Novel interfaces for light directed neuronal stimulation: advances and challenges
Identifieur interne : 000122 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000121; suivant : 000123Novel interfaces for light directed neuronal stimulation: advances and challenges
Auteurs : Lilach Bareket-Keren [Israël] ; Yael Hanein [Israël]Source :
- International Journal of Nanomedicine [ 1176-9114 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Light activation of neurons is a growing field with applications ranging from basic investigation of neuronal systems to the development of new therapeutic methods such as artificial retina. Many recent studies currently explore novel methods for optical stimulation with temporal and spatial precision. Novel materials in particular provide an opportunity to enhance contemporary approaches. Here we review recent advances towards light directed interfaces for neuronal stimulation, focusing on state-of-the-art nanoengineered devices. In particular, we highlight challenges and prospects towards improved retinal prostheses.
Url:
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S51193
PubMed: 24872704
PubMed Central: 4024977
Affiliations:
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Novel interfaces for light directed neuronal stimulation: advances and challenges</title><author><name sortKey="Bareket Keren, Lilach" sort="Bareket Keren, Lilach" uniqKey="Bareket Keren L" first="Lilach" last="Bareket-Keren">Lilach Bareket-Keren</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-ijn-9-065">School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tel-Aviv</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijn-9-065">Tel-Aviv University Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Tel-Aviv University Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel-Aviv University, 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challenges</title><author><name sortKey="Bareket Keren, Lilach" sort="Bareket Keren, Lilach" uniqKey="Bareket Keren L" first="Lilach" last="Bareket-Keren">Lilach Bareket-Keren</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-ijn-9-065">School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tel-Aviv</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijn-9-065">Tel-Aviv University Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Tel-Aviv University Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tel-Aviv</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hanein, Yael" sort="Hanein, Yael" uniqKey="Hanein Y" first="Yael" last="Hanein">Yael Hanein</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-ijn-9-065">School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tel-Aviv</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijn-9-065">Tel-Aviv University Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Tel-Aviv University Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tel-Aviv</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Nanomedicine</title><idno type="ISSN">1176-9114</idno><idno type="eISSN">1178-2013</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Light activation of neurons is a growing field with applications ranging from basic investigation of neuronal systems to the development of new therapeutic methods such as artificial retina. Many recent studies currently explore novel methods for optical stimulation with temporal and spatial precision. Novel materials in particular provide an opportunity to enhance contemporary approaches. Here we review recent advances towards light directed interfaces for neuronal stimulation, focusing on state-of-the-art nanoengineered devices. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Nanomedicine</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Nanomedicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Nanomedicine</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1176-9114</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1178-2013</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Dove Medical Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24872704</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4024977</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/IJN.S51193</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijn-9-065</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Novel interfaces for light directed neuronal stimulation: advances and challenges</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bareket-Keren</surname><given-names>Lilach</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijn-9-065">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijn-9-065">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hanein</surname><given-names>Yael</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijn-9-065">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijn-9-065">2</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ijn-9-065"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-ijn-9-065"><label>1</label>School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel</aff><aff id="af2-ijn-9-065"><label>2</label>Tel-Aviv University Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-ijn-9-065">Correspondence: Yael Hanein, Tel-Aviv University Ramat-Aviv, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel, Email <email>yaelha@tauex.tau.ac.il</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>5</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>Suppl 1</issue><fpage>65</fpage><lpage>83</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2014 Bareket-Keren and Hanein. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>The full terms of the License are available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Light activation of neurons is a growing field with applications ranging from basic investigation of neuronal systems to the development of new therapeutic methods such as artificial retina. Many recent studies currently explore novel methods for optical stimulation with temporal and spatial precision. Novel materials in particular provide an opportunity to enhance contemporary approaches. Here we review recent advances towards light directed interfaces for neuronal stimulation, focusing on state-of-the-art nanoengineered devices. In particular, we highlight challenges and prospects towards improved retinal prostheses.</p></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords</title><kwd>neuronal stimulation</kwd><kwd>light</kwd><kwd>retinal implant</kwd><kwd>prosthesis</kwd><kwd>quantum dots</kwd><kwd>conducting polymers</kwd><kwd>photoconductive</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-ijn-9-065" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Photoconductive silicon for neuronal photoactivation.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> (<bold>A</bold>) An illustration of neuronal cells light activation using silicon photoconductivity according to the scheme used by Colicos et al (2001).<xref rid="b92-ijn-9-065" ref-type="bibr">92</xref> Stimulation was achieved by voltage pulses and a constant illumination. (<bold>B</bold>) A different scheme demonstrated by Starovoytov et al (2005),<xref rid="b94-ijn-9-065" ref-type="bibr">94</xref> using a fixed voltage between a p-type silicon and a Ag/AgCl reference electrode and modulating a laser beam illumination. (<bold>C</bold>) An illustration of neuronal cells recording using light addressable TiN electrodes on an a-Si:H photoconductive layer presented by Bucher et al (2001),<xref rid="b95-ijn-9-065" ref-type="bibr">95</xref>,<xref rid="b96-ijn-9-065" ref-type="bibr">96</xref> (<bold>D</bold>) An illustration of neuronal cells light activation using a-Si:H photoconductivity according to the scheme based on Suzurikawa et al (2007).<xref rid="b98-ijn-9-065" ref-type="bibr">98</xref> In both (<bold>C</bold> and <bold>D</bold>), passivation is required due to the sensitivity of the a-Si:H layer to aqueous environment. In all schemes, conductivity is increased in the illuminated area, (under application of a voltage bias) resulting in neuronal stimulation or recording.