Carbon dioxide diffuse degassing and estimation of heat release from volcanic and hydrothermal systems
Identifieur interne : 000164 ( Main/Merge ); précédent : 000163; suivant : 000165Carbon dioxide diffuse degassing and estimation of heat release from volcanic and hydrothermal systems
Auteurs : G. Chiodini [Italie] ; D. Granieri [Italie] ; R. Avino [Italie] ; S. Caliro [Italie] ; A. Costa [Italie] ; C. Werner [Nouvelle-Zélande]Source :
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth [ 0148-0227 ] ; 2005-08.
Descripteurs français
- Wicri :
- geographic : Nicaragua.
- topic : Simulation, énergie thermique.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Acidic gases, Active volcanoes, Advection, Axial zone, Brombach, Caliro, Campi, Campi flegrei, Carbon dioxide, Cardellini, Cerro, Cerro negro, Chiodini, Cioni, Comalito, Comalito cinder cone, Conduction, Conductive, Conductivity, Continuous monitoring, Crater, Crater lakes, Dds, Degassing, Different ddss, Diffuse, Diffuse degassing, Diffuse degassing process, Diffuse degassing structures, Dioxide, Donna rachele, Energy release, Favara, Favara grande, Flegrei, Flux measurements, Fumaroles, Fumarolic, Fumarolic fluids, Geochemical, Geophys, Geothermal, Granieri, Heat flux, Heat fluxes, Heat transfer, Hochstein, Hydrothermal, Hydrothermal system, Hydrothermal systems, Ischia, Jco2, Jgas, Kaminakia, Last eruption, Lett, Liquid phase, Marini, Masaya, Modeling, Molar, Molar ratio, Nicaragua, Nisyros, Noncondensable, Noncondensable gases, Osservatorio vesuviano, Pantelleria, Phlegrean fields, Polybotes micros, Previous studies, Quiescent volcanoes, Rachele, Reliable methodology, Simulation, Soil flux, Soil humidity, Soil surface, Soil temperature, Soil temperatures, Solfatara, Solfatara crater, Steam condensation, Stefanos, Stefanos crater, Thermal conductivities, Thermal conductivity, Thermal energy, Thermal gradient, Thermal gradients, Total energy, Total heat, Unpublished data, Upper part, Uppermost part, Vapor phase, Vesuvio, Volcanic, Volcanic activity, Volcanic system, Volcano, Volcanol, Vulcano, Vulcano crater, Vulcano island, Xgas.
- Teeft :
- Acidic gases, Active volcanoes, Advection, Axial zone, Brombach, Caliro, Campi, Campi flegrei, Carbon dioxide, Cardellini, Cerro, Cerro negro, Chiodini, Cioni, Comalito, Comalito cinder cone, Conduction, Conductive, Conductivity, Continuous monitoring, Crater, Crater lakes, Dds, Degassing, Different ddss, Diffuse, Diffuse degassing, Diffuse degassing process, Diffuse degassing structures, Dioxide, Donna rachele, Energy release, Favara, Favara grande, Flegrei, Flux measurements, Fumaroles, Fumarolic, Fumarolic fluids, Geochemical, Geophys, Geothermal, Granieri, Heat flux, Heat fluxes, Heat transfer, Hochstein, Hydrothermal, Hydrothermal system, Hydrothermal systems, Ischia, Jco2, Jgas, Kaminakia, Last eruption, Lett, Liquid phase, Marini, Masaya, Modeling, Molar, Molar ratio, Nicaragua, Nisyros, Noncondensable, Noncondensable gases, Osservatorio vesuviano, Pantelleria, Phlegrean fields, Polybotes micros, Previous studies, Quiescent volcanoes, Rachele, Reliable methodology, Simulation, Soil flux, Soil humidity, Soil surface, Soil temperature, Soil temperatures, Solfatara, Solfatara crater, Steam condensation, Stefanos, Stefanos crater, Thermal conductivities, Thermal conductivity, Thermal energy, Thermal gradient, Thermal gradients, Total energy, Total heat, Unpublished data, Upper part, Uppermost part, Vapor phase, Vesuvio, Volcanic, Volcanic activity, Volcanic system, Volcano, Volcanol, Vulcano, Vulcano crater, Vulcano island, Xgas.
