Intervention to enhance skilled arm and hand movements after stroke: A feasibility study using a new virtual reality system
Identifieur interne : 000B59 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000B58; suivant : 000B60Intervention to enhance skilled arm and hand movements after stroke: A feasibility study using a new virtual reality system
Auteurs : Jill Campbell Stewart [États-Unis] ; Shih-Ching Yeh [États-Unis] ; Younbo Jung [États-Unis] ; Hyunjin Yoon [États-Unis] ; Maureen Whitford [États-Unis] ; Shu-Ya Chen [États-Unis] ; Lei Li [États-Unis] ; Margaret Mclaughlin [États-Unis] ; Albert Rizzo [États-Unis] ; Carolee J. Winstein [États-Unis]Source :
- Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation [ 1743-0003 ] ; 2007.
Abstract
Rehabilitation programs designed to develop skill in upper extremity (UE) function after stroke require progressive practice that engage and challenge the learner. Virtual realty (VR) provides a unique environment where the presentation of stimuli can be controlled systematically for optimal challenge by adapting task difficulty as performance improves. We describe four VR tasks that were developed and tested to improve arm and hand movement skills for individuals with hemiparesis.
Two participants with chronic post-stroke paresis and different levels of motor severity attended 12 training sessions lasting 1 to 2 hours each over a 3-week period. Behavior measures and questionnaires were administered pre-, mid-, and post-training.
Both participants improved VR task performance across sessions. The less impaired participant averaged more time on task, practiced a greater number of blocks per session, and progressed at a faster rate over sessions than the more impaired participant. Impairment level did not change but both participants improved functional ability after training. The less impaired participant increased the number of blocks moved on the Box & Blocks test while the more impaired participant achieved 4 more items on the Functional Test of the Hemiparetic UE.
Two participants with differing motor severity were able to engage in VR based practice and improve performance over 12 training sessions. We were able to successfully provide individualized, progressive practice based on each participant's level of movement ability and rate of performance improvement.
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DOI: 10.1186/1743-0003-4-21
PubMed: 17587459
PubMed Central: 1929111
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Intervention to enhance skilled arm and hand movements after stroke: A feasibility study using a new virtual reality system</title><author><name sortKey="Stewart, Jill Campbell" sort="Stewart, Jill Campbell" uniqKey="Stewart J" first="Jill Campbell" last="Stewart">Jill Campbell Stewart</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy at the School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy at the School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yeh, Shih Ching" sort="Yeh, Shih Ching" uniqKey="Yeh S" first="Shih-Ching" last="Yeh">Shih-Ching Yeh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jung, Younbo" sort="Jung, Younbo" uniqKey="Jung Y" first="Younbo" last="Jung">Younbo Jung</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Annenburg School for Communication and Integrated Media Systems Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Annenburg School for Communication and Integrated Media Systems Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yoon, Hyunjin" sort="Yoon, Hyunjin" uniqKey="Yoon H" first="Hyunjin" last="Yoon">Hyunjin Yoon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Whitford, Maureen" sort="Whitford, Maureen" uniqKey="Whitford M" first="Maureen" last="Whitford">Maureen Whitford</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy at the School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy at the School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Shu Ya" sort="Chen, Shu Ya" uniqKey="Chen S" first="Shu-Ya" last="Chen">Shu-Ya Chen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy at the School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy at the School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Lei" sort="Li, Lei" uniqKey="Li L" first="Lei" last="Li">Lei Li</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mclaughlin, Margaret" sort="Mclaughlin, Margaret" uniqKey="Mclaughlin M" first="Margaret" last="Mclaughlin">Margaret Mclaughlin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Annenburg School for Communication and Integrated Media Systems Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Annenburg School for Communication and Integrated Media Systems Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rizzo, Albert" sort="Rizzo, Albert" uniqKey="Rizzo A" first="Albert" last="Rizzo">Albert Rizzo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Institute for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Winstein, Carolee J" sort="Winstein, Carolee J" uniqKey="Winstein C" first="Carolee J" last="Winstein">Carolee J. Winstein</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy at the School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy at the School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I5">Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">17587459</idno><idno type="pmc">1929111</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1929111</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:1929111</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/1743-0003-4-21</idno><date when="2007">2007</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000B59</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000B59</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Intervention to enhance skilled arm and hand movements after stroke: A feasibility study using a new virtual reality system</title><author><name sortKey="Stewart, Jill Campbell" sort="Stewart, Jill Campbell" uniqKey="Stewart