Foeniculum vulgare Mill: A Review of Its Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Contemporary Application, and Toxicology
Identifieur interne : 000491 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000490; suivant : 000492Foeniculum vulgare Mill: A Review of Its Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Contemporary Application, and Toxicology
Auteurs : Shamkant B. Badgujar [Inde] ; Vainav V. Patel [Inde] ; Atmaram H. Bandivdekar [Inde]Source :
- BioMed Research International [ 2314-6133 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2014/842674
PubMed: 25162032
PubMed Central: 4137549
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
- to stream Pmc, to step Corpus: Pour aller vers cette notice dans l'étape Curation :000492
Links to Exploration step
PMC:4137549Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en"><italic>Foeniculum vulgare</italic> Mill: A Review of Its Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Contemporary Application, and Toxicology</title><author><name sortKey="Badgujar, Shamkant B" sort="Badgujar, Shamkant B" uniqKey="Badgujar S" first="Shamkant B." last="Badgujar">Shamkant B. Badgujar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biochemistry, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, ICMR, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 012, India</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, ICMR, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 012</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patel, Vainav V" sort="Patel, Vainav V" uniqKey="Patel V" first="Vainav V." last="Patel">Vainav V. Patel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biochemistry, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, ICMR, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 012, India</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, ICMR, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 012</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bandivdekar, Atmaram H" sort="Bandivdekar, Atmaram H" uniqKey="Bandivdekar A" first="Atmaram H." last="Bandivdekar">Atmaram H. Bandivdekar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biochemistry, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, ICMR, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 012, India</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, ICMR, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 012</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25162032</idno><idno type="pmc">4137549</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4137549</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4137549</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2014/842674</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000492</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000492</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000491</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000491</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main"><italic>Foeniculum vulgare</italic> Mill: A Review of Its Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Contemporary Application, and Toxicology</title><author><name sortKey="Badgujar, Shamkant B" sort="Badgujar, Shamkant B" uniqKey="Badgujar S" first="Shamkant B." last="Badgujar">Shamkant B. Badgujar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biochemistry, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, ICMR, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 012, India</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, ICMR, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 012</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patel, Vainav V" sort="Patel, Vainav V" uniqKey="Patel V" first="Vainav V." last="Patel">Vainav V. Patel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biochemistry, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, ICMR, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 012, India</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, ICMR, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 012</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bandivdekar, Atmaram H" sort="Bandivdekar, Atmaram H" uniqKey="Bandivdekar A" first="Atmaram H." last="Bandivdekar">Atmaram H. Bandivdekar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Biochemistry, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, ICMR, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 012, India</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, ICMR, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 012</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BioMed Research International</title><idno type="ISSN">2314-6133</idno><idno type="eISSN">2314-6141</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Foeniculum vulgare</italic> Mill commonly called fennel has been used in traditional medicine for a wide range of ailments related to digestive, endocrine, reproductive, and respiratory systems. Additionally, it is also used as a galactagogue agent for lactating mothers. The review aims to gather the fragmented information available in the literature regarding morphology, ethnomedicinal applications, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of<italic> Foeniculum vulgare</italic>. It also compiles available scientific evidence for the ethnobotanical claims and to identify gaps required to be filled by future research. Findings based on their traditional uses and scientific evaluation indicates that<italic> Foeniculum vulgare</italic> remains to be the most widely used herbal plant. It has been used for more than forty types of disorders. Phytochemical studies have shown the presence of numerous valuable compounds, such as volatile compounds, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, fatty acids, and amino acids. Compiled data indicate their efficacy in several<italic> in vitro </italic>and<italic> in vivo </italic>pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antinociceptive, antipyretic, antispasmodic, antithrombotic, apoptotic, cardiovascular, chemomodulatory, antitumor, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and memory enhancing property.<italic> Foeniculum vulgare</italic> has emerged as a good source of traditional medicine and it provides a noteworthy basis in pharmaceutical biology for the development/formulation of new drugs and future clinical uses.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hill, J" uniqKey="Hill J">J Hill</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Muckensturm, B" uniqKey="Muckensturm B">B Muckensturm</name></author><author><name sortKey="Foechterlen, D" uniqKey="Foechterlen D">D Foechterlen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reduron, Jp" uniqKey="Reduron J">JP Reduron</name></author><author><name sortKey="Danton, P" uniqKey="Danton P">P Danton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hildenbrand, M" uniqKey="Hildenbrand M">M Hildenbrand</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kaur, Gj" uniqKey="Kaur G">GJ Kaur</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arora, Ds" uniqKey="Arora D">DS Arora</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Manonmani, R" uniqKey="Manonmani R">R Manonmani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abdul Khadir, Vm" uniqKey="Abdul Khadir V">VM Abdul Khadir</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Orhan, Ie" uniqKey="Orhan I">IE Orhan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ozcelik, B" uniqKey="Ozcelik B">B Özçelik</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kartal, M" uniqKey="Kartal M">M Kartal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kan, Y" uniqKey="Kan Y">Y Kan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Morales, P" uniqKey="Morales P">P Morales</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carvalho, Am" uniqKey="Carvalho A">AM Carvalho</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Mata, Mc" uniqKey="Sanchez Mata M">MC Sánchez-Mata</name></author><author><name sortKey="Camara, M" uniqKey="Camara M">M Cámara</name></author><author><name sortKey="Molina, M" uniqKey="Molina M">M Molina</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ferreira, Icfr" uniqKey="Ferreira I">ICFR Ferreira</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dua, A" uniqKey="Dua A">A Dua</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garg, G" uniqKey="Garg G">G Garg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mahajan, R" uniqKey="Mahajan R">R Mahajan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Malini, T" uniqKey="Malini T">T Malini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vanithakumari, G" uniqKey="Vanithakumari G">G Vanithakumari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Megala, N" uniqKey="Megala N">N Megala</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anusya, S" uniqKey="Anusya S">S Anusya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Devi, K" uniqKey="Devi K">K Devi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Elango, V" uniqKey="Elango V">V Elango</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ozbek, H" uniqKey="Ozbek H">H Ozbek</name></author><author><name sortKey="U Ra, S" uniqKey="U Ra S">S Uğraş</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dulger, H" uniqKey="Dulger H">H Dülger</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oktay, M" uniqKey="Oktay M">M Oktay</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gulcin, I" uniqKey="Gulcin I">I Gülçin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kufrevioglu, Oi" uniqKey="Kufrevioglu O">ÖI Küfrevioglu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pradhan, M" uniqKey="Pradhan M">M Pradhan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sribhuwaneswari, S" uniqKey="Sribhuwaneswari S">S Sribhuwaneswari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Karthikeyan, D" uniqKey="Karthikeyan D">D Karthikeyan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="El Soud, Na" uniqKey="El Soud N">NA El-Soud</name></author><author><name sortKey="El Laithy, N" uniqKey="El Laithy N">N El-Laithy</name></author><author><name sortKey="El Saeed, G" uniqKey="El Saeed G">G El-Saeed</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Koppula, S" uniqKey="Koppula S">S Koppula</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, H" uniqKey="Kumar H">H Kumar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Barros, L" uniqKey="Barros L">L Barros</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carvalho, Am" uniqKey="Carvalho A">AM Carvalho</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ferreira, Icfr" uniqKey="Ferreira I">ICFR Ferreira</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Garg, C" uniqKey="Garg C">C Garg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khan, Sa" uniqKey="Khan S">SA Khan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ansari, Sh" uniqKey="Ansari S">SH Ansari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Suman, A" uniqKey="Suman A">A Suman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garg, M" uniqKey="Garg M">M Garg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="He, W" uniqKey="He W">W He</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, B" uniqKey="Huang B">B Huang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rather, Ma" uniqKey="Rather M">MA Rather</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dar, Ba" uniqKey="Dar B">BA Dar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sofi, Sn" uniqKey="Sofi S">SN Sofi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bhat, Ba" uniqKey="Bhat B">BA Bhat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Qurishi, Ma" uniqKey="Qurishi M">MA Qurishi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jamwal, Ns" uniqKey="Jamwal N">NS Jamwal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, S" uniqKey="Kumar S">S Kumar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rana, Ac" uniqKey="Rana A">AC Rana</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Grover, S" uniqKey="Grover S">S Grover</name></author><author><name sortKey="Malik, Cp" uniqKey="Malik C">CP Malik</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hora, A" uniqKey="Hora A">A Hora</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kushwaha, Hb" uniqKey="Kushwaha H">HB Kushwaha</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rahimi, R" uniqKey="Rahimi R">R Rahimi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ardekani, Mrs" uniqKey="Ardekani M">MRS Ardekani</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Krishnamurthy, Kh" uniqKey="Krishnamurthy K">KH Krishnamurthy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vardavas, Ci" uniqKey="Vardavas C">CI Vardavas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Majchrzak, D" uniqKey="Majchrzak D">D Majchrzak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wagner, Kh" uniqKey="Wagner K">KH Wagner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Elmadfa, I" uniqKey="Elmadfa I">I Elmadfa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kafatos, A" uniqKey="Kafatos A">A Kafatos</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Roby, Mhh" uniqKey="Roby M">MHH Roby</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sarhan, Ma" uniqKey="Sarhan M">MA Sarhan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Selim, Ka" uniqKey="Selim K">KA Selim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khalel, Ki" uniqKey="Khalel K">KI Khalel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ghorbani, A" uniqKey="Ghorbani A">A Ghorbani</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jabbar, A" uniqKey="Jabbar A">A Jabbar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Raza, Ma" uniqKey="Raza M">MA Raza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iqbal, Z" uniqKey="Iqbal Z">Z Iqbal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khan, Mn" uniqKey="Khan M">MN Khan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jain, A" uniqKey="Jain A">A Jain</name></author><author><name sortKey="Katewa, Ss" uniqKey="Katewa S">SS Katewa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Galav, Pk" uniqKey="Galav P">PK Galav</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nag, A" uniqKey="Nag A">A Nag</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wyk, Vbe" uniqKey="Wyk V">VBE Wyk</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Neves, Jm" uniqKey="Neves J">JM Neves</name></author><author><name sortKey="Matos, C" uniqKey="Matos C">C Matos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moutinho, C" uniqKey="Moutinho C">C Moutinho</name></author><author><name sortKey="Queiroz, G" uniqKey="Queiroz G">G Queiroz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gomes, Lr" uniqKey="Gomes L">LR Gomes</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Benitez, G" uniqKey="Benitez G">G Benítez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez Tejero, Mr" uniqKey="Gonzalez Tejero M">MR González-Tejero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Molero Mesa, J" uniqKey="Molero Mesa J">J Molero-Mesa</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Savo, V" uniqKey="Savo V">V Savo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Giulia, C" uniqKey="Giulia C">C Giulia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maria, Gp" uniqKey="Maria G">GP Maria</name></author><author><name sortKey="David, R" uniqKey="David R">R David</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oliveira, Sgd" uniqKey="Oliveira S">SGD Oliveira</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Moura, Frr" uniqKey="De Moura F">FRR de Moura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Demarco, Ff" uniqKey="Demarco F">FF Demarco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nascente, Pds" uniqKey="Nascente P">PDS Nascente</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pino, Fabd" uniqKey="Pino F">FABD Pino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lund, Rg" uniqKey="Lund R">RG Lund</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Guarrera, Pm" uniqKey="Guarrera P">PM Guarrera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Savo, V" uniqKey="Savo V">V Savo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Guarrera, Pm" uniqKey="Guarrera P">PM Guarrera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Forti, G" uniqKey="Forti G">G Forti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marignoli, S" uniqKey="Marignoli S">S Marignoli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Macia, Mj" uniqKey="Macia M">MJ Macía</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia, E" uniqKey="Garcia E">E García</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vidaurre, Pj" uniqKey="Vidaurre P">PJ Vidaurre</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jari, S" uniqKey="Jari S">S Jarić</name></author><author><name sortKey="Popovi, Z" uniqKey="Popovi Z">Z Popović</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macukanovi Joci, M" uniqKey="Macukanovi Joci M">M Macukanović-Jocić</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kumar, M" uniqKey="Kumar M">M Kumar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paul, Y" uniqKey="Paul Y">Y Paul</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anand, Vk" uniqKey="Anand V">VK Anand</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lewu, Fb" uniqKey="Lewu F">FB Lewu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Afolayan, Aj" uniqKey="Afolayan A">AJ Afolayan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mitra, S" uniqKey="Mitra S">S Mitra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mukherjee, Sk" uniqKey="Mukherjee S">SK Mukherjee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alzweiri, M" uniqKey="Alzweiri M">M Alzweiri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sarhan, Aa" uniqKey="Sarhan A">AA