Increasing viscosity and inertia using a robotically-controlled pen improves handwriting in children
Identifieur interne : 001011 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 001010; suivant : 001012Increasing viscosity and inertia using a robotically-controlled pen improves handwriting in children
Auteurs : Hilla Ben-Pazi ; Abraham Ishihara ; Sahana Kukke ; Terence D. SangerSource :
- Journal of child neurology [ 0883-0738 ] ; 2009.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of mechanical properties of the pen on the quality of handwriting in children.
Twenty two school aged children, ages 8–14 years wrote in cursive using a pen attached to a robot. The robot was programmed to increase the effective weight (inertia) and stiffness (viscosity) of the pen. Speed, frequency, variability, and quality of the two handwriting samples were compared.
Increased inertia and viscosity improved handwriting quality in 85% of children (p<0.05). Handwriting quality did not correlate with changes in speed, suggesting that improvement was not due to reduced speed. Measures of movement variability remained unchanged, suggesting that improvement was not due to mechanical smoothing of pen movement by the robot. Since improvement was not explained by reduced speed or mechanical smoothing, we conclude that children alter handwriting movements in response to pen mechanics. Altered movement could be caused by changes in proprioceptive sensory feedback.
Url:
DOI: 10.1177/0883073809342592
PubMed: 19794098
PubMed Central: 2878373
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<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">8606714</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">4754</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Child Neurol</journal-id><journal-title>Journal of child neurology</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">0883-0738</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1708-8283</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">19794098</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2878373</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/0883073809342592</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">NIHMS179704</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Increasing viscosity and inertia using a robotically-controlled pen improves handwriting in children</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ben-Pazi</surname><given-names>Hilla</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><aff id="A1">Neuropediatric Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel and Department of Child Neurology, Stanford Medical Center, Stanford CA, USA</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ishihara</surname><given-names>Abraham</given-names></name><degrees>MS</degrees><aff id="A2">Department of Child Neurology, Stanford Medical Center, Stanford CA, USA</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kukke</surname><given-names>Sahana</given-names></name><degrees>MS</degrees><aff id="A3">Department of Child Neurology, Stanford Medical Center, Stanford CA, USA</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sanger</surname><given-names>Terence D</given-names></name><degrees>MD PhD</degrees><aff id="A4">Department of Child Neurology, Stanford Medical Center, Stanford CA, USA</aff></contrib></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="FN1">Corresponding author: Hilla Ben-Pazi MD, Neuropediatric Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, PO 3235, Jerusalem 91031, Israel. <email>shmaryaho@hotmail.com</email>, Telephone: +972-2-6666641, Fax: +972-2-422481</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>22</day><month>2</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>9</month><year>2009</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>6</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>1</day><month>6</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>674</fpage><lpage>680</lpage><abstract><p id="P1">The aim of this study was to determine the effect of mechanical properties of the pen on the quality of handwriting in children.</p><p id="P2">Twenty two school aged children, ages 8–14 years wrote in cursive using a pen attached to a robot. The robot was programmed to increase the effective weight (inertia) and stiffness (viscosity) of the pen. Speed, frequency, variability, and quality of the two handwriting samples were compared.</p><p id="P3">Increased inertia and viscosity improved handwriting quality in 85% of children (p<0.05). Handwriting quality did not correlate with changes in speed, suggesting that improvement was not due to reduced speed. Measures of movement variability remained unchanged, suggesting that improvement was not due to mechanical smoothing of pen movement by the robot. Since improvement was not explained by reduced speed or mechanical smoothing, we conclude that children alter handwriting movements in response to pen mechanics. Altered movement could be caused by changes in proprioceptive sensory feedback.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>handwriting</kwd><kwd>dysgraphia</kwd><kwd>rhythmic movement</kwd><kwd>robot</kwd></kwd-group><contract-num rid="NS1">R01 NS052236-04
||NS</contract-num><contract-num rid="NS1">R01 NS052236-03
||NS</contract-num><contract-sponsor id="NS1">National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke : NINDS</contract-sponsor></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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