J" first="Jill Campbell" last="Stewart">Jill Campbell Stewart</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy at the School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy at the School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yeh, Shih Ching" sort="Yeh, Shih Ching" uniqKey="Yeh S" first="Shih-Ching" last="Yeh">Shih-Ching Yeh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jung, Younbo" sort="Jung, Younbo" uniqKey="Jung Y" first="Younbo" last="Jung">Younbo Jung</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Annenburg School for Communication and Integrated Media Systems Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Annenburg School for Communication and Integrated Media Systems Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yoon, Hyunjin" sort="Yoon, Hyunjin" uniqKey="Yoon H" first="Hyunjin" last="Yoon">Hyunjin Yoon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Whitford, Maureen" sort="Whitford, Maureen" uniqKey="Whitford M" first="Maureen" last="Whitford">Maureen Whitford</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy at the School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy at the School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Shu Ya" sort="Chen, Shu Ya" uniqKey="Chen S" first="Shu-Ya" last="Chen">Shu-Ya Chen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy at the School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy at the School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Lei" sort="Li, Lei" uniqKey="Li L" first="Lei" last="Li">Lei Li</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mclaughlin, Margaret" sort="Mclaughlin, Margaret" uniqKey="Mclaughlin M" first="Margaret" last="Mclaughlin">Margaret Mclaughlin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Annenburg School for Communication and Integrated Media Systems Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Annenburg School for Communication and Integrated Media Systems Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rizzo, Albert" sort="Rizzo, Albert" uniqKey="Rizzo A" first="Albert" last="Rizzo">Albert Rizzo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Institute for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Winstein, Carolee J" sort="Winstein, Carolee J" uniqKey="Winstein C" first="Carolee J" last="Winstein">Carolee J. Winstein</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy at the School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy at the School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I5">Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation</title><idno type="eISSN">1743-0003</idno><imprint><date when="2007">2007</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Rehabilitation programs designed to develop skill in upper extremity (UE) function after stroke require progressive practice that engage and challenge the learner. Virtual realty (VR) provides a unique environment where the presentation of stimuli can be controlled systematically for optimal challenge by adapting task difficulty as performance improves. We describe four VR tasks that were developed and tested to improve arm and hand movement skills for individuals with hemiparesis.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods"><title>Methods</title><p>Two participants with chronic post-stroke paresis and different levels of motor severity attended 12 training sessions lasting 1 to 2 hours each over a 3-week period. Behavior measures and questionnaires were administered pre-, mid-, and post-training.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Both participants improved VR task performance across sessions. The less impaired participant averaged more time on task, practiced a greater number of blocks per session, and progressed at a faster rate over sessions than the more impaired participant. Impairment level did not change but both participants improved functional ability after training. The less impaired participant increased the number of blocks moved on the Box & Blocks test while the more impaired participant achieved 4 more items on the Functional Test of the Hemiparetic UE.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Two participants with differing motor severity were able to engage in VR based practice and improve performance over 12 training sessions. We were able to successfully provide individualized, progressive practice based on each participant's level of movement ability and rate of performance improvement.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Neuroengineering Rehabil</journal-id><journal-title>Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation</journal-title><issn pub-type="epub">1743-0003</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name><publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">17587459</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">1929111</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1743-0003-4-21</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1743-0003-4-21</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Intervention to enhance skilled arm and hand movements after stroke: A feasibility study using a new virtual reality system</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib id="A1" corresp="yes" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stewart</surname><given-names>Jill Campbell</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>jcstewar@usc.edu</email></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yeh</surname><given-names>Shih-Ching</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref><email>shihchiy@usc.edu</email></contrib><contrib id="A3" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jung</surname><given-names>Younbo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">3</xref><email>younboju@usc.edu</email></contrib><contrib id="A4" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yoon</surname><given-names>Hyunjin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref><email>hiy@usc.edu</email></contrib><contrib