Prolonged inhibitory effects against planktonic growth, adherence, and biofilm formation of pathogens causing ventilator-associated pneumonia using a novel polyamide/silver nanoparticle composite-coated endotracheal tube.
Identifieur interne : 000123 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000122; suivant : 000124Prolonged inhibitory effects against planktonic growth, adherence, and biofilm formation of pathogens causing ventilator-associated pneumonia using a novel polyamide/silver nanoparticle composite-coated endotracheal tube.
Auteurs : Sakkarin Lethongkam ; Chalongrat Daengngam ; Chittreeya Tansakul ; Ratchaneewan Siri ; Apisit Chumpraman ; Manthana Phengmak ; Supayang P. VoravuthikunchaiSource :
- Biofouling [ 1029-2454 ] ; 2020.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Anti-Bacterial Agents (chemistry), Anti-Bacterial Agents (pharmacology), Biofilms (drug effects), Biofilms (growth & development), Candida albicans (drug effects), Disposable Equipment (microbiology), Equipment Contamination (prevention & control), Humans (MeSH), Intubation, Intratracheal (MeSH), Metal Nanoparticles (chemistry), Nylons (chemistry), Nylons (pharmacology), Plankton (drug effects), Plankton (growth & development), Plankton (microbiology), Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated (microbiology), Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated (prevention & control), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (drug effects), Silver (chemistry), Silver (pharmacology), Staphylococcus aureus (drug effects).
- MESH :
- chemical , chemistry : Anti-Bacterial Agents, Nylons, Silver.
- chemical , pharmacology : Anti-Bacterial Agents, Nylons, Silver.
- chemistry : Metal Nanoparticles.
- drug effects : Biofilms, Candida albicans, Plankton, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus.
- growth & development : Biofilms, Plankton.
- microbiology : Disposable Equipment, Plankton, Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated.
- prevention & control : Equipment Contamination, Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated.
- Humans, Intubation, Intratracheal.
Abstract
Microbial cells can rapidly form biofilm on endotracheal tubes (ETT) causing ventilator-associated pneumonia, a serious complication in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. A novel polyamide with a good balance of hydrophilic/hydrophobic moieties was used for the embedment of green-reduction silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for the composite-coated ETT. The films were conformal with a thickness of ∼ 17 ± 3 µm accommodating high loading of 60 ± 35 nm spherical-shaped AgNPs. The coated ETT resulted in a significant difference in reducing both planktonic growth and microbial adhesion of single and mixed-species cultures, compared with uncoated ETT (p < 0.05). A time-kill assay demonstrated rapid bactericidal effects of the coating on bacterial growth and cell adhesion to ETT surface. Biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, commonly encountered pathogens, was inhibited by > 96% after incubation for 72 h. Polyamide/AgNP composite-coated ETT provided a broad-spectrum activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as Candida albicans and prolonged antimicrobial activity.
DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1759041
PubMed: 32367731
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:32367731Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Prolonged inhibitory effects against planktonic growth, adherence, and biofilm formation of pathogens causing ventilator-associated pneumonia using a novel polyamide/silver nanoparticle composite-coated endotracheal tube.</title><author><name sortKey="Lethongkam, Sakkarin" sort="Lethongkam, Sakkarin" uniqKey="Lethongkam S" first="Sakkarin" last="Lethongkam">Sakkarin Lethongkam</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Excellence Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Daengngam, Chalongrat" sort="Daengngam, Chalongrat" uniqKey="Daengngam C" first="Chalongrat" last="Daengngam">Chalongrat Daengngam</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tansakul, Chittreeya" sort="Tansakul, Chittreeya" uniqKey="Tansakul C" first="Chittreeya" last="Tansakul">Chittreeya Tansakul</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Siri, Ratchaneewan" sort="Siri, Ratchaneewan" uniqKey="Siri R" first="Ratchaneewan" last="Siri">Ratchaneewan Siri</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chumpraman, Apisit" sort="Chumpraman, Apisit" uniqKey="Chumpraman A" first="Apisit" last="Chumpraman">Apisit Chumpraman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Excellence Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phengmak, Manthana" sort="Phengmak, Manthana" uniqKey="Phengmak M" first="Manthana" last="Phengmak">Manthana Phengmak</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Microbiology Unit, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Voravuthikunchai, Supayang P" sort="Voravuthikunchai, Supayang P" uniqKey="Voravuthikunchai S" first="Supayang P" last="Voravuthikunchai">Supayang P. Voravuthikunchai</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Excellence Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:32367731</idno><idno type="pmid">32367731</idno><idno type="doi">10.1080/08927014.2020.1759041</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000123</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000123</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Prolonged inhibitory effects against planktonic growth, adherence, and biofilm formation of pathogens causing ventilator-associated pneumonia using a novel polyamide/silver nanoparticle composite-coated endotracheal tube.