believe that for the reasons of social justice, infertility treatment in developing countries requires greater attention at National and International levels.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>developing countries</term></item><item><term>infertility</term></item><item><term>low-cost ART</term></item><item><term>politics</term></item><item><term>simplified infertility treatment</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2008-09-26">Created</change><change when="2008">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><extension>txt</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/897F09B9AA2C3E79D004C01452427D4F152800C2/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="corpus oup" wicri:toSee="no header"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v2.3 20070202//EN" URI="journalpublishing.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><article article-type="research-article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">humupd</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">humupd</journal-id><journal-title>Human Reproduction Update</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">1355-4786</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1460-2369</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Oxford University Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/humupd/dmn042</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">dmn042</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Infertility and the provision of infertility medical services in developing countries</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ombelet</surname><given-names>Willem</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cooke</surname><given-names>Ian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dyer</surname><given-names>Silke</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Serour</surname><given-names>Gamal</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Devroey</surname><given-names>Paul</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5">5</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology</addr-line>, <institution>Genk Institute for Fertility Technology</institution>, <addr-line>Schiepse Bos 6, 3600 Genk</addr-line>, <country>Belgium</country></aff><aff id="af2"><label>2</label><addr-line>Emeritus Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 80 Grove Road, Millhouses, Sheffield S7 2GZ</addr-line>, <country>UK</country></aff><aff id="af3"><label>3</label><addr-line>Reproductive Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology</addr-line>, <institution>Groote Schuur Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town</institution>, <addr-line>Cape Town</addr-line>, <country>South Africa</country></aff><aff id="af4"><label>4</label><addr-line>Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology</addr-line>, <institution>Al Azhar University, The Egyptian IVF-ET Center</institution>, <addr-line>3 Street 161, Hadayek El-Maadi, Cairo 11431</addr-line>, <country>Egypt</country></aff><aff id="af5"><label>5</label><addr-line>The Center for Reproductive Medicine of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette</addr-line>, <country>Belgium</country></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>6</label>Correspondence address. E-mail: <email>willem.ombelet@telenet.be</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><season>November-December</season><year>2008</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>9</month><year>2008</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>605</fpage><lpage>621</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>6</day><month>5</month><year>2008</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>5</day><month>8</month><year>2008</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>13</day><month>8</month><year>2008</year></date></history><copyright-statement>© The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2008</copyright-year><license license-type="creative-commons" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/"><p>The online version of this article has been published under an open access model. Users are entitled to use, reproduce, disseminate, or display the open access version of this article for non-commercial purposes provided that: the original authorship is properly and fully attributed; the Journal and Oxford University Press are attributed as the original place of publication with the correct citation details given; if an article is subsequently reproduced or disseminated not in its entirety but only in part or as a derivative work this must be clearly indicated. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org</p></license><abstract><sec><title>BACKGROUND</title><p>Worldwide more than 70 million couples suffer from infertility, the majority being residents of developing countries. Negative consequences of childlessness are experienced to a greater degree in developing countries when compared with Western societies. Bilateral tubal occlusion due to sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy-related infections is the most common cause of infertility in developing countries, a condition that is potentially treatable with assisted reproductive technologies (ART). New reproductive technologies are either unavailable or very costly in developing countries. This review provides a comprehensive survey of all important papers on the issue of infertility in developing countries.</p></sec><sec><title>METHODS</title><p>Medline, PubMed, Excerpta Medica and EMBASE searches identified relevant papers published between 1978 and 2007 and the keywords used were the combinations of ‘affordable, assisted reproduction, ART, developing countries, health services, infertility, IVF, simplified methods, traditional health care'.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>The exact prevalence of infertility in developing countries is unknown due to a lack of registration and well-performed studies. On the other hand, the implementation of appropriate infertility treatment is currently not a main goal for most international non-profit organizations. Keystones in the successful implementation of infertility care in low-resource settings include simplification of diagnostic and ART procedures, minimizing the complication rate of interventions, providing training-courses for health-care workers and incorporating infertility treatment into sexual and reproductive health-care programmes.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSIONS</title><p>Although recognizing the importance of education and prevention, we believe that for the reasons of social justice, infertility treatment in developing countries requires greater attention at National and International levels.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords</title><kwd>developing countries</kwd><kwd>infertility</kwd><kwd>low-cost ART</kwd><kwd>politics</kwd><kwd>simplified infertility treatment</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo><title>Infertility and the provision of infertility medical services in developing countries</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><title>Infertility and the provision of infertility medical services in developing countries</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Willem</namePart><namePart type="family">Ombelet</namePart><affiliation>Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Genk Institute for Fertility Technology, Schiepse Bos 6, 3600 Genk, Belgium</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: willem.ombelet@telenet.be</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Ian</namePart><namePart type="family">Cooke</namePart><affiliation>Emeritus Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 80 Grove Road, Millhouses, Sheffield S7 2GZ, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Silke</namePart><namePart type="family">Dyer</namePart><affiliation>Reproductive Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Groote Schuur Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Gamal</namePart><namePart type="family">Serour</namePart><affiliation>Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Al Azhar University, The Egyptian IVF-ET Center, 3 Street 161, Hadayek El-Maadi, Cairo 11431, Egypt</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Paul</namePart><namePart type="family">Devroey</namePart><affiliation>The Center for Reproductive Medicine of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette, Belgium</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="research-article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2008</dateIssued><dateCreated encoding="w3cdtf">2008-09-26</dateCreated><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2008</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract>BACKGROUND Worldwide more than 70 million couples suffer from infertility, the majority being residents of developing countries. Negative consequences of childlessness are experienced to a greater degree in developing countries when compared with Western societies. Bilateral tubal occlusion due to sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy-related infections is the most common cause of infertility in developing countries, a condition that is potentially treatable with assisted reproductive technologies (ART). New reproductive technologies are either unavailable or very costly in developing countries. This review provides a comprehensive survey of all important papers on the issue of infertility in developing countries. METHODS Medline, PubMed, Excerpta Medica and EMBASE searches identified relevant papers published between 1978 and 2007 and the keywords used were the combinations of affordable, assisted reproduction, ART, developing countries, health services, infertility, IVF, simplified methods, traditional health care'. RESULTS The exact prevalence of infertility in developing countries is unknown due to a lack of registration and well-performed studies. On the other hand, the implementation of appropriate infertility treatment is currently not a main goal for most international non-profit organizations. Keystones in the successful implementation of infertility care in low-resource settings include simplification of diagnostic and ART procedures, minimizing the complication rate of interventions, providing training-courses for health-care workers and incorporating infertility treatment into sexual and reproductive health-care programmes. CONCLUSIONS Although recognizing the importance of education and prevention, we believe that for the reasons of social justice, infertility treatment in developing countries requires greater attention at National and International levels.</abstract><subject><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>developing countries</topic><topic>infertility</topic><topic>low-cost ART</topic><topic>politics</topic><topic>simplified infertility treatment</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Human Reproduction Update</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">1355-4786</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1460-2369</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">humupd</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID-hwp">humupd</identifier><part><date>2008</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>14</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>6</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>605</start><end>621</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">897F09B9AA2C3E79D004C01452427D4F152800C2</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1093/humupd/dmn042</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">dmn042</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. All rights reserved. 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