id="A5" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Whitford</surname><given-names>Maureen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>whitford@usc.edu</email></contrib><contrib id="A6" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Shu-Ya</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>shuyache@usc.edu</email></contrib><contrib id="A7" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Lei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref><email>leil@usc.edu</email></contrib><contrib id="A8" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>McLaughlin</surname><given-names>Margaret</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">3</xref><email>mmclaugh@usc.edu</email></contrib><contrib id="A9" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rizzo</surname><given-names>Albert</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4">4</xref><email>arizzo@usc.edu</email></contrib><contrib id="A10" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Winstein</surname><given-names>Carolee J</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5">5</xref><email>winstein@usc.edu</email></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><label>1</label>Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy at the School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</aff><aff id="I2"><label>2</label>Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</aff><aff id="I3"><label>3</label>Annenburg School for Communication and Integrated Media Systems Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</aff><aff id="I4"><label>4</label>Institute for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</aff><aff id="I5"><label>5</label>Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2007</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>6</month><year>2007</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><fpage>21</fpage><lpage>21</lpage><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.jneuroengrehab.com/content/4/1/21"></ext-link><history><date date-type="received"><day>13</day><month>3</month><year>2007</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>23</day><month>6</month><year>2007</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2007 Stewart et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2007</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Stewart et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"><p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"></ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p><pmc-comment>
Stewart
Campbell
Jill
jcstewar@usc.edu
Intervention to enhance skilled arm and hand movements after stroke: A feasibility study using a new virtual reality system
2007 Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 4(1): 21-. (2007) 1743-0003(2007)4:1<21> urn:ISSN:1743-0003
</license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>Rehabilitation programs designed to develop skill in upper extremity (UE) function after stroke require progressive practice that engage and challenge the learner. Virtual realty (VR) provides a unique environment where the presentation of stimuli can be controlled systematically for optimal challenge by adapting task difficulty as performance improves. We describe four VR tasks that were developed and tested to improve arm and hand movement skills for individuals with hemiparesis.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods"><title>Methods</title><p>Two participants with chronic post-stroke paresis and different levels of motor severity attended 12 training sessions lasting 1 to 2 hours each over a 3-week period. Behavior measures and questionnaires were administered pre-, mid-, and post-training.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Both participants improved VR task performance across sessions. The less impaired participant averaged more time on task, practiced a greater number of blocks per session, and progressed at a faster rate over sessions than the more impaired participant. Impairment level did not change but both participants improved functional ability after training. The less impaired participant increased the number of blocks moved on the Box & Blocks test while the more impaired participant achieved 4 more items on the Functional Test of the Hemiparetic UE.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Two participants with differing motor severity were able to engage in VR based practice and improve performance over 12 training sessions. We were able to successfully provide individualized, progressive practice based on each participant's level of movement ability and rate of performance improvement.</p></sec></abstract></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Background</title><p>Neurorehabilitation after stroke may include interventions designed to improve functional upper extremity (UE) skills through task-related practice. While amount of practice is an important variable for motor learning [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>], variations in direction, timing and speed are needed to optimize the development of skill [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>]. Virtual reality (VR) is a promising modality for the creation of favorable practice environments for neurorehabilitation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>].</p><p>The purpose of this pilot trial was to determine the feasibility of providing individualized, progressive practice of skilled UE arm and hand movements after stroke using VR based tasks. We developed 4 tasks that allowed control of multiple parameters for the purpose of promoting motor skill learning by varying movement direction and speed. We investigated the feasibility of implementing an intervention tailored to each individual's level of movement ability and rate of progression over 12 practice sessions. Preliminary results are reported for two participants with different motor severity.