Sarhan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mansi, K" uniqKey="Mansi K">K Mansi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hudaib, M" uniqKey="Hudaib M">M Hudaib</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aburjai, T" uniqKey="Aburjai T">T Aburjai</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Calvo, Mi" uniqKey="Calvo M">MI Calvo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Akerreta, S" uniqKey="Akerreta S">S Akerreta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cavero, Ry" uniqKey="Cavero R">RY Cavero</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mesfin, A" uniqKey="Mesfin A">A Mesfin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Giday, M" uniqKey="Giday M">M Giday</name></author><author><name sortKey="Animut, A" uniqKey="Animut A">A Animut</name></author><author><name sortKey="Teklehaymanot, T" uniqKey="Teklehaymanot T">T Teklehaymanot</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Halberstein, Ra" uniqKey="Halberstein R">RA Halberstein</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bulut, G" uniqKey="Bulut G">G Bulut</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tuzlaci, E" uniqKey="Tuzlaci E">E Tuzlaci</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Juarez Vazquez, Mdc" uniqKey="Juarez Vazquez M">MDC Juárez-Vázquez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carranza Lvarez, C" uniqKey="Carranza Lvarez C">C Carranza-Álvarez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alonso Castro, Aj" uniqKey="Alonso Castro A">AJ Alonso-Castro</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cornara, L" uniqKey="Cornara L">L Cornara</name></author><author><name sortKey="La Rocca, A" uniqKey="La Rocca A">A La Rocca</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marsili, S" uniqKey="Marsili S">S Marsili</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mariotti, Mg" uniqKey="Mariotti M">MG Mariotti</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sharma, R" uniqKey="Sharma R">R Sharma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Manhas, Rk" uniqKey="Manhas R">RK Manhas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Magotra, R" uniqKey="Magotra R">R Magotra</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Carri, E" uniqKey="Carri E">E Carrió</name></author><author><name sortKey="Valles, J" uniqKey="Valles J">J Vallès</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kirtikar, Kr" uniqKey="Kirtikar K">KR Kirtikar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Basu, Bd" uniqKey="Basu B">BD Basu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Grae, I" uniqKey="Grae I">I Grae</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rasul, A" uniqKey="Rasul A">A Rasul</name></author><author><name sortKey="Akhtar, N" uniqKey="Akhtar N">N Akhtar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khan, Ba" uniqKey="Khan B">BA Khan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mahmood, T" uniqKey="Mahmood T">T Mahmood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Uz Zaman, S" uniqKey="Uz Zaman S">S Uz Zaman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shoaib Khan, Hm" uniqKey="Shoaib Khan H">HM Shoaib Khan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Akgul, A" uniqKey="Akgul A">A Akgül</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bayrak, A" uniqKey="Bayrak A">A Bayrak</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Damjanovi, B" uniqKey="Damjanovi B">B Damjanović</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lepojevi, Z" uniqKey="Lepojevi Z">Ž Lepojević</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zivkovi, V" uniqKey="Zivkovi V">V Živković</name></author><author><name sortKey="Toli, A" uniqKey="Toli A">A Tolić</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fang, L" uniqKey="Fang L">L Fang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Qi, M" uniqKey="Qi M">M Qi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, T" uniqKey="Li T">T Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shao, Q" uniqKey="Shao Q">Q Shao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fu, R" uniqKey="Fu R">R Fu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Singh, G" uniqKey="Singh G">G Singh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maurya, S" uniqKey="Maurya S">S Maurya</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Lampasona, Mp" uniqKey="De Lampasona M">MP de Lampasona</name></author><author><name sortKey="Catalan, C" uniqKey="Catalan C">C Catalan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tognolini, M" uniqKey="Tognolini M">M Tognolini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ballabeni, V" uniqKey="Ballabeni V">V Ballabeni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bertoni, S" uniqKey="Bertoni S">S Bertoni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bruni, R" uniqKey="Bruni R">R Bruni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Impicciatore, M" uniqKey="Impicciatore M">M Impicciatore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barocelli, E" uniqKey="Barocelli E">E Barocelli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Telci, I" uniqKey="Telci I">I Telci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Demirtas, I" uniqKey="Demirtas I">I Demirtas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sahin, A" uniqKey="Sahin A">A Sahin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zoubiri, S" uniqKey="Zoubiri S">S Zoubiri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baaliouamer, A" uniqKey="Baaliouamer A">A Baaliouamer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seba, N" uniqKey="Seba N">N Seba</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chamouni, N" uniqKey="Chamouni N">N Chamouni</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Diaz Maroto, Mc" uniqKey="Diaz Maroto M">MC Díaz-Maroto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perez Coello, Ms" uniqKey="Perez Coello M">MS Pérez-Coello</name></author><author><name sortKey="Esteban, J" uniqKey="Esteban J">J Esteban</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sanz, J" uniqKey="Sanz J">J Sanz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gross, M" uniqKey="Gross M">M Gross</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lewinsohn, E" uniqKey="Lewinsohn E">E Lewinsohn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tadmor, Y" uniqKey="Tadmor Y">Y Tadmor</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Guillen, Md" uniqKey="Guillen M">MD Guillén</name></author><author><name sortKey="Manzanos, Mj" uniqKey="Manzanos M">MJ Manzanos</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhaoa, Nn" uniqKey="Zhaoa N">NN Zhaoa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhoub, L" uniqKey="Zhoub L">L Zhoub</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liua, Zl" uniqKey="Liua Z">ZL Liua</name></author><author><name sortKey="Duc, Ss" uniqKey="Duc S">SS Duc</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dengd, Zw" uniqKey="Dengd Z">ZW Dengd</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Senatore, F" uniqKey="Senatore F">F Senatore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oliviero, F" uniqKey="Oliviero F">F Oliviero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scandolera, E" uniqKey="Scandolera E">E Scandolera</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Esquivel Ferri O, Pc" uniqKey="Esquivel Ferri O P">PC Esquivel-Ferriño</name></author><author><name sortKey="Favela Hernandez, Jmj" uniqKey="Favela Hernandez J">JMJ Favela-Hernández</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garza Gonzalez, E" uniqKey="Garza Gonzalez E">E Garza-González</name></author><author><name sortKey="Waksman, N" uniqKey="Waksman N">N Waksman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rios, My" uniqKey="Rios M">MY Ríos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Del Rayo Camacho Corona, M" uniqKey="Del Rayo Camacho Corona M">M del Rayo Camacho-Corona</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Diao, W" uniqKey="Diao W">W Diao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Q" uniqKey="Hu Q">Q Hu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, H" uniqKey="Zhang H">H Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, J" uniqKey="Xu J">J Xu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Faudale, M" uniqKey="Faudale M">M Faudale</name></author><author><name sortKey="Viladomat, F" uniqKey="Viladomat F">F Viladomat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bastida, J" uniqKey="Bastida J">J Bastida</name></author><author><name sortKey="Poli, F" uniqKey="Poli F">F Poli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Codina, C" uniqKey="Codina C">C Codina</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kunzemann, J" uniqKey="Kunzemann J">J Kunzemann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Herrmann, K" uniqKey="Herrmann K">K Herrmann</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Parejo, I" uniqKey="Parejo I">I Parejo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jauregui, O" uniqKey="Jauregui O">O Jauregui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Rabaneda, F" uniqKey="Sanchez Rabaneda F">F Sánchez-Rabaneda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Viladomat, F" uniqKey="Viladomat F">F Viladomat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bastida, J" uniqKey="Bastida J">J Bastida</name></author><author><name sortKey="Codina, C" uniqKey="Codina C">C Codina</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nassar, Mi" uniqKey="Nassar M">MI Nassar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aboutabl, Ea" uniqKey="Aboutabl E">EA Aboutabl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Makled, Ya" uniqKey="Makled Y">YA Makled</name></author><author><name sortKey="Elkhrisy, Ea" uniqKey="Elkhrisy E">EA ElKhrisy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Osman, Af" uniqKey="Osman A">AF Osman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cherng, J" uniqKey="Cherng J">J Cherng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chiang, W" uniqKey="Chiang W">W Chiang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chiang, L" uniqKey="Chiang L">L Chiang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ghanem, Mtm" uniqKey="Ghanem M">MTM Ghanem</name></author><author><name sortKey="Radwan, Hma" uniqKey="Radwan H">HMA Radwan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mahdy, Em" uniqKey="Mahdy E">EM Mahdy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Elkholy, Ym" uniqKey="Elkholy Y">YM Elkholy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hassanein, Hd" uniqKey="Hassanein H">HD Hassanein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shahat, Aa" uniqKey="Shahat A">AA Shahat</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Albert Puleo, M" uniqKey="Albert Puleo M">M Albert-Puleo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Forster, Hb" uniqKey="Forster H">HB Forster</name></author><author><name sortKey="Niklas, H" uniqKey="Niklas H">H Niklas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lutz, S" uniqKey="Lutz S">S Lutz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chak Rski, I" uniqKey="Chak Rski I">I Chakǔrski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Matev, M" uniqKey="Matev M">M Matev</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ko Chev, A" uniqKey="Ko Chev A">A Koǐchev</name></author><author><name sortKey="Angelova, I" uniqKey="Angelova I">I Angelova</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stefanov, G" uniqKey="Stefanov G">G Stefanov</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Reiter, M" uniqKey="Reiter M">M Reiter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brandt, W" uniqKey="Brandt W">W Brandt</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abdul Ghani, As" uniqKey="Abdul Ghani A">AS Abdul-Ghani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amin, R" uniqKey="Amin R">R Amin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ostad, Sn" uniqKey="Ostad S">SN Ostad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soodi, M" uniqKey="Soodi M">M Soodi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shariffzadeh, M" uniqKey="Shariffzadeh M">M Shariffzadeh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khorshidi, N" uniqKey="Khorshidi N">N Khorshidi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marzban, H" uniqKey="Marzban H">H Marzban</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="El Bardai, S" uniqKey="El Bardai S">S El Bardai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lyoussi, B" uniqKey="Lyoussi B">B Lyoussi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wibo, M" uniqKey="Wibo M">M Wibo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morel, N" uniqKey="Morel N">N Morel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Javidnia, K" uniqKey="Javidnia K">K Javidnia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dastgheib, L" uniqKey="Dastgheib L">L Dastgheib</name></author><author><name sortKey="Samani, Sm" uniqKey="Samani S">SM Samani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nasiri, A" uniqKey="Nasiri A">A Nasiri</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Choi, E" uniqKey="Choi E">E Choi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hwang, J" uniqKey="Hwang J">J Hwang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Joshi, H" uniqKey="Joshi H">H Joshi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parle, M" uniqKey="Parle M">M Parle</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Birdane, Fm" uniqKey="Birdane F">FM Birdane</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cemek, M" uniqKey="Cemek M">M Cemek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Birdane, Yo" uniqKey="Birdane Y">YO Birdane</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gulcin, I" uniqKey="Gulcin I">I Gülçin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Buyukokuro Lu, E" uniqKey="Buyukokuro Lu E">E Büyükokuroğlu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kaileh, M" uniqKey="Kaileh M">M Kaileh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vanden Berghe, W" uniqKey="Vanden Berghe W">W Vanden Berghe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boone, E" uniqKey="Boone E">E Boone</name></author><author><name sortKey="Essawi, T" uniqKey="Essawi T">T Essawi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haegeman, G" uniqKey="Haegeman G">G Haegeman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Subehan" uniqKey="Subehan">Subehan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zaidi, Sf" uniqKey="Zaidi S">SF Zaidi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kadota, S" uniqKey="Kadota S">S Kadota</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tezuka, Y" uniqKey="Tezuka Y">Y Tezuka</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Agarwal, R" uniqKey="Agarwal R">R Agarwal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gupta, Sk" uniqKey="Gupta S">SK Gupta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Agrawal, Ss" uniqKey="Agrawal S">SS Agrawal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Srivastava, S" uniqKey="Srivastava S">S Srivastava</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saxena" uniqKey="Saxena">Saxena.