Biological warfare, bioterrorism, and biocrime
Identifieur interne : 000888 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000887; suivant : 000889Biological warfare, bioterrorism, and biocrime
Auteurs : H. J. Jansen ; F. J. Breeveld ; C. Stijnis ; M. P. GrobuschSource :
- Clinical Microbiology and Infection [ 1198-743X ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Biological weapons achieve their intended target effects through the infectivity of disease‐causing infectious agents. The ability to use biological agents in warfare is prohibited by the
Url:
DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12699
PubMed: 24890710
PubMed Central: 7129974
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<p>Biological weapons achieve their intended target effects through the infectivity of disease‐causing infectious agents. The ability to use biological agents in warfare is prohibited by the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">B</styled-content>
iological and <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">T</styled-content>
oxin <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">W</styled-content>
eapon <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">C</styled-content>
onvention. Bioterrorism is defined as the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria or other agents used to cause illness or death in people, but also in animals or plants. It is aimed at creating casualties, terror, societal disruption, or economic loss, inspired by ideological, religious or political beliefs. The success of bioterroristic attempts is defined by the measure of societal disruption and panic, and not necessarily by the sheer number of casualties. Thus, making only a few individuals ill by the use of crude methods may be sufficient, as long as it creates the impact that is aimed for. The assessment of bioterrorism threats and motives have been described before. Biocrime implies the use of a biological agent to kill or make ill a single individual or small group of individuals, motivated by revenge or the desire for monetary gain by extortion, rather than by political, ideological, religious or other beliefs. The likelihood of a successful bioterrorist attack is not very large, given the technical difficulties and constraints. However, even if the number of casualties is likely to be limited, the impact of a bioterrorist attack can still be high. Measures aimed at enhancing diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities and capacities alongside training and education will improve the ability of society to combat ‘regular’ infectious diseases outbreaks, as well as mitigating the effects of bioterrorist attacks.</p>
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<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Clin. Microbiol. Infect</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1111/(ISSN)1469-0691</journal-id>
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<title-group><article-title>Biological warfare, bioterrorism, and biocrime</article-title>
<alt-title alt-title-type="left-running-head">Jansen <italic>et al</italic>
.</alt-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib id="clm12699-cr-0001" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jansen</surname>
<given-names>H. J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="clm12699-aff-0001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
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<contrib id="clm12699-cr-0002" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Breeveld</surname>
<given-names>F. J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="clm12699-aff-0002"><sup>2</sup>
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<contrib id="clm12699-cr-0003" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stijnis</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="clm12699-aff-0001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="clm12699-aff-0002"><sup>2</sup>
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<contrib id="clm12699-cr-0004" contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Grobusch</surname>
<given-names>M. P.</given-names>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="clm12699-aff-0002"><sup>2</sup>
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<aff id="clm12699-aff-0001"><label><sup>1</sup>
</label>
<named-content content-type="organisation-division">Expertise Centre Force Health Protection</named-content>
<institution>Ministry of Defence</institution>
<city>Doorn</city>
<country country="NL">The Netherlands</country>
</aff>
<aff id="clm12699-aff-0002"><label><sup>2</sup>
</label>
<named-content content-type="organisation-division">Centre of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine</named-content>
<named-content content-type="organisation-division">Academic Medical Centre</named-content>
<institution>University of Amsterdam</institution>
<city>Amsterdam</city>
<country country="NL">the Netherlands</country>
</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="correspondenceTo"><label>*</label>
<bold>Corresponding author:</bold>
M. P. Grobusch, Centre of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22700, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DE Amsterdam, the Netherlands<break></break>
<bold>E‐mail:</bold>
<email>m.p.grobusch@amc.uva.nl</email>
<break></break>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day>
<month>7</month>
<year>2014</year>
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<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>6</month>
<year>2014</year>
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<volume>20</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/clm.2014.20.issue-6</issue-id>
<fpage>488</fpage>
<lpage>496</lpage>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>28</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>24</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2014</year>
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<date date-type="accepted"><day>26</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2014</year>
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<permissions><pmc-comment> Clinical Microbiology and Infection © 2014 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases </pmc-comment>
<copyright-statement content-type="article-copyright">© 2014 The Authors Clinical Microbiology and Infection © 2014 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases</copyright-statement>
<license><license-p>This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.</license-p>
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<abstract id="clm12699-abs-0001"><title>Abstract</title>
<p>Biological weapons achieve their intended target effects through the infectivity of disease‐causing infectious agents. The ability to use biological agents in warfare is prohibited by the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">B</styled-content>
iological and <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">T</styled-content>
oxin <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">W</styled-content>
eapon <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">C</styled-content>
onvention. Bioterrorism is defined as the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria or other agents used to cause illness or death in people, but also in animals or plants. It is aimed at creating casualties, terror, societal disruption, or economic loss, inspired by ideological, religious or political beliefs. The success of bioterroristic attempts is defined by the measure of societal disruption and panic, and not necessarily by the sheer number of casualties. Thus, making only a few individuals ill by the use of crude methods may be sufficient, as long as it creates the impact that is aimed for. The assessment of bioterrorism threats and motives have been described before. Biocrime implies the use of a biological agent to kill or make ill a single individual or small group of individuals, motivated by revenge or the desire for monetary gain by extortion, rather than by political, ideological, religious or other beliefs. The likelihood of a successful bioterrorist attack is not very large, given the technical difficulties and constraints. However, even if the number of casualties is likely to be limited, the impact of a bioterrorist attack can still be high. Measures aimed at enhancing diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities and capacities alongside training and education will improve the ability of society to combat ‘regular’ infectious diseases outbreaks, as well as mitigating the effects of bioterrorist attacks.</p>
</abstract>
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<notes><p content-type="self-citation"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="clm12699-cit-1001"><source xml:lang="en">Clin Microbiol Infect</source>
<year>2014</year>
; <volume>20</volume>
: <fpage>488</fpage>
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<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24890710</pub-id>
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