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods"><title>Methods</title><sec><title>Participants</title><p>Six individuals with hemiparesis were recruited; two with different motor severity were selected for case presentation. Potential participants were screened for inclusion: 1) stroke at least 1 month prior; 2) more than 18 years of age; 3) Mini-Mental Status Exam score ≥ 24; 4) no significant range of motion limitations in the hemiparetic UE; and 5) voluntary movement control to perform the VR tasks. Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref> includes demographic details for Subjects 102 (severe impairment) and 103 (moderate impairment).</p><table-wrap position="float" id="T1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Participant Demographic Information</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><td align="center">Subject ID</td><td align="center">Level of Motor Severity</td><td align="center">Age (years)</td><td align="center">Sex</td><td align="center">Time Since Stroke (months)</td><td align="center">Type of Stroke</td><td align="center">Side of Lesion/Paretic Limb</td><td align="center">Hand Dominance Prior to Stroke</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center">102</td><td align="center">Severe</td><td align="center">88</td><td align="center">F</td><td align="center">29</td><td align="center">Infarct</td><td align="center">Right/Left</td><td align="center">Right</td></tr><tr><td align="center">103</td><td align="center">Moderate</td><td align="center">73</td><td align="center">M</td><td align="center">30</td><td align="center">Infarct</td><td align="center">Right/Left</td><td align="center">Right</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></sec><sec><title>Virtual Reality System and Environment</title><p>All tasks were displayed using a desktop personal computer and shutter glasses (StereoGraphics) to provide a three-dimensional view of stimuli. To interact with the VR environment in three of the tasks, a 6 degree-of-freedom (DOF) magnetic tracker (Flock of Birds, Ascension Technology) was attached to the participant's hand or to a held object. The fourth task, 'Pinch', was performed using two PHANToM devices (SensAble Technologies) reconfigured to work together. PHANToM 1 was a Premium 1.5/3 DOF model fit with a thimble gimbal replacing the stylus and attached to the end of the index finger. PHANToM 2 was a 6 DOF model with the stylus placed in the web space of the hand and secured to the thumb with an elastic band (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1A</xref>). VR tasks were programmed using C++ with Open GL and Ghost libraries.</p><fig position="float" id="F1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p><bold>'Pinch' Task</bold>. A) View of starting position for 'Pinch' including PHANToM device configuration used to calibrate the coordinate system in the virtual environment. Index finger and thumb were held 7 cm apart and parallel to the table. B) View of 'Pinch' scene. Initially, the task required the subject to pick up a cube and place it into a window on the back wall of an enclosed room. Due to technical difficulties, the task was modified. In the new version, the participant picks the object up from the floor, lifts it to a specified height, and places it back on the floor with control. Haptic feedback is provided to both fingers via the PHANToM devices such that the participant has the sense of lifting a real object with mass. There were 10 trials per block; each trial was configured using 8 parameters: cube width (20–40 mm); cube height (20–40 mm); cube length (20–40 mm); mass (50–150 g); dynamic friction (0.5–1.0); static friction (0.5–1.0); stiffness (0.5–1.0); and lift height (20–80 mm). A maximum of 30 seconds was allowed for each trial.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1743-0003-4-21-1"></graphic></fig><p>Four VR 'games' developed at the University of Southern California Integrated Media Systems Center were adapted to address specific motor deficits common after stroke and to provide a challenging and engaging practice environment. <bold>'Reaching' </bold>requires the participant to reach for static cubes and 'hit' one cube at a time in a participant-selected order (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2A</xref>). <bold>'Ball Shooting' </bold>requires the participant to reach and intercept a ball shot from a wall. Both of these tasks were mapped to the individual by presenting stimuli in relation to his/her shoulder location (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2B</xref>). <bold>'Rotation' </bold>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>] enables forearm pronation and supination movements (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref>). <bold>'Pinch' </bold>enables a precision grasp between the thumb and index finger and requires the participant to pick up a cube (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1B</xref>). Summary feedback was provided to the participant after the completion of each practice block (10 to 20 trials) in the form of trial success rate and total time.</p><fig position="float" id="F2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p><bold>'Reaching' Task</bold>. A) View of 'Reaching' scene. Each practice block contains 20 cubes (1 cube = 1 trial) presented in relation to each participant's shoulder position. A "virtual hand" corresponds to the location and movement of the paretic hand via a magnetic marker placed either in the palmar surface of a glove or directly onto the dorsum of the hand at the 3<sup>rd </sup>metacarpal head. Both visual and auditory feedback indicates successful collision of the "virtual hand" with a cube. B) Interface for practice trial configuration. Pitch angle, yaw angle, and percentage of arm length (distance from the acromion to the radial styloid with the elbow extended) were chosen for each cube within a practice block. Practice blocks were designed to address reaching ability using arm lengths ranging from 10% to 120%. A similar interface was used to develop 'Ball Shooting' practice blocks.