</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Singh, B" uniqKey="Singh B">B Singh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kale, Rk" uniqKey="Kale R">RK Kale</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bogucka Kocka, A" uniqKey="Bogucka Kocka A">A Bogucka-Kocka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smolarz, Hd" uniqKey="Smolarz H">HD Smolarz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kocki, J" uniqKey="Kocki J">J Kocki</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Berrington, D" uniqKey="Berrington D">D Berrington</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lall, N" uniqKey="Lall N">N Lall</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oulmouden, F" uniqKey="Oulmouden F">F Oulmouden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saile, R" uniqKey="Saile R">R Saïle</name></author><author><name sortKey="El Gnaoui, N" uniqKey="El Gnaoui N">N El Gnaoui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Benomar, H" uniqKey="Benomar H">H Benomar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lkhider, M" uniqKey="Lkhider M">M Lkhider</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Naga Kishore, R" uniqKey="Naga Kishore R">R Naga Kishore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anjaneyulu, N" uniqKey="Anjaneyulu N">N Anjaneyulu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Naga Ganesh, M" uniqKey="Naga Ganesh M">M Naga Ganesh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sravya, N" uniqKey="Sravya N">N Sravya</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tripathi, P" uniqKey="Tripathi P">P Tripathi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tripathi, R" uniqKey="Tripathi R">R Tripathi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Patel, Rk" uniqKey="Patel R">RK Patel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pancholi, Ss" uniqKey="Pancholi S">SS Pancholi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dusko, Bl" uniqKey="Dusko B">BL Duško</name></author><author><name sortKey=" Omi, L" uniqKey=" Omi L">L Čomić</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soluji Sukdolak, S" uniqKey="Soluji Sukdolak S">S Solujić-Sukdolak</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gulfraz, M" uniqKey="Gulfraz M">M Gulfraz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mehmood, S" uniqKey="Mehmood S">S Mehmood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Minhas, N" uniqKey="Minhas N">N Minhas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shrivastava, N" uniqKey="Shrivastava N">N Shrivastava</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bhargava, R" uniqKey="Bhargava R">R Bhargava</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Martins, Mr" uniqKey="Martins M">MR Martins</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tinoco, Mt" uniqKey="Tinoco M">MT Tinoco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Almeida, As" uniqKey="Almeida A">AS Almeida</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cruz Morais, J" uniqKey="Cruz Morais J">J Cruz-Morais</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ozcan, Mm" uniqKey="Ozcan M">MM Özcan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chalchat, J" uniqKey="Chalchat J">J Chalchat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arslan, D" uniqKey="Arslan D">D Arslan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ate, A" uniqKey="Ate A">A Ateş</name></author><author><name sortKey="Unver, A" uniqKey="Unver A">A Ünver</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Anwar, F" uniqKey="Anwar F">F Anwar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ali, M" uniqKey="Ali M">M Ali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hussain, Ai" uniqKey="Hussain A">AI Hussain</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shahid, M" uniqKey="Shahid M">M Shahid</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Park, Sh" uniqKey="Park S">SH Park</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seong, I" uniqKey="Seong I">I Seong</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Thakur, N" uniqKey="Thakur N">N Thakur</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sareen, N" uniqKey="Sareen N">N Sareen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shama, B" uniqKey="Shama B">B Shama</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jagota, K" uniqKey="Jagota K">K Jagota</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Taie, Haa" uniqKey="Taie H">HAA Taie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Helal, Mmi" uniqKey="Helal M">MMI Helal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Helmy, Wa" uniqKey="Helmy W">WA Helmy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amer, H" uniqKey="Amer H">H Amer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kwon, Ys" uniqKey="Kwon Y">YS Kwon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Choi, Wg" uniqKey="Choi W">WG Choi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Wj" uniqKey="Kim W">WJ Kim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zellagui, A" uniqKey="Zellagui A">A Zellagui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gherraf, N" uniqKey="Gherraf N">N Gherraf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Elkhateeb, A" uniqKey="Elkhateeb A">A Elkhateeb</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kataoka, H" uniqKey="Kataoka H">H Kataoka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Horiyama, S" uniqKey="Horiyama S">S Horiyama</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yamaki, M" uniqKey="Yamaki M">M Yamaki</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Padma, P" uniqKey="Padma P">P Padma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khosa, Rl" uniqKey="Khosa R">RL Khosa</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Devi, K" uniqKey="Devi K">K Devi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vanithakumari, G" uniqKey="Vanithakumari G">G Vanithakumari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anusya, S" uniqKey="Anusya S">S Anusya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mekala, N" uniqKey="Mekala N">N Mekala</name></author><author><name sortKey="Malini, T" uniqKey="Malini T">T Malini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Elango, V" uniqKey="Elango V">V Elango</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lim, Tk" uniqKey="Lim T">TK Lim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mueller Limmroth, W" uniqKey="Mueller Limmroth W">W Mueller-Limmroth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Froehlich, Hh" uniqKey="Froehlich H">HH Froehlich</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Caceres, A" uniqKey="Caceres A">A Caceres</name></author><author><name sortKey="Giron, Lm" uniqKey="Giron L">LM Giron</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martinez, Am" uniqKey="Martinez A">AM Martinez</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tanira, Mo" uniqKey="Tanira M">MO Tanira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shah, Ah" uniqKey="Shah A">AH Shah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mohsin, A" uniqKey="Mohsin A">A Mohsin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ageel, Am" uniqKey="Ageel A">AM Ageel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Qureshi, S" uniqKey="Qureshi S">S Qureshi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yoshioka, M" uniqKey="Yoshioka M">M Yoshioka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tamada, T" uniqKey="Tamada T">T Tamada</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Al Harbi, Mm" uniqKey="Al Harbi M">MM Al-Harbi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Qureshi, S" uniqKey="Qureshi S">S Qureshi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Raza, M" uniqKey="Raza M">M Raza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, Mm" uniqKey="Ahmed M">MM Ahmed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Giangreco, Ab" uniqKey="Giangreco A">AB Giangreco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shah, Ah" uniqKey="Shah A">AH Shah</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Boskabady, Mh" uniqKey="Boskabady M">MH Boskabady</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khatami, A" uniqKey="Khatami A">A Khatami</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nazari, A" uniqKey="Nazari A">A Nazari</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Scalbert, A" uniqKey="Scalbert A">A Scalbert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Manach, C" uniqKey="Manach C">C Manach</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morand, C" uniqKey="Morand C">C Morand</name></author><author><name sortKey="Remesy, C" uniqKey="Remesy C">C Remesy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shahat, Aa" uniqKey="Shahat A">AA Shahat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ibrahim, Ay" uniqKey="Ibrahim A">AY Ibrahim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hendawy, Sf" uniqKey="Hendawy S">SF Hendawy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Diaz Maroto, Mc" uniqKey="Diaz Maroto M">MC Díaz-Maroto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Diaz Maroto Hidalgo, Ij" uniqKey="Diaz Maroto Hidalgo I">IJ Díaz-Maroto Hidalgo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Palomo, E" uniqKey="Sanchez Palomo E">E Sánchez-Palomo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perez Coello, Ms" uniqKey="Perez Coello M">MS Pérez-Coello</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oka, Y" uniqKey="Oka Y">Y Oka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nacar, S" uniqKey="Nacar S">S Nacar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Putievsky, E" uniqKey="Putievsky E">E Putievsky</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ravid, U" uniqKey="Ravid U">U Ravid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yaniv, Z" uniqKey="Yaniv Z">Z Yaniv</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spiegel, Y" uniqKey="Spiegel Y">Y Spiegel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kim, Dh" uniqKey="Kim D">DH Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahn, Yj" uniqKey="Ahn Y">YJ Ahn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kim, D" uniqKey="Kim D">D Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, S" uniqKey="Kim S">S Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chang, K" uniqKey="Chang K">K Chang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahn, Y" uniqKey="Ahn Y">Y Ahn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lee, H" uniqKey="Lee H">H Lee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sedaghat, Mm" uniqKey="Sedaghat M">MM Sedaghat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sanei Dehkordi, A" uniqKey="Sanei Dehkordi A">A Sanei Dehkordi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abai, Mr" uniqKey="Abai M">MR Abai</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Traboulsi, Af" uniqKey="Traboulsi A">AF Traboulsi</name></author><author><name sortKey="El Haj, S" uniqKey="El Haj S">S El-Haj</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tueni, M" uniqKey="Tueni M">M Tueni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Taoubi, K" uniqKey="Taoubi K">K Taoubi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nader, Na" uniqKey="Nader N">NA Nader</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mrad, A" uniqKey="Mrad A">A Mrad</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shah, Ah" uniqKey="Shah A">AH Shah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Qureshi, S" uniqKey="Qureshi S">S Qureshi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ageel, Am" uniqKey="Ageel A">AM Ageel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Taylor, Jm" uniqKey="Taylor J">JM Taylor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jenner, Pm" uniqKey="Jenner P">PM Jenner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, Wi" uniqKey="Jones W">WI Jones</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ostad, Sn" uniqKey="Ostad S">SN Ostad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khakinegad, B" uniqKey="Khakinegad B">B Khakinegad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sabzevari, O" uniqKey="Sabzevari O">O Sabzevari</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Xue, Gq" uniqKey="Xue G">GQ Xue</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Q" uniqKey="Liu Q">Q Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Han, Yq" uniqKey="Han Y">YQ Han</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wei, Hg" uniqKey="Wei H">HG Wei</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dong, T" uniqKey="Dong T">T Dong</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Di Novella, R" uniqKey="Di Novella R">R Di Novella</name></author><author><name sortKey="Di Novella, N" uniqKey="Di Novella N">N Di Novella</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Martino, L" uniqKey="De Martino L">L De Martino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mancini, E" uniqKey="Mancini E">E Mancini</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Feo, V" uniqKey="De Feo V">V De Feo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tardio, J" uniqKey="Tardio J">J Tardío</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pardo De Santayana, M" uniqKey="Pardo De Santayana M">M Pardo-de-Santayana</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morales, R" uniqKey="Morales R">R Morales</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jari, S" uniqKey="Jari S">S Jarić</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mitrovi, M" uniqKey="Mitrovi M">M Mitrović</name></author><author><name sortKey="Djurdjevi, L" uniqKey="Djurdjevi L">L Djurdjević</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tene, V" uniqKey="Tene V">V Tene</name></author><author><name sortKey="Malag N, O" uniqKey="Malag N O">O Malagón</name></author><author><name sortKey="Finzi, Pv" uniqKey="Finzi P">PV Finzi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vidari, G" uniqKey="Vidari G">G Vidari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Armijos, C" uniqKey="Armijos C">C Armijos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zaragoza, T" uniqKey="Zaragoza T">T Zaragoza</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Guarrera, Pm" uniqKey="Guarrera P">PM Guarrera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salerno, G" uniqKey="Salerno G">G Salerno</name></author><author><name sortKey="Caneva, G" uniqKey="Caneva G">G Caneva</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cavero, Ry" uniqKey="Cavero R">RY Cavero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Akerreta, S" uniqKey="Akerreta S">S Akerreta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Calvo, Mi" uniqKey="Calvo M">MI Calvo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gupta, R" uniqKey="Gupta R">R Gupta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vairale, Mg" uniqKey="Vairale M">MG Vairale</name></author><author><name sortKey="Deshmukh, Rr" uniqKey="Deshmukh R">RR Deshmukh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chaudhary, Pr" uniqKey="Chaudhary P">PR Chaudhary</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wate, Sr" uniqKey="Wate S">SR Wate</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mahmood, A" uniqKey="Mahmood A">A Mahmood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mahmood, A" uniqKey="Mahmood A">A Mahmood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Malik, Rn" uniqKey="Malik R">RN Malik</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shinwari, Zk" uniqKey="Shinwari Z">ZK Shinwari</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Albuquerque, Up" uniqKey="De Albuquerque U">UP de Albuquerque</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Medeiros, Pm" uniqKey="De Medeiros P">PM de Medeiros</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Almeida, Als" uniqKey="De Almeida A">ALS de Almeida</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Polat, R" uniqKey="Polat R">R Polat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Satil, F" uniqKey="Satil F">F Satil</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Philander, La" uniqKey="Philander L">LA Philander</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sari Kundali, B" uniqKey="Sari Kundali B">B Šarić-Kundalić</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dobes, C" uniqKey="Dobes C">C Dobeš</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klatte Asselmeyer, V" uniqKey="Klatte Asselmeyer V">V Klatte-Asselmeyer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saukel, J" uniqKey="Saukel J">J Saukel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kumar, D" uniqKey="Kumar D">D Kumar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, A" uniqKey="Kumar A">A Kumar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prakash, O" uniqKey="Prakash O">O Prakash</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bhat, P" uniqKey="Bhat P">P Bhat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hegde, G" uniqKey="Hegde G">G Hegde</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hegde, Gr" uniqKey="Hegde G">GR Hegde</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Marino, S" uniqKey="De Marino S">S de Marino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gala, F" uniqKey="Gala F">F Gala</name></author><author><name sortKey="Borbone, N" uniqKey="Borbone N">N Borbone</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mohamad, Rh" uniqKey="Mohamad R">RH Mohamad</name></author><author><name sortKey="El Bastawesy, Am" uniqKey="El Bastawesy A">AM El-Bastawesy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abdel Monem, Mg" uniqKey="Abdel Monem M">MG Abdel-Monem</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Camacho Corona, Mdr" uniqKey="Camacho Corona M">MDR Camacho-Corona</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ramirez Cabrera, Ma" uniqKey="Ramirez Cabrera M">MA Ramírez-Cabrera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez Santiago, O" uniqKey="Gonzalez Santiago O">O González-Santiago</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garza Gonzalez, E" uniqKey="Garza Gonzalez E">E Garza-González</name></author><author><name sortKey="Palacios, Idp" uniqKey="Palacios I">IDP Palacios</name></author><author><name sortKey="Luna Herrera, J" uniqKey="Luna Herrera J">J Luna-Herrera</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stefanini, Mb" uniqKey="Stefanini M">MB Stefanini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Figueiredo, Ro" uniqKey="Figueiredo R">RO Figueiredo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ming, Lc" uniqKey="Ming L">LC Ming</name></author><author><name sortKey="Junior, Af" uniqKey="Junior A">AF Júnior</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lo Cantore, P" uniqKey="Lo Cantore P">P Lo Cantore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iacobellis, Ns" uniqKey="Iacobellis N">NS Iacobellis</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Marco, A" uniqKey="De Marco A">A De Marco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Capasso, F" uniqKey="Capasso F">F Capasso</name></author><author><name sortKey="Senatore, F" uniqKey="Senatore F">F Senatore</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Erturk, O" uniqKey="Erturk O">O Ertürk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ozbucak, Tb" uniqKey="Ozbucak T">TB Özbucak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bayrak, A" uniqKey="Bayrak A">A Bayrak</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Araque, M" uniqKey="Araque M">M Araque</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rojas, Lb" uniqKey="Rojas L">LB Rojas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Usubillaga, A" uniqKey="Usubillaga A">A Usubillaga</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abed, Kf" uniqKey="Abed K">KF Abed</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Grigore, A" uniqKey="Grigore A">A Grigore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Colceru Mihul, S" uniqKey="Colceru Mihul S">S Colceru-Mihul</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paraschiv, I" uniqKey="Paraschiv I">I Paraschiv</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sajedi, M" uniqKey="Sajedi M">M Sajedi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mirzaei, S" uniqKey="Mirzaei S">S Mirzaei</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yazdinezhad, A" uniqKey="Yazdinezhad A">A Yazdinezhad</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Purkayastha, S" uniqKey="Purkayastha S">S Purkayastha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Narain, R" uniqKey="Narain R">R Narain</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dahiya, P" uniqKey="Dahiya P">P Dahiya</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Saumendu, Dr" uniqKey="Saumendu D">DR Saumendu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Apu, T" uniqKey="Apu T">T Apu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dhrubajyoti, S" uniqKey="Dhrubajyoti S">S Dhrubajyoti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arunav, K" uniqKey="Arunav K">K Arunav</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anupam, B" uniqKey="Anupam B">B Anupam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bidyut, D" uniqKey="Bidyut D">D Bidyut</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kazem, M" uniqKey="Kazem M">M Kazem</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mousavi, E" uniqKey="Mousavi E">E Mousavi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kharestani, H" uniqKey="Kharestani H">H Kharestani</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Skrobonja, Jr" uniqKey="Skrobonja J">JR Skrobonja</name></author><author><name sortKey="Deli, Dn" uniqKey="Deli D">DN Delić</name></author><author><name sortKey="Karaman, Ma" uniqKey="Karaman M">MA Karaman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Matavulj, Mn" uniqKey="Matavulj M">MN Matavulj</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bogavac, Ma" uniqKey="Bogavac M">MA Bogavac</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Biomed Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Biomed Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">BMRI</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>BioMed Research International</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2314-6133</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2314-6141</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25162032</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4137549</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2014/842674</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title><italic>Foeniculum vulgare</italic> Mill: A Review of Its Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Contemporary Application, and Toxicology</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2902-7680</contrib-id><name><surname>Badgujar</surname><given-names>Shamkant B.