Electrotactile stimulation on the tongue: intensity perception, discrimination and cross-modality estimation
Identifieur interne : 001030 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 001029; suivant : 001031Electrotactile stimulation on the tongue: intensity perception, discrimination and cross-modality estimation
Auteurs : Cecil A. Lozano [États-Unis] ; Kurt A. Kaczmarek [États-Unis] ; Marco Santello [États-Unis]Source :
- Somatosensory & motor research [ 0899-0220 ] ; 2009.
Abstract
Due to its high sensitivity and conductivity, electrotactile stimulation (ETS) on the tongue has proven to be a useful and technically convenient tool to substitute and/or augment sensory capabilities. However, most of its applications have only provided spatial attributes and little is known about (a) the ability of the tongue's sensory system to process electrical stimuli of varying magnitudes and (b) how modulation of ETS intensity affects subjects' ability to decode stimulus intensity. We addressed these questions by quantifying: (1) the magnitude of the dynamic range (DR; maximal comfortable intensity/perception threshold) and its sensitivity to prolonged exposure; (2) subjects' ability to perceive intensity changes; and (3) subjects' ability to associate intensity with angular excursions of a protractor's handle. We found that the average DR (17 dB) was generally large in comparison with other tactile loci and of a relatively constant magnitude among subjects, even after prolonged exposure, despite a slight but significant upward drift (
Url:
DOI: 10.1080/08990220903158797
PubMed: 19697262
PubMed Central: 2839388
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P1">Due to its high sensitivity and conductivity, electrotactile stimulation (ETS) on the tongue has proven to be a useful and technically convenient tool to substitute and/or augment sensory capabilities. However, most of its applications have only provided spatial attributes and little is known about (a) the ability of the tongue's sensory system to process electrical stimuli of varying magnitudes and (b) how modulation of ETS intensity affects subjects' ability to decode stimulus intensity. We addressed these questions by quantifying: (1) the magnitude of the dynamic range (DR; maximal comfortable intensity/perception threshold) and its sensitivity to prolonged exposure; (2) subjects' ability to perceive intensity changes; and (3) subjects' ability to associate intensity with angular excursions of a protractor's handle. We found that the average DR (17 dB) was generally large in comparison with other tactile loci and of a relatively constant magnitude among subjects, even after prolonged exposure, despite a slight but significant upward drift (<italic>P</italic>
< 0.001). Additionally, our results showed that as stimulus intensity increased, subjects' ability to discriminate ETS stimuli of different intensities improved (<italic>P</italic>
< 0.05) while estimation accuracy, in general, slightly decreased (increasing underestimation). These results suggest that higher ETS intensity may increase recruitment of rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor fibers, as these are specialized for coding stimulus differences rather than absolute intensities. Furthermore, our study revealed that the tongue's sensory system can effectively convey electrical stimuli despite minimal practice and when information transfer is limited by memory and DR drift.</p>
</div>
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<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Somatosens Mot Res</journal-id>
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<title-group><article-title>Electrotactile stimulation on the tongue: intensity perception, discrimination and cross-modality estimation</article-title>
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<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lozano</surname>
<given-names>Cecil A.</given-names>
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<aff id="A1"><label>1</label>
Department of Kinesiology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287. USA</aff>
<aff id="A2"><label>2</label>
Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA</aff>
<aff id="A3"><label>3</label>
The Harrington Department of Bioengineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287. USA</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="FN1">Address for correspondence: Marco Santello, Department of Kinesiology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, Ph.: (480) 965-8279, Fax. (480) 965-8108, <email>marco.santello@asu.edu</email>
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<pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>9</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2010</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>6</month>
<year>2009</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>1</day>
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<year>2010</year>
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<volume>26</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>50</fpage>
<lpage>63</lpage>
<abstract><p id="P1">Due to its high sensitivity and conductivity, electrotactile stimulation (ETS) on the tongue has proven to be a useful and technically convenient tool to substitute and/or augment sensory capabilities. However, most of its applications have only provided spatial attributes and little is known about (a) the ability of the tongue's sensory system to process electrical stimuli of varying magnitudes and (b) how modulation of ETS intensity affects subjects' ability to decode stimulus intensity. We addressed these questions by quantifying: (1) the magnitude of the dynamic range (DR; maximal comfortable intensity/perception threshold) and its sensitivity to prolonged exposure; (2) subjects' ability to perceive intensity changes; and (3) subjects' ability to associate intensity with angular excursions of a protractor's handle. We found that the average DR (17 dB) was generally large in comparison with other tactile loci and of a relatively constant magnitude among subjects, even after prolonged exposure, despite a slight but significant upward drift (<italic>P</italic>
< 0.001). Additionally, our results showed that as stimulus intensity increased, subjects' ability to discriminate ETS stimuli of different intensities improved (<italic>P</italic>
< 0.05) while estimation accuracy, in general, slightly decreased (increasing underestimation). These results suggest that higher ETS intensity may increase recruitment of rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor fibers, as these are specialized for coding stimulus differences rather than absolute intensities. Furthermore, our study revealed that the tongue's sensory system can effectively convey electrical stimuli despite minimal practice and when information transfer is limited by memory and DR drift.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>Dynamic range</kwd>
<kwd>electrocutaneous</kwd>
<kwd>sensory substitution</kwd>
<kwd>sensory augmentation</kwd>
<kwd>psychophysics</kwd>
<kwd>human-machine interface</kwd>
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<contract-num rid="EY1">R01 EY010019-08
||EY</contract-num>
<contract-sponsor id="NS1">National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke : NINDS</contract-sponsor>
<contract-sponsor id="EY1">National Eye Institute : NEI</contract-sponsor>
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