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1743-0003-4-21-2"></graphic></fig><fig position="float" id="F3"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p><bold>'Rotation' Task</bold>. The virtual environment consists of two cube configurations that are identical in composition but different in orientation. The participant rotates and laterally moves the green cubes to superimpose them onto the static blue cubes by matching their orientation. Movement of the green cubes is controlled by a magnetic marker attached to a cylinder held in the paretic hand or directly onto the dorsum of the hand at the 3<sup>rd </sup>metacarpal head. Blocks were configured to require progressively greater amounts of supination ranging from 15° to 150° (from a start position of full pronation). Each practice block contained 20 trials, 10 requiring supination and 10 requiring pronation. A maximum of 60 seconds was allowed for each trial.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1743-0003-4-21-3"></graphic></fig></sec><sec><title>Outcome Measures</title><p>Behavioral assessments were administered pre-, mid-, and post-training. Severity of motor deficit was determined with the UE portion of the Fugl-Meyer (FM) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>], an impairment-based measure. Functional ability was evaluated with the Functional Test of the Hemiparetic UE (FTHUE) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>] where the individual completes progressively more difficult functional tasks and the Box and Block test (B&B) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>] which requires one to grasp and move 2.5 cm blocks over a 10.8 cm tall barrier. The Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) was administered pre- and post-training to assess participation and health status [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>].</p></sec><sec><title>Procedure</title><p>Each participant attended 12 training sessions lasting 1–2 hrs/day over 3 weeks. A physical or occupational therapist was present during each session to run diagnostic tests and chose practice blocks and task parameters with the goal to maintain a moderate level of difficulty. If necessary, the therapist provided assistance for task completion, protected joint structures, and/or promoted movement quality.</p></sec></sec><sec><title>Results</title><sec><title>VR Task Performance</title><p>Both participants completed all 12 VR practice sessions. Subject 102 (more impaired) was unable to perform 'Pinch' and required physical guidance to complete the other three tasks. Subject 103 (less impaired) practiced all four tasks independently with only occasional assistance. Subject 103 had 18.5% more total training time (7.95 vs. 6.48 hours) and averaged more time on task (39.76 ± 9.38 vs. 32.40 ± 9.3 minutes) and performed a greater number of practice blocks (16.17 ± 4.71 vs. 4.67 ± 1.50 blocks) per training session than did Subject 102.</p><p>Subject 103 practiced 'Reaching' blocks targeting 30% to 120% of arm length while Subject 102 practiced blocks ranging from 30% to 50% of arm length. We compared performance on two blocks over practice (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">2</xref>). While the participant with less motor impairment completed the blocks in less time at both time points, both participants reduced block completion time with practice. In 'Ball Shooting', both participants performed blocks that ranged from 10% to 100% of arm length and averaged a greater than 75% success rate at intercepting the ball. Initial diagnostic test results prescribed similar starting ball speed for both participants (0.745 and 0.861 m/s). Practice difficulty was systematically progressed based on individual performance allowing Subject 103 to practice at higher ball speeds (0.745 – 7.011 m/s) over training sessions than Subject 102 (0.861 – 1.650 m/s).</p><table-wrap position="float" id="T2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Time in Seconds to Complete 'Reaching' Blocks Early and Late in Practice</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><td></td><td align="center" colspan="3">30% Arm Length</td><td align="center" colspan="3">50% Arm Length</td></tr><tr><td align="center">Subject ID</td><td align="center">Early</td><td align="center">Late</td><td align="center">% Change</td><td align="center">Early</td><td align="center">Late</td><td align="center">% Change</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center">102</td><td align="center">749.15<break></break>(Day 2)</td><td align="center">306.71<break></break>(Day 12)</td><td align="center">-59.1</td><td align="center">697.57<break></break>(Day 2)</td><td align="center">402.50<break></break>(Day 6)</td><td align="center">-42.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center">103</td><td align="center">118.29<break></break>(Day 1)</td><td align="center">41.39<break></break>(Day 9)</td><td align="center">-65.0</td><td align="center">127.82<break></break>(Day 4)</td><td align="center">46.34<break></break>(Day 9)</td><td align="center">-63.7</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>For 'Rotation', both participants began practice on Day 1 with blocks targeting 45° of supination based on diagnostic results. By Day 12, Subject 103 performed blocks targeting a larger supination range (90°) while Subject 102 continued with practice targeting 45°. Finally, Subject 103 was able to practice 'Pinch' while Subject 102 could not. Subject 103 practiced grasping and lifting cubes of various sizes (20 & 40 mm) and weights (50, 100, & 150 g) to the maximal lift height (80 mm).