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Patel</surname><given-names>Vainav V.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bandivdekar</surname><given-names>Atmaram H.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1">Department of Biochemistry, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, ICMR, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 012, India</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Shamkant B. Badgujar: <email>sham83badgujar@gmail.com</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Ronald E. Baynes</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>3</day><month>8</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>2014</volume><elocation-id>842674</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>11</day><month>2</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>26</day><month>5</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>9</day><month>6</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2014 Shamkant B. Badgujar et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><italic>Foeniculum vulgare</italic> Mill commonly called fennel has been used in traditional medicine for a wide range of ailments related to digestive, endocrine, reproductive, and respiratory systems. Additionally, it is also used as a galactagogue agent for lactating mothers. The review aims to gather the fragmented information available in the literature regarding morphology, ethnomedicinal applications, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of<italic> Foeniculum vulgare</italic>. It also compiles available scientific evidence for the ethnobotanical claims and to identify gaps required to be filled by future research. Findings based on their traditional uses and scientific evaluation indicates that<italic> Foeniculum vulgare</italic> remains to be the most widely used herbal plant. It has been used for more than forty types of disorders. Phytochemical studies have shown the presence of numerous valuable compounds, such as volatile compounds, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, fatty acids, and amino acids. Compiled data indicate their efficacy in several<italic> in vitro </italic>and<italic> in vivo </italic>pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antinociceptive, antipyretic, antispasmodic, antithrombotic, apoptotic, cardiovascular, chemomodulatory, antitumor, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and memory enhancing property.<italic> Foeniculum vulgare</italic> has emerged as a good source of traditional medicine and it provides a noteworthy basis in pharmaceutical biology for the development/formulation of new drugs and future clinical uses.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Research papers in different aspects especially traditional or ethnobotanical knowledge, phytochemistry, pharmacological, and various biological activities of<italic> Foeniculum vulgare</italic>. (Papers were collected via electronic databases such as Academic Journals, Ethnobotany, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct.)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-842674.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p><italic>Foeniculum vulgare</italic> Mill (a) in its natural habitat; (b) stem; (c) leaves; (d) inflorescences and flowers; (e) fruits; and (f) population of<italic> F. vulgare</italic> Mill.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-842674.002"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Normal fennel seeds (a) and sugar coated and uncoated fennel seeds (b) used in<italic> mukhwas.</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-842674.003"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Chemical structures of various phytoconstituents isolated from<italic> Foeniculum vulgare.</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-842674.004"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Vernacular names of <italic>Foeniculum vulgare</italic>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Region/language/system of medicine</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Local name</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alto, Bolivia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hinojo</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arabic</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bisbas, razianaj</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aymara, Kechua</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inuju</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Balikesir, Turkey</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arapsaci, rezene, malatura, hullebe</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Basque</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mieloi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bengali (Indian language)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mauri, pānmourī</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bosnia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Komorač</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Endro, erva-doce, funcho</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Catalan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fenoll, fonoll</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Central Serbia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Morac</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chinese</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hui xiang, xiao hui xiang </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Czech</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fenykl</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dalmatia (southern Croatia), Poland</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Komorač, koromač, kumurač, morač, moroč, morača, Koper wloski</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Danish</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Almindelig fennikel, fennikel</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Denmark</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Almindelig</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dutch</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Venkel </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">English</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bitter fennel, common fennel, sweet fennel, wild fennel</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">France</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fenouille</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">French</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fenouil</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fenchel, fenchle, bitterfenchel, wilder fenchel, dunkler fenchel,</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guerrero, Mexico</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hinojo</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gujarati (Indian language)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hariyal, variyali</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Haryana, India</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Saunf</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hindi (Indian language)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Badi, badishep, bari saunf, badi saunf, saunp, saunf, sonp, sont</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Italy</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Finucchio, finucchiello, finochietto, finocchiella, fenùcciu, fenucéttu-sarvègu</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jammu and Kashmir, India</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Saunf</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fenneru, uikyou, uikyou, shouikya</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Java, Indonesia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adas </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jordan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shomar</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kallawaya</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jinuchchu</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kannada</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Badi sopu, badisepu, sabbasige, dodda sopu, dodda jirige</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Korea</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sohoehyang</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Laotian</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phaksi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Latin</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Foeniculum, maratrum</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Loja, Ecuador </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hinojo</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Majorcan area</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fonoll</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Middle Navarra</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hinojo, cenojo</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Marathi (Indian language)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Badishep, ba<italic>ḍ</italic>īśep, shoap</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nepalese</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Madesi sauf</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">North Iran</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Badian</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">North Portugal</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Funcho</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Norway</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fenikkel</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Norwegian</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fennikel</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pakistan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sonef, saunf</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peninsula, Spain</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hinojo</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Persian</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Razianeh</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Polish</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fenkuł, koper włoski </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Portuguese</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Funcho</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rajasthan, India</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sanuf</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sanskrit (Indian language)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Madhurika, shatapushpa</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Slovenian</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sladki komarček</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Somali Region, Ethiopia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kamon</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Europe</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fennel</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vinkel, fennel</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spanish</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hinojo, hinojo amargo, fenoll, fiollo, millua</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Swedish</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fänkål</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tamil (Indian language)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Perun siragum, shombu, sohikire </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Telugu (Indian language)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peddajilakurra, sopu</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thai</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phak chi, phak chi duen ha, phak chi lom, thian klaep, yira </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uttarakhand, India</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Badesoppu</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Nutrients found in dried fennel (USDA, USA).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Composition</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quantity (Per 100 g)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Proximates</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Moisture</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.21 g</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Energy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31 kcal</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Protein</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.24 g</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Total lipid (fat)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2 g</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Carbohydrate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.3 g</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Total dietary fiber</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.1 g</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Sugars</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.93 g</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Minerals</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Calcium, Ca</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49 mg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Iron, Fe</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.73 mg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Magnesium, Mg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 mg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Phosphorus, P</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 mg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Potassium, K</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">414 mg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Sodium, Na</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52 mg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Zinc, Zn</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2 mg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vitamins</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Vitamin C</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 mg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Thiamin B-1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01 mg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Riboflavin B-2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.032 mg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Niacin B-3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.64 mg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Vitamin B-6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.047 mg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Folate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 <italic>μ</italic>g</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Vitamin A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48 <italic>μ</italic>g</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Vitamin E </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58 mg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Vitamin K </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.8 <italic>μ</italic>g</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lipids</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Fatty acids, total saturated</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09 g</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Fatty acids, total monounsaturated</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.068 g</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Fatty acids, total polyunsaturated</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.169 g</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential amino acids</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Leucine</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63 g</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Isoleucine</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.73 g</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Phenylalanine</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.45 g</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Tryptophane</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.53 g</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nonessential amino acid</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Glycine</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.55 g</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Proline</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.53 g</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Nutrient content of different parts of <italic>Foeniculum vulgare</italic>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Composition</th><th align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Contents</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inflorescences</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stems</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shoots</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moisture<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.36 ± 0.33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.31 ± 4.