Historical and current atmospheric deposition to the epilithic lichen Xanthoparmelia in Maricopa County, Arizona.
Identifieur interne : 000699 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 000698; suivant : 000700Historical and current atmospheric deposition to the epilithic lichen Xanthoparmelia in Maricopa County, Arizona.
Auteurs : T. Zschau ; S. Getty ; C. Gries ; Y. Ameron ; A. Zambrano ; T H NashSource :
- Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) [ 0269-7491 ] ; 2003.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Air Pollutants (adverse effects), Air Pollutants (analysis), Air Pollution (analysis), Arizona, Cadmium (analysis), Copper (analysis), Environmental Monitoring (methods), Lead (analysis), Lichens (chemistry), Lichens (drug effects), Nickel (analysis), Praseodymium (analysis), Spectrum Analysis, Trace Elements (adverse effects), Trace Elements (analysis), Zinc (analysis).
- MESH :
- chemical , adverse effects : Air Pollutants, Trace Elements.
- chemical , analysis : Air Pollutants, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Nickel, Praseodymium, Trace Elements, Zinc.
- geographic : Arizona.
- analysis : Air Pollution.
- chemistry : Lichens.
- drug effects : Lichens.
- methods : Environmental Monitoring.
- Spectrum Analysis.
Abstract
Spatial patterns of atmospheric deposition of trace elements to an epilithic lichen were assessed using a spatial grid of 28 field sites in 1998 throughout Maricopa County, Arizona, USA. In addition, samples of Xanthoparmelia spp. from Arizona State University lichen herbarium material (1975-1976) was utilized for a limited number of sites in order to explore temporal trends. The lichen material was cleaned, wet digested and analyzed by ICP-MS for a suite of elemental concentrations [antimony (Sb), cadmium (Cd), cerium (Ce), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), dysprosium (Dy), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), gold (Au), holmium (Ho), lead (Pb), lutetium (Lu), neodymium (Nd), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), praseodymium (Pr), samarium (Sm), scandium (Sc), silver (Ag), terbium (Tb), thulium (Tm), tin (Sn), uranium (U), ytterbium (Yb), yttrium (Y), and zinc (Zn)]. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis suggest three major factors, which, depending on regional aerosol fractionation, explain most of the variation in elemental signatures: (1) a group of widely distributed rare earth elements (2) a highly homogenous Co, Cr, Ni, and Sc component representing the influence of mafic rocks, and (3) anthropogenic emissions. Elemental concentrations in Maricopa County lichens were generally comparable to those reported for relatively unpolluted areas. Only highly urbanized regions, such as the greater Phoenix Metropolitan Area and the NW corner of the county, exhibited elevated concentrations for Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd. Lead levels in lichens have fallen over the last 30 years by 71%, while Zn concentrations for some regions have increased by as much as 245%. From the spatial pattern of elemental deposition for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pr, Pb, and Cu, we infer that agriculture, mining, industrial activities, and traffic probably are the major air pollutant sources in Maricopa County.
PubMed: 12804824
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Historical and current atmospheric deposition to the epilithic lichen Xanthoparmelia in Maricopa County, Arizona.</title><author><name sortKey="Zschau, T" sort="Zschau, T" uniqKey="Zschau T" first="T" last="Zschau">T. Zschau</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Biology, Arizona State University, Box 871601, Tempe, AZ 85287-1601, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Getty, S" sort="Getty, S" uniqKey="Getty S" first="S" last="Getty">S. Getty</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gries, C" sort="Gries, C" uniqKey="Gries C" first="C" last="Gries">C. Gries</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ameron, Y" sort="Ameron, Y" uniqKey="Ameron Y" first="Y" last="Ameron">Y. Ameron</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zambrano, A" sort="Zambrano, A" uniqKey="Zambrano A" first="A" last="Zambrano">A. Zambrano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nash, T H" sort="Nash, T H" uniqKey="Nash T" first="T H" last="Nash">T H Nash</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2003">2003</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:12804824</idno><idno type="pmid">12804824</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000699</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000699</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Historical and current atmospheric deposition to the epilithic lichen Xanthoparmelia in Maricopa County, Arizona.</title><author><name sortKey="Zschau, T" sort="Zschau, T" uniqKey="Zschau T" first="T" last="Zschau">T. Zschau</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Plant Biology, Arizona State University, Box 871601, Tempe, AZ 85287-1601, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Getty, S" sort="Getty, S" uniqKey="Getty S" first="S" last="Getty">S. Getty</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gries, C" sort="Gries, C" uniqKey="Gries C" first="C" last="Gries">C. Gries</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ameron, Y" sort="Ameron, Y" uniqKey="Ameron Y" first="Y" last="Ameron">Y. Ameron</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zambrano, A" sort="Zambrano, A" uniqKey="Zambrano A" first="A" last="Zambrano">A. Zambrano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nash, T H" sort="Nash, T H" uniqKey="Nash T" first="T H" last="Nash">T H Nash</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</title><idno type="ISSN">0269-7491</idno><imprint><date when="2003" type="published">2003</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Air Pollutants (adverse effects)</term><term>Air Pollutants (analysis)</term><term>Air Pollution (analysis)</term><term>Arizona</term><term>Cadmium (analysis)</term><term>Copper (analysis)</term><term>Environmental Monitoring (methods)</term><term>Lead (analysis)</term><term>Lichens (chemistry)</term><term>Lichens (drug effects)</term><term>Nickel (analysis)</term><term>Praseodymium (analysis)</term><term>Spectrum Analysis</term><term>Trace Elements (adverse effects)</term><term>Trace Elements (analysis)</term><term>Zinc (analysis)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="adverse effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Air Pollutants</term><term>Trace Elements</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="analysis" xml:lang="en"><term>Air Pollutants</term><term>Cadmium</term><term>Copper</term><term>Lead</term><term>Nickel</term><term>Praseodymium</term><term>Trace Elements</term><term>Zinc</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" xml:lang="en"><term>Arizona</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="analysis" xml:lang="en"><term>Air Pollution</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en"><term>Lichens</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Lichens</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Environmental Monitoring</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Spectrum Analysis</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Spatial patterns of atmospheric deposition of trace elements to an epilithic lichen were assessed using a spatial grid of 28 field sites in 1998 throughout Maricopa County, Arizona, USA. In addition, samples of Xanthoparmelia spp. from Arizona State University lichen herbarium material (1975-1976) was utilized for a limited number of sites in order to explore temporal trends. The lichen material was cleaned, wet digested and analyzed by ICP-MS for a suite of elemental concentrations [antimony (Sb), cadmium (Cd), cerium (Ce), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), dysprosium (Dy), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), gold (Au), holmium (Ho), lead (Pb), lutetium (Lu), neodymium (Nd), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), praseodymium (Pr), samarium (Sm), scandium (Sc), silver (Ag), terbium (Tb), thulium (Tm), tin (Sn), uranium (U), ytterbium (Yb), yttrium (Y), and zinc (Zn)]. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis suggest three major factors, which, depending on regional aerosol fractionation, explain most of the variation in elemental signatures: (1) a group of widely distributed rare earth elements (2) a highly homogenous Co, Cr, Ni, and Sc component representing the influence of mafic rocks, and (3) anthropogenic emissions. Elemental concentrations in Maricopa County lichens were generally comparable to those reported for relatively unpolluted areas. Only highly urbanized regions, such as the greater Phoenix Metropolitan Area and the NW corner of the county, exhibited elevated concentrations for Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd. Lead levels in lichens have fallen over the last 30 years by 71%, while Zn concentrations for some regions have increased by as much as 245%. From the spatial pattern of elemental deposition for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pr, Pb, and Cu, we infer that agriculture, mining, industrial activities, and traffic probably are the major air pollutant sources in Maricopa County.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Owner="NLM" Status="MEDLINE"><PMID Version="1">12804824</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2003</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>13</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2003</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>05</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2013</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>21</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">0269-7491</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>125</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><PubDate><Year>2003</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Environ. Pollut.</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Historical and current atmospheric deposition to the epilithic lichen Xanthoparmelia in Maricopa County, Arizona.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>21-30</MedlinePgn></Pagination><Abstract><AbstractText>Spatial patterns of atmospheric deposition of trace elements to an epilithic lichen were assessed using a spatial grid of 28 field sites in 1998 throughout Maricopa County, Arizona, USA. In addition, samples of Xanthoparmelia spp. from Arizona State University lichen herbarium material (1975-1976) was utilized for a limited number of sites in order to explore temporal trends. The lichen material was cleaned, wet digested and analyzed by ICP-MS for a suite of elemental concentrations [antimony (Sb), cadmium (Cd), cerium (Ce), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), dysprosium (Dy), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), gold (Au), holmium (Ho), lead (Pb), lutetium (Lu), neodymium (Nd), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), praseodymium (Pr), samarium (Sm), scandium (Sc), silver (Ag), terbium (Tb), thulium (Tm), tin (Sn), uranium (U), ytterbium (Yb), yttrium (Y), and zinc (Zn)]. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis suggest three major factors, which, depending on regional aerosol fractionation, explain most of the variation in elemental signatures: (1) a group of widely distributed rare earth elements (2) a highly homogenous Co, Cr, Ni, and Sc component representing the influence of mafic rocks, and (3) anthropogenic emissions. Elemental concentrations in Maricopa County lichens were generally comparable to those reported for relatively unpolluted areas. Only highly urbanized regions, such as the greater Phoenix Metropolitan Area and the NW corner of the county, exhibited elevated concentrations for Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd. Lead levels in lichens have fallen over the last 30 years by 71%, while Zn concentrations for some regions have increased by as much as 245%. From the spatial pattern of elemental deposition for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pr, Pb, and Cu, we infer that agriculture, mining, industrial activities, and traffic probably are the major air pollutant sources in Maricopa County.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zschau</LastName><ForeName>T</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Plant Biology, Arizona State University, Box 871601, Tempe, AZ 85287-1601, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Getty</LastName><ForeName>S</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gries</LastName><ForeName>C</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ameron</LastName><ForeName>Y</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zambrano</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nash</LastName><ForeName>T H</ForeName><Initials>TH</Initials><Suffix>3rd</Suffix></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013486">Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Environ Pollut</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>8804476</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0269-7491</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000393">Air Pollutants</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D014131">Trace Elements</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>00BH33GNGH</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D002104">Cadmium</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>2P299V784P</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D007854">Lead</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>789U1901C5</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D003300">Copper</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>7OV03QG267</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D009532">Nickel</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>J41CSQ7QDS</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D015032">Zinc</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>NKN7EZA750</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D011221">Praseodymium</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N" UI="D000393">Air Pollutants</DescriptorName><QualifierName MajorTopicYN="N" UI="Q000009">adverse effects</QualifierName><QualifierName MajorTopicYN="Y" UI="Q000032">analysis</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N" UI="D000397">Air Pollution</DescriptorName><QualifierName MajorTopicYN="Y" 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