</p></sec><sec><title>Outcome Measures</title><p>Physical practice in the virtual environment generalized to different behavioral changes for the two participants (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">3</xref>). Subject 103 showed no change in impairment score (UE FM) but did show functional improvements in grasp and release (B&B, 20% improvement). FTHUE score was unchanged likely due to the ceiling effect at pre-test. Subject 102 did not change impairment level (UE FM) or functional grasp and release (B&B). However, Subject 102 demonstrated a 30% improvement on the FTHUE by completing 4 additional tasks after training. Subject 102 reported less difficulty with arm and hand use after training as measured by the Hand Domain of the SIS, while Subject 103 reported no change.</p><table-wrap position="float" id="T3"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Summary of Behavioral Measures</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><td></td><td align="center" colspan="3">UE FM Motor Score<break></break>(66 max)</td><td align="center" colspan="3">FTHUE Score*<break></break>(18 max)</td><td align="center" colspan="3">Box & Block**<break></break>(Mean # Blocks)</td><td align="center" colspan="2">SIS Hand Domain<break></break>(100 max)</td></tr><tr><td align="center">Subject ID</td><td align="center">Pre</td><td align="center">Mid</td><td align="center">Post</td><td align="center">Pre</td><td align="center">Mid</td><td align="center">Post</td><td align="center">Pre</td><td align="center">Mid</td><td align="center">Post</td><td align="center">Pre</td><td align="center">Post</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center">102</td><td align="center">21</td><td align="center">22</td><td align="center">22</td><td align="center">8</td><td align="center">8</td><td align="center">12</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">0</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">5</td><td align="center">35</td></tr><tr><td align="center">103</td><td align="center">41</td><td align="center">43</td><td align="center">43</td><td align="center">18</td><td align="center">17</td><td align="center">18</td><td align="center">32</td><td align="center">37</td><td align="center">40</td><td align="center">50</td><td align="center">50</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>UE FM: Upper Extremity Fugl-Meyer; FTHUE: Functional Test of the Hemiparetic Upper Extremity; SIS: Stroke Impact Scale</p><p>*FTHUE score represents the number of tasks completed.</p><p>**B&B value represents the mean of 3 1-minute attempts.</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>In this report, we describe a newly developed VR system designed to promote UE movement skill in individuals recovering from hemiparesis. Two participants with differing motor severity were able to engage in VR based practice and improve performance over 12 training sessions. We were able to successfully tailor and progress practice content and task difficulty based on each participant's level of movement ability and rate of performance improvement. The feedback provided by the system was useful to the supervising therapist in setting goals, monitoring change in performance, grading task difficulty, and demonstrating performance change to the participant.</p><p>Others have reported improvement in UE movement capability in individuals recovering from stroke after training in a virtual environment. Merians et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>] found improvements in hand function following 2 to 3 weeks of training on VR tasks. The tasks used in those studies focused primarily on hand and finger ability. Our system includes only one task that addresses hand function ('Pinch'), specifically a thumb and index finger pinch, with additional requirements that the grasp be coordinated with a reach movement. Holden et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>] also demonstrated improved UE function in individuals post-stroke after training reaching movements in a virtual environment. The system used by Holden et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>] made use of a "virtual teacher" to demonstrate optimal task completion and provide guidance to the user. We did not provide guidance during task performance but provided summary feedback at the completion of each practice block (10 to 20 trials) in order to engage the participant in anticipatory motor planning and problem solving throughout practice.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The VR system and tasks described in this pilot study provided a challenging practice environment that allowed individually-tailored practice progression. Future work is underway to further validate task design and configuration, develop hypothesis-driven algorithms for optimal task progression, evaluate transfer and persistence of training to real world activities, and incorporate more gaming features.</p></sec><sec><title>Competing interests</title><p>The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.</p></sec><sec><title>Authors' contributions</title><p>JCS participated in system design, data analysis and interpretation, and drafted the manuscript. SY, YJ, HJ, and LL participated in system design and data analysis. MW and SC designed and coordinated the experimental protocol and assisted with data collection, analysis, and interpretation. MM and AR conceived of the study and helped in system design, data analysis, and data interpretation. CJW conceived of the study and helped in system design, design of the experimental protocol, data analysis, interpretation, and revision of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.</p></sec></body><back><ack><sec><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>This work was supported by the Interdisciplinary Study of Neuroplasticity and Stroke Rehabilitation (ISNSR), an NIH Exploratory Center for Interdisciplinary Research (Grant # P20 RR20700-01) and the Integrated Media Systems Center, an NSF Engineering Research Center (Cooperative Agreement # EEC-9529152), both at the University of Southern California. 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