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77.46 ± 1.03</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.88 ± 0.83</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ash<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.43 ± 0.04</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.23 ± 0.02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.62 ± 0.12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.39 ± 0.02</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fat<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.61 ± 0.16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.28 ± 0.28</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.45 ± 0.07</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.49 ± 0.05</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Protein<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.16 ± 0.03</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.37 ± 0.05</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.08 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.33 ± 0.04</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carbohydrates<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.44 ± 0.06</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.82 ± 3.06</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.39 ± 0.65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.91 ± 0.55</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fructose<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.49 ± 0.05</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.10 ± 0.04</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.49 ± 0.04</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.51 ± 0.06</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Glucose<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.76 ± 0.12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.94 ± 0.11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.43 ± 0.20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.71 ± 0.15</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sucrose<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.35 ± 0.06</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reducing sugars<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.72 ± 0.04</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.20 ± 0.19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.49 ± 0.29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.14 ± 0.10</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>ω</italic>3 fatty acid<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.72 ± 0.36</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.69 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.04 ± 1.30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.96 ± 0.51</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>ω</italic>6 fatty acid<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.25 ± 0.07</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.94 ± 0.23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.22 ± 0.68</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.99 ± 0.68</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>ω</italic>6/<italic>ω</italic>3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.53 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.20 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.66 ± 1.12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.08 ± 0.03</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C6:0<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.41 ± 0.02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.19 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06 ± 0.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C8:0<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.37 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.48 ± 0.03</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33 ± 0.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C10:0<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.13 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06 ± 0.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C11:0<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25 ± 0.02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.29 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07 ± 0.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C12:0<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.31 ± 0.02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.43 ± 0.06</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.21 ± 0.02</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C14:0<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.43 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.68 ± 0.10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.49 ± 0.06</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75 ± 0.03</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C14:1<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.61 ± 0.04</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.28 ± 0.02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.37 ± 0.04</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.17 ± 0.03</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C15:0<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.17 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.35 ± 0.03</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.41 ± 0.04</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18 ± 0.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C16:0<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.15 ± 0.09</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.89 ± 0.07</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.43 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.78 ± 0.09</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C17:0<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.74 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58 ± 0.02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.61 ± 0.04</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.24 ± 0.02</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C18:0<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.61 ± 0.08</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.62 ± 0.04</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.99 ± 0.06</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.53 ± 0.08</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C18:1n9c<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.35 ± 0.37</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.05 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.35 ± 0.52</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.55 ± 0.33</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C18:2n6c<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.25 ± 0.07</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.94 ± 0.23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.22 ± 0.68</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.99 ± 0.68</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C18:3n3<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.55 ± 0.40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.55 ± 0.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.86 ± 1.31</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.84 ± 0.52</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C20:0<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.56 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.78 ± 0.06</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.84 ± 0.03</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.06 ± 0.09</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C20:1c<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.26 ± 0.03</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nd</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C20:2c<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.31 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.14 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.38 ± 0.07</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C20:3n3 + C21:0<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16 ± 0.02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.19 ± 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.12 ± 0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C22:0<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77 ± 0.04</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.52 ± 0.04</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.20 ± 0.03</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.12 ± 0.02</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C23:0<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.82 ± 0.13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.89 ± 0.11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.68 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.36 ± 0.15</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C24:0<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03 ± 0.04</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.58 ± 0.02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.21 ± 0.02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.20 ± 0.08</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total SFA<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.99 ± 0.02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.47 ± 0.25 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.81 ± 0.06</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.95 ± 0.12</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total MUFA<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.96 ± 0.40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.59 ± 0.13 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.78 ± 0.57</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.72 ± 0.36</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total PUFA<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.05 ± 0.42</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.94 ± 0.12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.41 ± 0.62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77.33 ± 0.24</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Energy<sup>c</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83.90 ± 1.34</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">108.23 ± 10.37</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85.91 ± 3.02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.37 ± 2.44</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>a</sup>Nutrients composition (g/100 g), <sup>b</sup><italic>ω</italic>3 and <italic>ω</italic>6 and fatty acid content (percent), and <sup>c</sup>energetic value (Kcal/100 g) of the different parts of fennel. nd: not detected. Values are expressed as mean ± SD, <italic>n</italic> = 3 experiments in each group [<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>].</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Uses of <italic>Foeniculum vulgare</italic> as a food ingredient as reported in the literature.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sr. number</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Region/Nation</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Local name</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Part used and edible application.</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">References </th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Campania, Italy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Finucchio, finucchiello, finochietto</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stem is used as an aromatizer for pickled olives.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B123" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Campania, Italy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Finocchiella, fenùcciu</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed is employed in preparation of salted meats.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B123" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spain</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hinojo, Fenoll </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tender leaves and stems, raw as a snack, are used in salads or stewed.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B124" ref-type="bibr">126</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spain</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fiallo, millau</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aerial part or seeds used for seasoning olives, as preservative for dry figs, and for preparing herbal tea or liqueur.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B124" ref-type="bibr">126</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trás-os-Montes (Northeast Portuguese)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fialho, fionho, erva-doce</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shoots, tender leaves, and stems used in snacks, salads, soups, stews, and spices.<break></break>Flowering stems used in beverages, spirits, and spices.<break></break>Stems used as brochettes and herbal teas.<break></break>Seeds used as spices, flavour for cakes, biscuits, and sweets, and chestnuts.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arrábida and Açor (Center Portuguese)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Funcho, erva-doce</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seeds used as flavour for cakes and pastries and for cooking chestnuts.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alentejo and Algarve (South Portuguese)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Funcho, fialho, funcho-doce, funcho-amargo</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shoots, tender leaves, and stems are fried with eggs, used in omelettes, used in fish stuff, stewed with different kinds of beans and chickpeas, and used in fish and bread bouillons, soups, and sauces.<break></break>Tender leafy stems are used in grilled fish and fish dishes in general.<break></break>Seeds are used as spices, flavour for cakes, bread, and biscuits, and chestnuts.<break></break>Whole plant used in olives brines, figs preserves, and for aromatizing brandy.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jammu and Kashmir, India</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Saunf</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The fruits with other ingredients are given to the animal if it stops taking food during diarrhea.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B43" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Liguria, Italy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fenucéttu-sarvègu</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aerial parts of plant mixed with shoots of <italic>Clematis </italic>and <italic>Rubus </italic>used as food integrator for sheep.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Traditional and contemporary applications of <italic>Foeniculum vulgare</italic>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sr. number</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ailment/use</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Part/preparation used</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Locality</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">References</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mouth ulcer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tender leaves, chewed and stuck on ulcer</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Basilicata, Italy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aperitif</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tender parts-raw or boiled</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rome, Italy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gum disorder</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit and seed, used as a mouth wash for gum disorder</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Central Serbia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Insomnia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Infusion of tea leaf</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Constipation</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seeds, decoction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Europe</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B125" ref-type="bibr">127</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seeds mixed with sugar