Abstract
We present a reliable methodology to estimate the energy associated with the subaerial diffuse degassing of volcanic‐hydrothermal fluids. The fumaroles of 15 diffuse degassing structures (DDSs) located in eight volcanic systems in the world were sampled and analyzed. Furthermore, each area was measured for soil temperature gradients and for soil CO2 fluxes. The results show that each hydrothermal or volcanic system is characterized by a typical source fluid which feeds both the fumaroles and diffuse degassing through the soil. Experimental data and the results of physical numerical modeling of the process demonstrate that the heat released by condensation of steam at depth is almost totally transferred by conduction in the uppermost part of the soil. A linear relationship is observed between the log of the steam/gas ratio measured in the fumaroles and the log of the ratio between soil thermal gradient and soil‐gas flux. The main parameter controlling this relation is the thermal conductivity of the soil (Kc). For each area, we computed the values of Kc which range from 0.4 to 2.3 W m−1 °C−1. Using the CO2 soil fluxes as a tracer of the deep fluids, we estimated that the total heat released by steam condensation in the systems considered varies from 1 to 100 MW.
Url:
DOI: 10.1029/2004JB003542
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<author><name sortKey="Caliro, S" sort="Caliro, S" uniqKey="Caliro S" first="S." last="Caliro">S. Caliro</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Costa, A" sort="Costa, A" uniqKey="Costa A" first="A." last="Costa">A. Costa</name>
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Acidic gases</term>
<term>Active volcanoes</term>
<term>Advection</term>
<term>Axial zone</term>
<term>Brombach</term>
<term>Caliro</term>
<term>Campi</term>
<term>Campi flegrei</term>
<term>Carbon dioxide</term>
<term>Cardellini</term>
<term>Cerro</term>
<term>Cerro negro</term>
<term>Chiodini</term>
<term>Cioni</term>
<term>Comalito</term>
<term>Comalito cinder cone</term>
<term>Conduction</term>
<term>Conductive</term>
<term>Conductivity</term>
<term>Continuous monitoring</term>
<term>Crater</term>
<term>Crater lakes</term>
<term>Dds</term>
<term>Degassing</term>
<term>Different ddss</term>
<term>Diffuse</term>
<term>Diffuse degassing</term>
<term>Diffuse degassing process</term>
<term>Diffuse degassing structures</term>
<term>Dioxide</term>
<term>Donna rachele</term>
<term>Energy release</term>
<term>Favara</term>
<term>Favara grande</term>
<term>Flegrei</term>
<term>Flux measurements</term>
<term>Fumaroles</term>
<term>Fumarolic</term>
<term>Fumarolic fluids</term>
<term>Geochemical</term>
<term>Geophys</term>
<term>Geothermal</term>
<term>Granieri</term>
<term>Heat flux</term>
<term>Heat fluxes</term>
<term>Heat transfer</term>
<term>Hochstein</term>
<term>Hydrothermal</term>
<term>Hydrothermal system</term>
<term>Hydrothermal systems</term>
<term>Ischia</term>
<term>Jco2</term>
<term>Jgas</term>
<term>Kaminakia</term>
<term>Last eruption</term>
<term>Lett</term>
<term>Liquid phase</term>
<term>Marini</term>
<term>Masaya</term>
<term>Modeling</term>
<term>Molar</term>
<term>Molar ratio</term>
<term>Nicaragua</term>
<term>Nisyros</term>
<term>Noncondensable</term>
<term>Noncondensable gases</term>
<term>Osservatorio vesuviano</term>
<term>Pantelleria</term>
<term>Phlegrean fields</term>
<term>Polybotes micros</term>
<term>Previous studies</term>
<term>Quiescent volcanoes</term>
<term>Rachele</term>
<term>Reliable methodology</term>
<term>Simulation</term>
<term>Soil flux</term>
<term>Soil humidity</term>
<term>Soil surface</term>
<term>Soil temperature</term>
<term>Soil temperatures</term>
<term>Solfatara</term>
<term>Solfatara crater</term>
<term>Steam condensation</term>
<term>Stefanos</term>
<term>Stefanos crater</term>
<term>Thermal conductivities</term>
<term>Thermal conductivity</term>
<term>Thermal energy</term>
<term>Thermal gradient</term>
<term>Thermal gradients</term>
<term>Total energy</term>
<term>Total heat</term>
<term>Unpublished data</term>
<term>Upper part</term>
<term>Uppermost part</term>
<term>Vapor phase</term>
<term>Vesuvio</term>
<term>Volcanic</term>
<term>Volcanic activity</term>
<term>Volcanic system</term>
<term>Volcano</term>
<term>Volcanol</term>
<term>Vulcano</term>
<term>Vulcano crater</term>
<term>Vulcano island</term>
<term>Xgas</term>
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<keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Acidic gases</term>