</title><author><name sortKey="Lethongkam, Sakkarin" sort="Lethongkam, Sakkarin" uniqKey="Lethongkam S" first="Sakkarin" last="Lethongkam">Sakkarin Lethongkam</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Excellence Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Daengngam, Chalongrat" sort="Daengngam, Chalongrat" uniqKey="Daengngam C" first="Chalongrat" last="Daengngam">Chalongrat Daengngam</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tansakul, Chittreeya" sort="Tansakul, Chittreeya" uniqKey="Tansakul C" first="Chittreeya" last="Tansakul">Chittreeya Tansakul</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Siri, Ratchaneewan" sort="Siri, Ratchaneewan" uniqKey="Siri R" first="Ratchaneewan" last="Siri">Ratchaneewan Siri</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chumpraman, Apisit" sort="Chumpraman, Apisit" uniqKey="Chumpraman A" first="Apisit" last="Chumpraman">Apisit Chumpraman</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Excellence Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phengmak, Manthana" sort="Phengmak, Manthana" uniqKey="Phengmak M" first="Manthana" last="Phengmak">Manthana Phengmak</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Microbiology Unit, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Voravuthikunchai, Supayang P" sort="Voravuthikunchai, Supayang P" uniqKey="Voravuthikunchai S" first="Supayang P" last="Voravuthikunchai">Supayang P. Voravuthikunchai</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Excellence Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Biofouling</title><idno type="eISSN">1029-2454</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Anti-Bacterial Agents (chemistry)</term><term>Anti-Bacterial Agents (pharmacology)</term><term>Biofilms (drug effects)</term><term>Biofilms (growth & development)</term><term>Candida albicans (drug effects)</term><term>Disposable Equipment (microbiology)</term><term>Equipment Contamination (prevention & control)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Intubation, Intratracheal (MeSH)</term><term>Metal Nanoparticles (chemistry)</term><term>Nylons (chemistry)</term><term>Nylons (pharmacology)</term><term>Plankton (drug effects)</term><term>Plankton (growth & development)</term><term>Plankton (microbiology)</term><term>Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated (microbiology)</term><term>Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated (prevention & control)</term><term>Pseudomonas aeruginosa (drug effects)</term><term>Silver (chemistry)</term><term>Silver (pharmacology)</term><term>Staphylococcus aureus (drug effects)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en"><term>Anti-Bacterial Agents</term><term>Nylons</term><term>Silver</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacology" xml:lang="en"><term>Anti-Bacterial Agents</term><term>Nylons</term><term>Silver</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en"><term>Metal Nanoparticles</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Biofilms</term><term>Candida albicans</term><term>Plankton</term><term>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</term><term>Staphylococcus aureus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="growth & development" xml:lang="en"><term>Biofilms</term><term>Plankton</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="microbiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Disposable Equipment</term><term>Plankton</term><term>Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prevention & control" xml:lang="en"><term>Equipment Contamination</term><term>Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Humans</term><term>Intubation, Intratracheal</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Microbial cells can rapidly form biofilm on endotracheal tubes (ETT) causing ventilator-associated pneumonia, a serious complication in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. A novel polyamide with a good balance of hydrophilic/hydrophobic moieties was used for the embedment of green-reduction silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for the composite-coated ETT. The films were conformal with a thickness of ∼ 17 ± 3 µm accommodating high loading of 60 ± 35 nm spherical-shaped AgNPs. The coated ETT resulted in a significant difference in reducing both planktonic growth and microbial adhesion of single and mixed-species cultures, compared with uncoated ETT (<i>p</i> < 0.05). A time-kill assay demonstrated rapid bactericidal effects of the coating on bacterial growth and cell adhesion to ETT surface. Biofilm formation by <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, commonly encountered pathogens, was inhibited by > 96% after incubation for 72 h. Polyamide/AgNP composite-coated ETT provided a broad-spectrum activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as <i>Candida albicans</i> and prolonged antimicrobial activity.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" IndexingMethod="Curated" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32367731</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>08</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>08</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1029-2454</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>36</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>03</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Biofouling</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Biofouling</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Prolonged inhibitory effects against planktonic growth, adherence, and biofilm formation of pathogens causing ventilator-associated pneumonia using a novel polyamide/silver nanoparticle composite-coated endotracheal tube.