</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jammu and Kashmir, India</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cancer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaf and flower, aqueous infusion, drink</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Loja, Ecuador </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B126" ref-type="bibr">128</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conjunctivitis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaf and flower, aqueous infusion, drink</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Loja, Ecuador </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B126" ref-type="bibr">128</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastritis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaf, flower, aqueous infusion, drink</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Loja, Ecuador </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B126" ref-type="bibr">128</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diuresis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Root and seed, decoction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Miami, Florida, USA</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Abdominal pains</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Each plant part, decoction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rome, Italy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaf and seeds, infusion </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Northern Badia, Jordan,</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves, paste </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Manisa, Turkey</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cold</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits and floral tops, decoction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rome, Italy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Refreshing</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Roots/whole plant, decoction </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rome, Italy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Swollen stomach</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves, decoction with a little honey</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rome, Italy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B127" ref-type="bibr">129</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hair grow</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed oil</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Middle Navarra</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B128" ref-type="bibr">130</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antiemetic</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit, simple powder</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Northeastern Majorcan area</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antihypertensive and Anti-cholesterolemic</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaf directly chewed</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">north-eastern Majorcan area</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Depurative</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaf and stem, comestible</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iberian Peninsula, Spain</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hypnotic</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed, leaf, and stem, infusion and edible</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">North Iran</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">19</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Diarrhoea</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seeds, roots, and fresh leaves</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Northern Portugal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seeds grounded with Root tubers of <italic>Hemidesmus indicus </italic>and the paste taken with jaggery twice a day for three days </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bhandara, Maharashtra, India</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B129" ref-type="bibr">131</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">20</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Kidney ailments</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aerial part, infusion </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alto, Bolivia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed, decoction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gujranwala, Pakistan</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B130" ref-type="bibr">132</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colic in children</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaf and fruit, infusion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B131" ref-type="bibr">133</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Irritable colon</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaf and seeds, infusion </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Northern Badia, Jordan,</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastralgia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaf, decoction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">southern Spain</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Purgative</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed, infusion and edible</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gujranwala, Pakistan</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B130" ref-type="bibr">132</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Laxative </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed, infusion and edible</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gujranwala, Pakistan</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B130" ref-type="bibr">132</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Liver pain</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B131" ref-type="bibr">133</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mosquitocidal</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Root boiled and drunk as tea</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Somali Region, Ethiopia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arthritis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaf, an infusion made from the leaves is drunk</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fever </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaf, an infusion made from the leaves is drunk</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fat deduction </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Green fruit is chewed to reduce fat</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leucorrhoea</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A mixture of its 100 g seed powder, 200 g seed powder of <italic>Papaver somniferum</italic>, 100 g fruit powder of <italic>Coriander sativum,</italic> and 200 g of sugar is prepared and 50 g of this mixture is taken by the tribal ladies early in the morning</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rajasthan, India</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Problem of repeated abortions</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mixture of its 50 g seed powder, 50 g fruit powder of <italic>Trapa natans,</italic> and 50 g sugar is given daily to pregnant ladies </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rajasthan, India</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="7" colspan="1">33</td><td align="left" rowspan="7" colspan="1">Digestive system</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits, decoction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Basilicata, Italy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed, decoction (drink one tea cup after food)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Balikesir, Turkey</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B132" ref-type="bibr">134</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole plant</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Western cape of South Africa</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B133" ref-type="bibr">135</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit, powder for digestive ailments</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Middle, West, and South Bosnia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B134" ref-type="bibr">136</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seeds, decoction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Europe</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B125" ref-type="bibr">127</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seeds, roots, and fresh leaves</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Northern Portugal.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed, decoction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Southern Spain</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="5" colspan="1">34</td><td align="left" rowspan="5" colspan="1">Carminative</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tender parts, raw or boiled</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rome, Italy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole plant</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Western cape of South Africa</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B133" ref-type="bibr">135</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seeds, decoction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Europe</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B125" ref-type="bibr">127</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed, leaf, and stem, infusion and edible</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">North Iran</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves and/or fruits </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="5" colspan="1">35</td><td align="left" rowspan="5" colspan="1">Diuretic</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tender parts, raw or boiled</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rome, Italy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole plant</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Western cape of South Africa</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B133" ref-type="bibr">135</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seeds, decoction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South-Europe</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B125" ref-type="bibr">127</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seeds, roots, and fresh leaves</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Northern Portugal.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaf, an infusion made from the leaves is drunk</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">36</td><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Emmenagogue</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aerial part, raw with carrot</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rome, Italy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit, simple powder</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">North-eastern Majorcan area</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Haryana, India</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B135" ref-type="bibr">137</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">37</td><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Milk stimulant in pregnant women (Galactagogue)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaf, an infusion made from the leaves is drunk</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits, as condiment or chewed</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rome, Italy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit, simple powder</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">north-eastern Majorcan area</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aerial part-infusion </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alto, Bolivia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">38</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Gingival wound</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit-paste</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uttarakhand, India</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B136" ref-type="bibr">138</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole plant, decoction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Andalusia, Spain</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">39</td><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Eye blurry and itching</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aerial parts, inhaled into eyes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Balikesir, Turkey</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B132" ref-type="bibr">134</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seeds, roots, and leaves</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Northern Portugal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed, infusion, edible</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gujranwala, Pakistan</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B130" ref-type="bibr">132</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves and/or fruits</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">40</td><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Cough</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole plant, oral infusion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guerrero, Mexico</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole plant, decoction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Southern Spain</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole plant</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Western cape of South Africa</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B133" ref-type="bibr">135</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">41</td><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Stomachache</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole plant, oral infusion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guerrero, Mexico</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Middle Navarra</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B128" ref-type="bibr">130</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed decoction is used against stomach ache</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Liguria, Italy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed, leaf, and stem-infusion, edible</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">North Iran</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">42</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Stress removal</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Apical shoots is used as sedative for children</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Liguria, Italy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Southern Punjab, Pakistan</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">43</td><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Flatulence</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaf and fruit, infusion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B131" ref-type="bibr">133</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaf and seeds, infusion</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Northern Badia, Jordan,</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fresh fruit, decoction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">North Bengal, India</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Volatile compounds present in essential oil of <italic>Foeniculum vulgare</italic>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sr. number</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Compounds</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>α</italic>-Thujene </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,8-Cineol</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>β</italic>-Ocimene</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Linalool </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germacrene D</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anisketone </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apiol </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>n</italic>-Hexadecanoic acid</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cubebene</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Benzene-1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-<italic>p</italic>-cymene </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,3,6-Octatriene, 3,7-dimethyl-, (E)-3-carene</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2-Heptene </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3-Methyl-butanal </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>β</italic>-Pinene </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Camphene </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hexanal </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>α</italic>-Pinene </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>β</italic>-Phellandrene </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>α</italic>-Phellanrrene </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>β</italic>-Myrcene </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4-Carene </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2-Heptanohe </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Limonene </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4-Methyl-bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eucalyptol </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>α</italic>-Pinene </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>γ</italic>-Terpinene </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7-Dimethyl-1,3,7-octriene </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,4-Dimethyl-benzenamine</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3-Carene </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cathine</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2-Heptanol </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2-Propyn-1-ol </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,6-Dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fenchone </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-benzene </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>cis</italic>-Limonene oxide </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>trans</italic>-Limonene oxide </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6-Methylene-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sabinene hydrate </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fenchyl acetate </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Camphor </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Benzaldehyde </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,3-Butanediol </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dicyclopropyl carbinol </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fenchol </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1-Octanol </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5-Methyl-2-heptanol </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tetradecyl-oxirane </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Estragole</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Trans</italic>-<italic>p</italic>-2,8-menthadien-1-ol </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>β</italic>-Terpinol </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>cis</italic>-<italic>p</italic>-2,8-Menthadien </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4-Methyl-1-(methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-one </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phenylmethyl-formic ester </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,3-Cyclohexen-1-methanol </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Epi</italic>-bicyclosesquiphellardrene</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>cis</italic>-<italic>p</italic>-Menth-2,8-dienol</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,4-Dimethoxy-benzene </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)-benzene </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,2,4a,5,8,8a-Hexadehyde-naphthalene </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4-Methyl-bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-ol </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>trans</italic>-Anethole 73.20 73.27 66.71</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Allantoic acid</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-phenol </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mannoheptulose </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-ol</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1-Undecanol </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Benzothiazole </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">E-Pinane </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2-Cyclohexen-1-ol </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2-Methyl-bezenemethanol </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4-Methoxy-benzaldehyde </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,6-Hexanediol </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2-Methoxycyclohexanone </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>β</italic>-Elemenone </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mephenesin </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4′-Methoxy-acetophenone </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2-Methyl-3-methylethyl-butanoic acid</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Folic acid </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1-(Methoxyphenyl)-2-propanone </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1-Methyl-3-(1-methylethyl)-benzene</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4-Fluorohistamine </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,2-Dimethoxy-4-(1-propenyl)-benzene </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(E)-2-Hydroxy-4-cyano-stilbene</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-1-propanone</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab7" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 7</label><caption><p>Biological activities of some phytoconstituents reported in different parts of <italic>Foeniculum vulgare</italic>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sr. number</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biological activities</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Part used<sup>a</sup></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phytochemicals</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oestrogenic </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SDEO</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dianethole,<break></break>photoanethole</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B68" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hepatoprotective </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SDEO</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>β</italic>-Myrcene,<break></break>Limonene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antithrombotic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SDEO</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>trans</italic>-Anethole</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B53" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human liver cytochrome P450-3A4 inhibitory </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5-Methoxypsoralen</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B80" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Antiradical scavenging </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FW</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3-Caffeoylquinic acid, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, <break></break>kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, <break></break>kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, <break></break>rosmarinic acid</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B64" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AP</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,4-Dihydroxyphenethyl-alchohol-6-O-caffeoyl-<italic>β</italic>-D-glucopyranoside, <break></break>3′,8′-binaringenin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B67" ref-type="bibr">70</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antioxidant </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FT </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>cis</italic>-Miyabenol C</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B137" ref-type="bibr">139</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anticancer</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SDEO</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anethole</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B108" ref-type="bibr">110</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antibacterial </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ST </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dillapiol, <break></break>psoralen, <break></break>bergapten, <break></break>scopoletin, <break></break>imperatorin, <break></break>dillapional,</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B98" ref-type="bibr">100</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antimycobacterial</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ST, LF</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,4-Undecadienal,<break></break> linoleic acid,<break></break>oleic acid,<break></break>1,3-benzenediol, <break></break>undecanal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B60" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Repellent</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(z)-9-Octadecanoic acid, <break></break>fenchone</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B115" ref-type="bibr">117</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acaricidal </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SDEO</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>para</italic>-Anisaldehyde</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B116" ref-type="bibr">118</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Insecticidal </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SDEO</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,8-Cineole, <break></break>terpineol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B118" ref-type="bibr">120</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>a</sup>AP: aerial part, FT: fruit, LF: leaf, SD: seed, SDEO: seed essential oil, ST: stem, and FW: fennel waste.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab8" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 8</label><caption><p>Details of pharmacological/biological activities reported from <italic>Foeniculum vulgare</italic>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Activity</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plant part used</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dosage form/type of extract</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Concentration/dosages</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tested living system/organ/cell/type of study </th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Results</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">References</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antiinflammatory</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methanolic <break></break>Extract</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200 mg/kg: oral administration</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Invivo,</italic> male ICR mice, BALB/c mice, and Sprague-Dawley rats</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhibitory effects against acute and subacute inflammatory diseases and type IV allergic reactions</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B76" ref-type="bibr">79</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hepatoprotective</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 mL/kg</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Invivo,</italic> carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury model in male Sprague-Dawley rats</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decreases the level of serum enzymes, namely, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and bilirubin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hypoglycaemic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 mg/kg </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Invivo,</italic> streptozotocin induced diabetic rats</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ingestion of essential oil to diabetic rats corrected the hyperglycemia and the activity of serum glutathione peroxidase and also improved the pathological changes noticed in their kidney and pancreas</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antihirsutism</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fennel extract</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Creams containing 1%, 2% of fennel extract and placebo</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45 female patients aged 16–53 years with mild to moderate forms of idiopathic hirsutism </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cream containing 2% fennel is better than the cream containing 1% fennel and these two were more potent than placebo</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B75" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cytoprotective</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methanolic<break></break>extract</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Normal human blood lymphocyte</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Provides more cytoprotection for normal human lymphocytes as compared with standard sample, that is, doxorubicin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antitumor</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methanolic<break></break>extract</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 to 200 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">B16F10 melanoma cell line</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70% methanolic extract shows good antitumour activity at the concentration of 200 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antioxidant </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethanol and water extract</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 <italic>μ</italic>g of ethanol and water extract</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Invitro</italic>, not stated</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77.5% and 99.1% inhibition of peroxidation in linoleic acid system, respectively.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oestrogenic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acetone extract</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Invivo,</italic> female rats</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Weight of mammary glands increases also increases the weight of oviduct, endometrium, myometrium, cervix, and vagina</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vascular effects</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaf</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous extracts</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1 to 0.4 mL injection</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Invivo,</italic> pentobarbital-anaesthetised Sprague-Dawley rats</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Significant dose-related reduction in arterial blood pressure, without affecting the heart rate or respiratory rate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B72" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antistress </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous extracts</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50, 100 and 200 mg/kg </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Invivo,</italic> scopolamine-induced amnesic rats</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Significant inhibition of the stress induced biochemical changes in vanillyl mandelic acid and ascorbic acid.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Memory-enhancing</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous extracts</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50, 100, and 200 mg/kg</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Invivo,</italic> scopolamine-induced amnesic rats</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The significant reduction is achieved in amnesia in extract-treated groups as compared with the control group of animals</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chemopreventive </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Test diet of fennel</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4% and 6% test diets of Fennel</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>In-vivo,</italic> DMBA-induced skin and B(a)P-induced forestomach papillomagenesis in Swiss albino mice</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Significant reduction in the skin and the forestomach tumor incidence and tumor multiplicity as compared to the control group of animal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B82" ref-type="bibr">85</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oculohypotensive</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous extract</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3%, 0.6%, and 1.2% (w/v)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Invivo,</italic> rabbits </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">It exhibits 17.49, 21.16, and 22.03% reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) in normotensive rabbits at 0.3%, 0.6%, and 1.2% (w/v) concentrations of extract </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B81" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anticarcinogenic </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methanolic extract</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 mg/kg</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Invivo,</italic> Swiss albino mice</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Significant increase in malondialdehyde levels and the significant decrease in catalase activity and glutathione content in liver and tumor tissue in mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B139" ref-type="bibr">140</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antiaging</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fennel extract</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Formulation containing 4% extract</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male volunteers with mean age of 48 years </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Formulation showed significant effects on skin moisture and transepidermal water loss</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B48" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apoptotic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethanol extract </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 to 300 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nine human cell lines: ML-1, J-45.01, HL-60, 1301, U-266B1, WICL, C-8166, EOL, and H-9—human T cell</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Highest mortality in Trypan blue test for J45 cell line, 4% of viable cells and for C8166 cell line, 100% of mortality</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B83" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antiulcerogenic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aerial parts</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous extract</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75, 150, 300 mg/kg</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Invivo</italic>, ethanol induced gastric lesions in Sprague-Dawley rats</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pretreatment with extracts significantly reduced ethanol induced gastric damage.