</p><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> a-Si:H, hydrogenated amorphous silicon; ITO, indium tin oxide; TiN, titanium nitride; SnO<sub>2</sub>, tin oxide; Si, silicon; Vb, voltage bias.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijn-9-065Fig1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-ijn-9-065" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Conducting polymer for neuronal photoactivation.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> An illustration of neuronal light activation using the scheme demonstrated by Ghezzi et al.<xref rid="b127-ijn-9-065" ref-type="bibr">127</xref> Illumination of the polymer results in charge separation leading to neuronal stimulation.</p><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> ITO, indium tin oxide; P3HT:PCBM, poly(3- hexylthiophene): phenyl-C61-butyric-acid-methyl ester.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijn-9-065Fig2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3-ijn-9-065" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Quantum dots for neuronal photoactivation.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> (<bold>A</bold>) Direct wiring of QDs to neuronal cell membrane according to the scheme studied by Winter et al (2001).<xref rid="b147-ijn-9-065" ref-type="bibr">147</xref> Illumination results in charge separation in the QDs, electric field buildup and cell activation. (<bold>B</bold>) QD coated device according to the scheme reported by Pappas et al (2007).<xref rid="b149-ijn-9-065" ref-type="bibr">149</xref> A QD film is composed of layers of QDs and a polymer. Upon illumination the photogenerated electrons are transferred to oxygen in the solution. This results in accumulation of holes. The photocurrent, activating the neuronal cells originates from the electrons injected from the ITO surface in response to the accumulation of holes. (<bold>C</bold>) A QD film composed of layers of QDs with opposite-polarity surface coating according to the scheme presented by Lugo et al (2012).<xref rid="b150-ijn-9-065" ref-type="bibr">150</xref> (<bold>D</bold>) An alternative route to QD film deposition, also studied by Lugo et al (2012),<xref rid="b150-ijn-9-065" ref-type="bibr">150</xref> prepared by drop coating. This approach was also used for coating of a glass micropipette probe. In both (<bold>C</bold> and <bold>D</bold>), light generated dipoles in the QD layer are associated with an electric fields designed to activate neurons when placed close enough to the cells.</p><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> ITO, indium tin oxide; QD, quantum dot.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijn-9-065Fig3"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-ijn-9-065" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Summary of neuronal optical stimulation schemes</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Optical stimulation scheme</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pros</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cons</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Retinal implants</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> External light capturing device</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">– Mature technology<break></break>– High charge injection<break></break>– Variable stimulation patterns</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">– Low spatial resolution<break></break>– Wiring<break></break>– Invasive<break></break>– Rigid</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Photodiodes</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">– Mature technology<break></break>– Compact<break></break>– Large electrode array<break></break>– Variable stimulation patterns</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">– Wiring<break></break>– Invasive<break></break>– Rigid</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Light directed neuronal stimulation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Optogenetics</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">– High temporal and spatial resolution<break></break>– Cell specificity<break></break>– Minimally invasive</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">– Long-term expression of light sensitive proteins<break></break>– Immune system response</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Caged glutamate</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">– High spatial resolution<break></break>– Minimally invasive</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">– Low temporal resolution<break></break>– Poor cell selectivity<break></break>– Need for repeated injection of neurotransmitters</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Infrared light</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">– High spatial resolution<break></break>– Noninvasive</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">– Light source should be at close proximity<break></break>– Thermal tissue damage<break></break>– Technical difficulty in realizing high density prosthesis</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Photoactive surfaces</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Photoconductive silicon</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">– High spatial resolution<break></break>– Simple</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">– Limited temporal resolution<break></break>– Limited stability<break></break>– Wiring<break></break>– Invasive<break></break>– Rigid</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Conducting polymers</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">– High spatial resolution<break></break>– Simple fabrication and deposition<break></break>– Flexible</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">– Low stability upon continuous stimulation<break></break>– Toxic polymerization residues<break></break>– Invasive</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Quantum dots</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">– High efficiency<break></break>– Stable<break></break>– Flexible</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">– Toxic<break></break>– Invasive</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-ijn-9-065" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Photoactive neuronal surfaces</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Light stimulation scheme</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Photocurrent mechanism</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In vitro biotesting</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Recording</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Applied bias [V]</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neuronal light stimulation</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Photoconductive silicon</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Colicos et al<xref rid="b92-ijn-9-065" ref-type="bibr">92</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">p-type Si using constant illumination and modulation of voltage bias</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Photoconductivity</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rat hippocampal cultures</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Calcium imaging</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Achieved</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Starovoytov et al<xref rid="b94-ijn-9-065" ref-type="bibr">94</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">p-type Si under constant voltage bias and modulation of illumination</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Photoconductivity</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rat hippocampal cultures</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patch-clamp</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.4 to −1.