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Using psychophysics to ask if the brain samples or maximizes

Identifieur interne : 000218 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000217; suivant : 000219

Using psychophysics to ask if the brain samples or maximizes

Auteurs : Daniel E. Acuna [États-Unis] ; Max Berniker [États-Unis] ; Hugo L. Fernandes [États-Unis, Portugal] ; Konrad P. Kording [États-Unis]

Source :

Journal of Vision [ 1534-7362 ] ; 2015.

RBID : PMC:4357487

Abstract

The two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) task is the workhorse of psychophysics and is used to measure the just-noticeable difference, generally assumed to accurately quantify sensory precision. However, this assumption is not true for all mechanisms of decision making. Here we derive the behavioral predictions for two popular mechanisms, sampling and maximum a posteriori, and examine how they affect the outcome of the 2AFC task. These predictions are used in a combined visual 2AFC and estimation experiment. Our results strongly suggest that subjects use a maximum a posteriori mechanism. Further, our derivations and experimental paradigm establish the already standard 2AFC task as a behavioral tool for measuring how humans make decisions under uncertainty.

Url:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4357487

DOI: 10.1167/15.3.7
PubMed: 25767093
PubMed Central: 4357487

Affiliations:

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Le document en format XML

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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) task is the workhorse of psychophysics and is used to measure the just-noticeable difference, generally assumed to accurately quantify sensory precision. However, this assumption is not true for all mechanisms of decision making. Here we derive the behavioral predictions for two popular mechanisms, sampling and <italic>maximum a posteriori</italic>
, and examine how they affect the outcome of the 2AFC task. These predictions are used in a combined visual 2AFC and estimation experiment. Our results strongly suggest that subjects use a <italic>maximum a posteriori</italic>
 mechanism. Further, our derivations and experimental paradigm establish the already standard 2AFC task as a behavioral tool for measuring how humans make decisions under uncertainty.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
  <front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Vis</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Vis</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">jov</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">jov</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JOV</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Vision</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1534-7362</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25767093</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4357487</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1167/15.3.7</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="sici">jovi-15-04-03</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">MS#: JOV-04271-2014</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Using psychophysics to ask if the brain samples or maximizes</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Acuna</surname>
<given-names>Daniel E.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="n1011">*</xref>
<email>daniel.acuna@northwestern.edu</email>
<uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="scienceofscience.org">scienceofscience.org</uri>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Berniker</surname>
<given-names>Max</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="n1011">*</xref>
<email>mbernike@uic.edu</email>
<uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="sensorimotorcontrolatorium.uic.edu">sensorimotorcontrolatorium.uic.edu</uri>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fernandes</surname>
<given-names>Hugo L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="n1011">*</xref>
<email>hugoguh@gmail.com</email>
<uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://klab.smpp.northwestern.edu/wiki/index.php5/Hugo_Fernandes">http://klab.smpp.northwestern.edu/wiki/index.php5/Hugo_Fernandes</uri>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kording</surname>
<given-names>Konrad P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
<email>kk@northwestern.edu</email>
<uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://klab.smpp.northwestern.edu/wiki/index.php5/Konrad_Kording">http://klab.smpp.northwestern.edu/wiki/index.php5/Konrad_Kording</uri>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">Sensory Motor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA</aff>
<aff id="aff2">Biomedical Engineering, Robert R. McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA</aff>
<aff id="aff3">Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA</aff>
<aff id="aff4">Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA</aff>
<aff id="aff5">PDBC, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal</aff>
<aff id="aff6">Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes><fn id="n1011" fn-type="equal"><label>*</label>
<p>Asterisk indicates that authors contributed equally.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>3</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>15</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<elocation-id>7</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>29</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>27</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2015 ARVO</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2015</copyright-year>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="i1534-7362-15-3-7.pdf"></self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:role="icon" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="15.3.7.gif"></self-uri>
<abstract><p>The two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) task is the workhorse of psychophysics and is used to measure the just-noticeable difference, generally assumed to accurately quantify sensory precision. However, this assumption is not true for all mechanisms of decision making. Here we derive the behavioral predictions for two popular mechanisms, sampling and <italic>maximum a posteriori</italic>
, and examine how they affect the outcome of the 2AFC task. These predictions are used in a combined visual 2AFC and estimation experiment. Our results strongly suggest that subjects use a <italic>maximum a posteriori</italic>
 mechanism. Further, our derivations and experimental paradigm establish the already standard 2AFC task as a behavioral tool for measuring how humans make decisions under uncertainty.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><title>Keywords</title>
<kwd><italic>decision-making</italic>
</kwd>
<kwd><italic>psychophysics</italic>
</kwd>
<kwd><italic>Bayesian</italic>
</kwd>
<kwd><italic>sampling</italic>
</kwd>
<kwd><italic>maximum a posteriori</italic>
</kwd>
<kwd><italic>two-alternative forced choice (2AFC)</italic>
</kwd>
<kwd><italic>just-noticeable difference (JND)</italic>
</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Portugal</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region><li>Illinois</li>
</region>
</list>
<tree><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Illinois"><name sortKey="Acuna, Daniel E" sort="Acuna, Daniel E" uniqKey="Acuna D" first="Daniel E." last="Acuna">Daniel E. Acuna</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Acuna, Daniel E" sort="Acuna, Daniel E" uniqKey="Acuna D" first="Daniel E." last="Acuna">Daniel E. Acuna</name>
<name sortKey="Berniker, Max" sort="Berniker, Max" uniqKey="Berniker M" first="Max" last="Berniker">Max Berniker</name>
<name sortKey="Berniker, Max" sort="Berniker, Max" uniqKey="Berniker M" first="Max" last="Berniker">Max Berniker</name>
<name sortKey="Fernandes, Hugo L" sort="Fernandes, Hugo L" uniqKey="Fernandes H" first="Hugo L." last="Fernandes">Hugo L. Fernandes</name>
<name sortKey="Fernandes, Hugo L" sort="Fernandes, Hugo L" uniqKey="Fernandes H" first="Hugo L." last="Fernandes">Hugo L. Fernandes</name>
<name sortKey="Kording, Konrad P" sort="Kording, Konrad P" uniqKey="Kording K" first="Konrad P." last="Kording">Konrad P. Kording</name>
<name sortKey="Kording, Konrad P" sort="Kording, Konrad P" uniqKey="Kording K" first="Konrad P." last="Kording">Konrad P. Kording</name>
<name sortKey="Kording, Konrad P" sort="Kording, Konrad P" uniqKey="Kording K" first="Konrad P." last="Kording">Konrad P. Kording</name>
</country>
<country name="Portugal"><noRegion><name sortKey="Fernandes, Hugo L" sort="Fernandes, Hugo L" uniqKey="Fernandes H" first="Hugo L." last="Fernandes">Hugo L. Fernandes</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Fernandes, Hugo L" sort="Fernandes, Hugo L" uniqKey="Fernandes H" first="Hugo L." last="Fernandes">Hugo L. Fernandes</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>

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Using psychophysics to ask if the brain samples or maximizes

Using psychophysics to ask if the brain samples or maximizes

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