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B78" ref-type="bibr">81</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cytotoxic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Root (ground part)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dichloromethane and methanol (1 : 1) extract </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">700 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Murine fibrosarcoma L929sA cells and on the human breast cancer cells MDA-MB231 and MCF7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cytotoxic activity may act via inhibition of the NFkB pathway.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B79" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antimycobacterial </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aerial parts</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chloroform, hexane, methanol, and aqueous extracts </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 to 200 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Invitro</italic>, <italic>M. tuberculosis </italic>H37Rv (27294)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hexane extract is active against pan sensitive strain of <italic>M. tuberculosis </italic>H37RV</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B140" ref-type="bibr">141</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab9" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 9</label><caption><p>Antibacterial, antimycobacterial, antifungal, and antiviral studies carried out on <italic>Foeniculum vulgare</italic>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sr. number</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Part used<sup>a</sup></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Type of extract</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Active strains<sup>b</sup></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Method </th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference standard</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Effective concentration</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S.a.</italic>, <italic>Enterococcus </italic>sp., <italic>P.a.</italic>, <italic>E.c.,</italic> and <italic>Salmonella </italic>sp.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Filter paper disc diffusion method</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 Mac Farland's Standard (1.5 × 108 CFU/mL)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 <italic>μ</italic>L/disk </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B141" ref-type="bibr">142</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>E.c., B.m.,</italic>and 27 <break></break>phytopathogenic bacterial species</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Agar diffusion method </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rifampicin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6 mg/mL </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B142" ref-type="bibr">143</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AP</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous, ethanol and ethyl-acetate extracts</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A.r.t.</italic>, <italic>Er.c.</italic>,<italic> P.f.,</italic>and <italic>P.g. </italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Filter paper disc diffusion method</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and tetracycline</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 mg per disc. </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B89" ref-type="bibr">91</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>E.a.</italic>, <italic>S.t.</italic>, <italic>S.a.</italic>, <italic>St.e.</italic>, <italic>E.c.</italic>, <italic>P.a.,</italic>and <italic>C.a. </italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Filter paper disc diffusion method</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amoxicillin and cefazolin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 <italic>μ</italic>L/disk</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B143" ref-type="bibr">144</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FL, FT </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A.a.</italic>, <italic>F.o.,</italic> and <italic>R.s. </italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Filter paper disc diffusion method</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 and 40 ppm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B93" ref-type="bibr">95</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FL, LF, TW</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Bacilli </italic>sp., <italic>P.a.</italic>, <italic>Acinetobacter </italic>sp., and <italic>A.f. </italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Agar diffusion method </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fleroxacin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30, 25, 20, 15 and 10 <italic>μ</italic>L per well </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B144" ref-type="bibr">145</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD, ST, LF, RT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S.a.</italic>, <italic>B.s.</italic>, <italic>E.c.</italic>, <italic>P.a.</italic>, <italic>C.a., C.t., M.s.</italic>, <italic>M.c.,</italic> and <italic>M.x. </italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Agar dilution method</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B145" ref-type="bibr">146</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>E.c.</italic>, <italic>B.s.</italic>, <italic>A.n.</italic>, <italic>F.s.,</italic>and <italic>Rh.s. </italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Filter paper disc diffusion method</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amoxycillin and flumequine</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300 <italic>μ</italic>g/disc </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B94" ref-type="bibr">96</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil and ethanolic and methanolic extracts</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>B.c.</italic>, <italic>B.m.</italic>, <italic>B.p.</italic>, <italic>B.s.</italic>, <italic>E.c.</italic>, <italic>K.p.</italic>, <italic>M.l.</italic>, <italic>P.p.</italic>, <italic>P.s.</italic>, and <italic>C.a. </italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Filter paper disc diffusion method</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cefoperazone, sulbactam, ofloxacin, and netilmicin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 mg/mL</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B90" ref-type="bibr">92</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous/organic extracts</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>E.f.</italic>, <italic>S.a.</italic>, <italic>E.c.</italic>, <italic>K.p.</italic>, <italic>P.a.</italic>, <italic>Sa.t.</italic>, <italic>S.t.,</italic> and <italic>S.f. </italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Agar well and disc diffusion method</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and ampicillin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>E.c.</italic>, <italic>P.a.</italic>, <italic>S.a.</italic>, <italic>B.s.</italic>, <italic>A.n.,</italic> and <italic>C.a. </italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Filter paper disc diffusion technique</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ampicillin and miconazole nitrate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 <italic>μ</italic>L/disk </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B111" ref-type="bibr">113</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethanol, methanol, and aqueous extracts</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>E.c.</italic>, <italic>K.p.</italic>, <italic>P.v.</italic>, <italic>E.a., Sa.t., B.c.,</italic>and <italic>S.a. </italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Agar well and disc diffusion method</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Streptomycin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>E.c., P.a., S.a.</italic>,<italic> C.a.,</italic>and<italic> A.n. </italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cylinder-plate diffusion method</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25 to 2.0%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B146" ref-type="bibr">147</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oils</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S.a.</italic>, <italic>B.c.</italic>, <italic>P.a.</italic>, <italic>E.c.,</italic>and <italic>C.a. </italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Disc paper and broth microdilution methods</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B147" ref-type="bibr">148</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methanol, ethanol, diethyl ether, and hexane extract</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>E.c.</italic>, <italic>Sa.t.</italic>, <italic>B.c.</italic>, <italic>S.a.</italic>, <italic>C.a.,</italic>and <italic>As.f. </italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Filter paper disc diffusion technique</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 20 <italic>μ</italic>g/disk</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LF, FL</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Crude, chloroform, and methanol extract</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>E.c. </italic>and <italic>S.a. </italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Filter paper disc diffusion method</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B91" ref-type="bibr">93</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HSV-1 and PI-3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Using Madin-Darby bovine kidney and Vero cell lines</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acyclovir </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.025 to 0.8 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LF</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S.a.</italic>, <italic>E.c.</italic>, <italic>K.p.</italic>, <italic>P.a.</italic>, <italic>S.e.</italic>, <italic>C.a.</italic> and P.m., <italic>A.n.,</italic>and <italic>F.o. </italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Filter paper disc diffusion method</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gentamicin, amoxicillin, and nystatin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 <italic>μ</italic>L/disk</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B92" ref-type="bibr">94</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ST, LF</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hexane extract </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>M.t. </italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96-well sterile microtiter plate assay</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B60" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S.a., E.c., K.p.,</italic>and<italic> P.a. </italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Agar well diffusion method </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Imipenem</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 <italic>μ</italic>L/well</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B148" ref-type="bibr">149</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S.a., E.c., S.c.,</italic>and <italic>St.f. </italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Filter paper disc diffusion method</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amoxicillin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10, 50, 100 <italic>μ</italic>L/mL </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B149" ref-type="bibr">150</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S.a., B.s., B.m., B.c., S.l., S.h., Sa.t., S.d., S.s., Sh.s., S.b., E.c.,</italic>and <italic>P.a. </italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Filter paper disc diffusion method</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Streptomycin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B104" ref-type="bibr">151</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FT</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C.a. </italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Agar well and filter paper disc diffusion method </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluconazole and nystatin </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 <italic>μ</italic>L/well and 15 <italic>μ</italic>L/disc</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B138" ref-type="bibr">152</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methanolic extract </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>E.c.</italic>, <italic>P.a.</italic>, <italic>S.a.,</italic> and<italic> B.p. </italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Agar diffusion method </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chloramphenicol and ampicillin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B88" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous and alcoholic <break></break>extracts</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A.a.</italic>, <italic>M.r.,</italic>and <italic>A.f. </italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Agar well diffusion method </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B96" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>a</sup>AP: aerial part, FL: flower, FT: fruit, LF: leaf, RT: root, SD: seed, ST: stem, and TW: twig.</p></fn><fn><p><sup>b</sup><italic>A</italic>.<italic>a.: Alternaria alternate, A.f.: Alcaligenes faecalis, As.f.: Aspergillus flavus, A.n.: Aspergillus niger, A.r.t.: Agrobacterium radiobacter pv. tumefaciens, B.c.: Bacillus cereus, B.m.: Bacillus megaterium, B.p.: Bacillus pumilus, B.s.: Bacillus subtilis, C.a.: Candida albicans, C.t.: Candida tropicalis, E.a.: Enterobacter aerogenes, Er.c.: Erwinia carotovora, E.c.: Escherichia coli, E.f.: Enterococcus faecalis, F.o.: Fusarium oxysporum, F.s.: Fusarium solani, K.p.: Klebsiella pneumonia, M.c.: Mycobacterium chelonae, M.l.: Micrococcus luteus, M.r.: Mucor rouxii, M.s.: Mycobacterium smegmatis, M.t.: Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294, M.x.: Mycobacterium xenopi, P.a.: Pseudomona aeruginosa, P.f.: Pseudomonas fluorescens, P.g.: Pseudomonas glycinea, P.m.: Phytopathogenic molds, P.p.: Pseudomonas putida, P.s.: Pseudomonas syringae, P.v.: Proteus vulgaris, R.s.: Rhizoctonia solani, Rh.s.: Rhizopus solani, S.a.: Staphylococcus aureus, S.b.: Shigella boydii, S.c.: Staphylococcus coagulase, S.d.: Shigella dysenteriae, S.e.: Salmonella enteritidis, S.e.: Staphylococcus epidermidis, S.f.: Shigella flexneri, St.f.: Streptococcus faecalis, S.h.: Streptococcus haemolyticus, S.l.: Sarcina lutea, S.s.: Shigella shiga, S.t.: Salmonella typhimurium, Sa.t.: Salmonella typhi, and Sh.s.: Shigella sonnei</italic>. HSV-1: herpes simplex virus 1 as a representative of DNA viruses and PI-3: parainfluenza-3 virus (PI-3) as representative of RNA viruses.</p></fn><fn><p>NS: no reference standard employed and NM: not mentioned.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Terre/explor/CobaltMaghrebV1/Data/Pmc/Curation
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000491 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Curation/biblio.hfd -nk 000491 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Terre
|area= CobaltMaghrebV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Curation
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:4137549
|texte= Foeniculum vulgare Mill: A Review of Its Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Contemporary Application, and Toxicology
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Curation/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:25162032" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Curation/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a CobaltMaghrebV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.32. |  |