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>292-307</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1080/08927014.2020.1759041</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Microbial cells can rapidly form biofilm on endotracheal tubes (ETT) causing ventilator-associated pneumonia, a serious complication in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. A novel polyamide with a good balance of hydrophilic/hydrophobic moieties was used for the embedment of green-reduction silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for the composite-coated ETT. The films were conformal with a thickness of ∼ 17 ± 3 µm accommodating high loading of 60 ± 35 nm spherical-shaped AgNPs. The coated ETT resulted in a significant difference in reducing both planktonic growth and microbial adhesion of single and mixed-species cultures, compared with uncoated ETT (<i>p</i> < 0.05). A time-kill assay demonstrated rapid bactericidal effects of the coating on bacterial growth and cell adhesion to ETT surface. Biofilm formation by <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, commonly encountered pathogens, was inhibited by > 96% after incubation for 72 h. Polyamide/AgNP composite-coated ETT provided a broad-spectrum activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as <i>Candida albicans</i> and prolonged antimicrobial activity.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lethongkam</LastName><ForeName>Sakkarin</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Excellence Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Daengngam</LastName><ForeName>Chalongrat</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tansakul</LastName><ForeName>Chittreeya</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Siri</LastName><ForeName>Ratchaneewan</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chumpraman</LastName><ForeName>Apisit</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Excellence Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Phengmak</LastName><ForeName>Manthana</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Microbiology Unit, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Voravuthikunchai</LastName><ForeName>Supayang P</ForeName><Initials>SP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Excellence Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>05</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Biofouling</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>9200331</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0892-7014</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000900">Anti-Bacterial Agents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D009757">Nylons</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>3M4G523W1G</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D012834">Silver</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000900" MajorTopicYN="N">Anti-Bacterial Agents</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000737" MajorTopicYN="N">chemistry</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="Y">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018441" MajorTopicYN="N">Biofilms</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000254" MajorTopicYN="N">growth & development</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002176" MajorTopicYN="N">Candida albicans</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004209" MajorTopicYN="N">Disposable Equipment</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000382" MajorTopicYN="Y">microbiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004866" MajorTopicYN="N">Equipment Contamination</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="N">prevention & control</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007442" MajorTopicYN="N">Intubation, Intratracheal</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D053768" MajorTopicYN="N">Metal Nanoparticles</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000737" MajorTopicYN="Y">chemistry</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009757" MajorTopicYN="N">Nylons</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000737" MajorTopicYN="N">chemistry</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="Y">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010933" MajorTopicYN="N">Plankton</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000254" MajorTopicYN="N">growth & development</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000382" MajorTopicYN="N">microbiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D053717" MajorTopicYN="N">Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000382" MajorTopicYN="Y">microbiology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="N">prevention & control</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011550" MajorTopicYN="N">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012834" MajorTopicYN="N">Silver</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000737" MajorTopicYN="N">chemistry</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="Y">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013211" MajorTopicYN="N">Staphylococcus aureus</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">Ventilator-associated pneumonia</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">bacterial adhesion</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">biofilm</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">endotracheal tube</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">polyamide</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">silver nanoparticles</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>6</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>9</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>6</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32367731</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1080/08927014.2020.1759041</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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