<term>Active volcanoes</term>
<term>Advection</term>
<term>Axial zone</term>
<term>Brombach</term>
<term>Caliro</term>
<term>Campi</term>
<term>Campi flegrei</term>
<term>Carbon dioxide</term>
<term>Cardellini</term>
<term>Cerro</term>
<term>Cerro negro</term>
<term>Chiodini</term>
<term>Cioni</term>
<term>Comalito</term>
<term>Comalito cinder cone</term>
<term>Conduction</term>
<term>Conductive</term>
<term>Conductivity</term>
<term>Continuous monitoring</term>
<term>Crater</term>
<term>Crater lakes</term>
<term>Dds</term>
<term>Degassing</term>
<term>Different ddss</term>
<term>Diffuse</term>
<term>Diffuse degassing</term>
<term>Diffuse degassing process</term>
<term>Diffuse degassing structures</term>
<term>Dioxide</term>
<term>Donna rachele</term>
<term>Energy release</term>
<term>Favara</term>
<term>Favara grande</term>
<term>Flegrei</term>
<term>Flux measurements</term>
<term>Fumaroles</term>
<term>Fumarolic</term>
<term>Fumarolic fluids</term>
<term>Geochemical</term>
<term>Geophys</term>
<term>Geothermal</term>
<term>Granieri</term>
<term>Heat flux</term>
<term>Heat fluxes</term>
<term>Heat transfer</term>
<term>Hochstein</term>
<term>Hydrothermal</term>
<term>Hydrothermal system</term>
<term>Hydrothermal systems</term>
<term>Ischia</term>
<term>Jco2</term>
<term>Jgas</term>
<term>Kaminakia</term>
<term>Last eruption</term>
<term>Lett</term>
<term>Liquid phase</term>
<term>Marini</term>
<term>Masaya</term>
<term>Modeling</term>
<term>Molar</term>
<term>Molar ratio</term>
<term>Nicaragua</term>
<term>Nisyros</term>
<term>Noncondensable</term>
<term>Noncondensable gases</term>
<term>Osservatorio vesuviano</term>
<term>Pantelleria</term>
<term>Phlegrean fields</term>
<term>Polybotes micros</term>
<term>Previous studies</term>
<term>Quiescent volcanoes</term>
<term>Rachele</term>
<term>Reliable methodology</term>
<term>Simulation</term>
<term>Soil flux</term>
<term>Soil humidity</term>
<term>Soil surface</term>
<term>Soil temperature</term>
<term>Soil temperatures</term>
<term>Solfatara</term>
<term>Solfatara crater</term>
<term>Steam condensation</term>
<term>Stefanos</term>
<term>Stefanos crater</term>
<term>Thermal conductivities</term>
<term>Thermal conductivity</term>
<term>Thermal energy</term>
<term>Thermal gradient</term>
<term>Thermal gradients</term>
<term>Total energy</term>
<term>Total heat</term>
<term>Unpublished data</term>
<term>Upper part</term>
<term>Uppermost part</term>
<term>Vapor phase</term>
<term>Vesuvio</term>
<term>Volcanic</term>
<term>Volcanic activity</term>
<term>Volcanic system</term>
<term>Volcano</term>
<term>Volcanol</term>
<term>Vulcano</term>
<term>Vulcano crater</term>
<term>Vulcano island</term>
<term>Xgas</term>
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<keywords scheme="Wicri" type="geographic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Nicaragua</term>
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<keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Simulation</term>
<term>énergie thermique</term>
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<front><div type="abstract">We present a reliable methodology to estimate the energy associated with the subaerial diffuse degassing of volcanic‐hydrothermal fluids. The fumaroles of 15 diffuse degassing structures (DDSs) located in eight volcanic systems in the world were sampled and analyzed. Furthermore, each area was measured for soil temperature gradients and for soil CO2 fluxes. The results show that each hydrothermal or volcanic system is characterized by a typical source fluid which feeds both the fumaroles and diffuse degassing through the soil. Experimental data and the results of physical numerical modeling of the process demonstrate that the heat released by condensation of steam at depth is almost totally transferred by conduction in the uppermost part of the soil. A linear relationship is observed between the log of the steam/gas ratio measured in the fumaroles and the log of the ratio between soil thermal gradient and soil‐gas flux. The main parameter controlling this relation is the thermal conductivity of the soil (Kc). For each area, we computed the values of Kc which range from 0.4 to 2.3 W m−1 °C−1. Using the CO2 soil fluxes as a tracer of the deep fluids, we estimated that the total heat released by steam condensation in the systems considered varies from 1 to 100 MW.</div>
</front>
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