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Achieved</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Bucher et al<xref rid="b96-ijn-9-065" ref-type="bibr">96</xref>,<xref rid="b104-ijn-9-065" ref-type="bibr">104</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">a-Si:H layer between TiN microelectrode array and ITO leads on glass; SiOx:C insulation</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Photoconductivity for light addressed recording of neuronal spontaneous activity</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cardiac myocytes</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extracellular using the light sensitive electrode array</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.2 to +0.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not achieved</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Suzurikawa et al<xref rid="b97-ijn-9-065" ref-type="bibr">97</xref>,<xref rid="b98-ijn-9-065" ref-type="bibr">98</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">a-Si:H layer on SnO<sub>2</sub> substrate; spin-coated ZnOSb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> insulation</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Photoconductivity</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Embryonic rat cortical cultures</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Calcium imaging</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Achieved</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Conducting polymer</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ghezzi et al<xref rid="b127-ijn-9-065" ref-type="bibr">127</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P3HT:PCBM on ITO coated glass</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Donor-acceptor mechanism in bulk heterojunction polymer</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rat hippocampal cultures</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patch-clamp</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not biased</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Achieved</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1"> Ghezzi et al<xref rid="b128-ijn-9-065" ref-type="bibr">128</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">P3HT on ITO coated glass</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Charge separation occurring mainly at the P3HT-ITO interface</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rat hippocampal cultures</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patch-clamp</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not biased</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Achieved</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mice degenerated retina</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patch-clamp</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not biased</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Achieved</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Quantum dots</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Winter et al<xref rid="b147-ijn-9-065" ref-type="bibr">147</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CdS QDs directly wired to neurons by antibody or peptide recognition</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrical field generated by photoexcited charge separation in QDs may activate cells</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not biased</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not achieved</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Pappas et al<xref rid="b149-ijn-9-065" ref-type="bibr">149</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HgTe QDs-PDDA LBL film on ITO substrate</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Photogenerated electrons in HgTe QDs transferred to O<sub>2</sub> in solution result with holes accumulation. Electrons are injected from the electrode surface in response to this holes accumulation.</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NG108-15 human neuroblastima</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patch-clamp</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not biased</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Achieved</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Molokanova et al<xref rid="b155-ijn-9-065" ref-type="bibr">155</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">QD LBL film</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electrical fields generated by photoexcited QDs</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Primary hippocampal cultures</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Calcium imaging and intracellular recording</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not biased</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Achieved</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1"> Lugo et al<xref rid="b150-ijn-9-065" ref-type="bibr">150</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">CdTe QDs with opposite charge coating LBL film on glass substrate CdSe coated ITO by drop casting CdSe coated glass micropipette drop casting, placed on neural cells</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Electrical fields associated with photogenerated dipoles on QD film</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Prostate cancer cells (LnCap)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patch-clamp</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not biased</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Achieved</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mice cortical culture</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patch-clamp</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Achieved</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mice cortical culture</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patch-clamp</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Achieved</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-ijn-9-065"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> a-Si:H, hydrogenated amorphous silicon; CdS, cadmium sulfide; HgTe, mercury telluride; CdTe, cadmium telluride, CdSe, cadmium selenide; ITO, indium tin oxide; LBL, layer-by-layer; QD, quantum dot; P3HT:PCBM, poly(3- hexylthiophene): phenyl-C61-butyric-acid-methyl ester; PDDA, poly(dimethyl-diallyl-ammonium-chloride); SiOx:C, carbonic silicon oxide; TiN, titanium nitride.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Israël</li></country></list><tree><country name="Israël"><noRegion><name sortKey="Bareket Keren, Lilach" sort="Bareket Keren, Lilach" uniqKey="Bareket Keren L" first="Lilach" last="Bareket-Keren">Lilach Bareket-Keren</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Bareket Keren, Lilach" sort="Bareket Keren, Lilach" uniqKey="Bareket Keren L" first="Lilach" last="Bareket-Keren">Lilach Bareket-Keren</name><name sortKey="Hanein, Yael" sort="Hanein, Yael" uniqKey="Hanein Y" first="Yael" last="Hanein">Yael Hanein</name><name sortKey="Hanein, Yael" sort="Hanein, Yael" uniqKey="Hanein Y" first="Yael" last="Hanein">Yael Hanein</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Terre/explor/ThuliumV1/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000122 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/biblio.hfd -nk 000122 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Terre
|area= ThuliumV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Checkpoint
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:4024977
|texte= Novel interfaces for light directed neuronal stimulation: advances and challenges
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:24872704" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a ThuliumV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.21. |  |