Environmentally Transmitted Pathogens
Identifieur interne : 001307 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 001306; suivant : 001308Environmentally Transmitted Pathogens
Auteurs : Charles P. GerbaSource :
- Environmental Microbiology ; 2009.
Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms usually originate from an infected host or directly from the environment; however, only a small proportion of these microbes cause infection. This chapter discusses the pathogens that are transmitted through the environment such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Many human pathogens can be transmitted only by direct or close contact with an infected person or animal such as herpesvirus. Virus transmission by the airborne route may be both direct and indirect inhalation of infectious droplets or through contact with contaminated fomites. Water-borne diseases—such as yellow fever, dengue, filariasis, malaria, onchocerciasis, and sleeping sicknessare transmitted by insects that breed in water or live near water. The common bacterial pathogens transmitted through water include
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-370519-8.00022-5
PubMed: NONE
PubMed Central: 7173582
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
- to stream Pmc, to step Corpus: 000226
- to stream Pmc, to step Curation: 000226
- to stream Pmc, to step Checkpoint: 000902
Links to Exploration step
PMC:7173582Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Environmentally Transmitted Pathogens</title><author><name sortKey="Gerba, Charles P" sort="Gerba, Charles P" uniqKey="Gerba C" first="Charles P." last="Gerba">Charles P. Gerba</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmc">7173582</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173582</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7173582</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/B978-0-12-370519-8.00022-5</idno><idno type="pmid">NONE</idno><date when="2009">2009</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000226</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000226</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000226</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000226</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000902</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000902</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">001307</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Environmentally Transmitted Pathogens</title><author><name sortKey="Gerba, Charles P" sort="Gerba, Charles P" uniqKey="Gerba C" first="Charles P." last="Gerba">Charles P. Gerba</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Environmental Microbiology</title><imprint><date when="2009">2009</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Publisher Summary</title><p>Pathogenic microorganisms usually originate from an infected host or directly from the environment; however, only a small proportion of these microbes cause infection. This chapter discusses the pathogens that are transmitted through the environment such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Many human pathogens can be transmitted only by direct or close contact with an infected person or animal such as herpesvirus. Virus transmission by the airborne route may be both direct and indirect inhalation of infectious droplets or through contact with contaminated fomites. Water-borne diseases—such as yellow fever, dengue, filariasis, malaria, onchocerciasis, and sleeping sicknessare transmitted by insects that breed in water or live near water. The common bacterial pathogens transmitted through water include <italic>Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Shigella, Campylobacter, Yersinia, Vibrio, Helicobacter,</italic> and <italic>Legionella</italic>. Opportunistic pathogens are also numerous in the environment, and the most important opportunistic pathogen is <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>. Viruses are a leading cause of gastroenteritis and water-borne outbreaks may be caused by norovirus, hepatitis A virus, Coxsackie virus, echovirus, and adenoviruses. Respiratory diseases are also associated with a large number of viruses such as rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus, and adenovirus. Generally, viral and protozoan pathogens survive longer in the environment than enteric bacterial pathogens.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Adam, R" uniqKey="Adam R">R. Adam</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Allen, M J" uniqKey="Allen M">M.J. Allen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Geldreich, E E" uniqKey="Geldreich E">E.E. Geldreich</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Atkinson, R L" uniqKey="Atkinson R">R.L. Atkinson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dhurandhar, N V" uniqKey="Dhurandhar N">N.V. Dhurandhar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Allison, D B" uniqKey="Allison D">D.B. Allison</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bowen, R L" uniqKey="Bowen R">R.L. Bowen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Israel, B A" uniqKey="Israel B">B.A. Israel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Albu, J B" uniqKey="Albu J">J.B. Albu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Augustus, A S" uniqKey="Augustus A">A.S. Augustus</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bagdasar Yan, G A" uniqKey="Bagdasar Yan G">G.A. Bagdasar'yan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abieva, R M" uniqKey="Abieva R">R.M. Abieva</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Balayan, M S" uniqKey="Balayan M">M.S. Balayan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baumann, P" uniqKey="Baumann P">P. Baumann</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bifulco, J M" uniqKey="Bifulco J">J.M. Bifulco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shirey, J J" uniqKey="Shirey J">J.J. Shirey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bissonnette, G K" uniqKey="Bissonnette G">G.K. Bissonnette</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bingham, A K" uniqKey="Bingham A">A.K. Bingham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jarroll, E" uniqKey="Jarroll E">E. Jarroll</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, E" uniqKey="Meyer E">E. Meyer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Blaser, M J" uniqKey="Blaser M">M.J. Blaser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, P F" uniqKey="Smith P">P.F. Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, W L L" uniqKey="Wang W">W.L.L. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hoff, J C" uniqKey="Hoff J">J.C. Hoff</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bradley, D W" uniqKey="Bradley D">D.W. Bradley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brudastov, A N" uniqKey="Brudastov A">A.N. Brudastov</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lemelev, V R" uniqKey="Lemelev V">V.R. Lemelev</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kholnukhanedov, S K" uniqKey="Kholnukhanedov S">S.K. Kholnukhanedov</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krasnos, L N" uniqKey="Krasnos L">L.N. Krasnos</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Buckland, F E" uniqKey="Buckland F">F.E. Buckland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tyrrell, D A" uniqKey="Tyrrell D">D.A. Tyrrell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Burden, D J" uniqKey="Burden D">D.J. Burden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Whitehead, A" uniqKey="Whitehead A">A. Whitehead</name></author><author><name sortKey="Green, E A" uniqKey="Green E">E.A. Green</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcfadzean, J A" uniqKey="Mcfadzean J">J.A. McFadzean</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beer, R" uniqKey="Beer R">R. Beer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Burns, D" uniqKey="Burns D">D. Burns</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wallace, R J" uniqKey="Wallace R">R.J. Wallace</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schultz, M E" uniqKey="Schultz M">M.E. Schultz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Y" uniqKey="Zhang Y">Y. Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zubairi, S Q" uniqKey="Zubairi S">S.Q. Zubairi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pang, Y" uniqKey="Pang Y">Y. Pang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gibert, C L" uniqKey="Gibert C">C.L. Gibert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, B A" uniqKey="Brown B">B.A. Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Noel, E S" uniqKey="Noel E">E.S. Noel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gordin, F M" uniqKey="Gordin F">F.M. Gordin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Carmichael, W W" uniqKey="Carmichael W">W.W. Carmichael</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Carter, A M" uniqKey="Carter A">A.M. Carter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pacha, R E" uniqKey="Pacha R">R.E. Pacha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clark, G W" uniqKey="Clark G">G.W. Clark</name></author><author><name sortKey="Williams, E A" uniqKey="Williams E">E.A. Williams</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Centers For Disease Control" uniqKey="Centers For Disease Control">Centers for Disease Control</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Centers For Disease Control" uniqKey="Centers For Disease Control">Centers for Disease Control</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Centers For Disease Control" uniqKey="Centers For Disease Control">Centers for Disease Control</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chin, D P" uniqKey="Chin D">D.P. Chin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hopewell, P C" uniqKey="Hopewell P">P.C. Hopewell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yajko, D M" uniqKey="Yajko D">D.M. Yajko</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vittinghoff, E" uniqKey="Vittinghoff E">E. Vittinghoff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Horsburgh, C R" uniqKey="Horsburgh C">C.R. Horsburgh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hadley, W K" uniqKey="Hadley W">W.K. Hadley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stone, E N" uniqKey="Stone E">E.N. Stone</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nassos, P S" uniqKey="Nassos P">P.S. Nassos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ostroff, S M" uniqKey="Ostroff S">S.M. Ostroff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jacobson, M A" uniqKey="Jacobson M">M.A. Jacobson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Matkin, C C" uniqKey="Matkin C">C.C. Matkin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reingold, A L" uniqKey="Reingold A">A.L. Reingold</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Clayton, M" uniqKey="Clayton M">M. Clayton</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Collins, C H" uniqKey="Collins C">C.H. Collins</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grange, J M" uniqKey="Grange J">J.M. Grange</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yates, M D" uniqKey="Yates M">M.D. Yates</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Couch, R B" uniqKey="Couch R">R.B. Couch</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Craun, G F" uniqKey="Craun G">G.F. Craun</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Craun, G" uniqKey="Craun G">G. Craun</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Craun, G F" uniqKey="Craun G">G.F. Craun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Calderon, R L" uniqKey="Calderon R">R.L. Calderon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Craun, M F" uniqKey="Craun M">M.F. Craun</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cruz, J R" uniqKey="Cruz J">J.R. Cruz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bartlett, A V" uniqKey="Bartlett A">A.V. Bartlett</name></author><author><name sortKey="Herrmann, J E" uniqKey="Herrmann J">J.E. Herrmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Caceres, P" uniqKey="Caceres P">P. Caceres</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blacklow, N R" uniqKey="Blacklow N">N.R. Blacklow</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cano, F" uniqKey="Cano F">F. Cano</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Curry, A" uniqKey="Curry A">A. Curry</name></author><author><name sortKey="Canning, E" uniqKey="Canning E">E. Canning</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Divizia, M" uniqKey="Divizia M">M. Divizia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gabrieli, R" uniqKey="Gabrieli R">R. Gabrieli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Donia, D" uniqKey="Donia D">D. Donia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macaluso, A" uniqKey="Macaluso A">A. Macaluso</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bosch, A" uniqKey="Bosch A">A. Bosch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guix, S" uniqKey="Guix S">S. Guix</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez, G" uniqKey="Sanchez G">G. Sanchez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Villena, C" uniqKey="Villena C">C. Villena</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pinto, R M" uniqKey="Pinto R">R.M. Pinto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Palombi, L" uniqKey="Palombi L">L. Palombi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Buonuomo, E" uniqKey="Buonuomo E">E. Buonuomo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cenko, F" uniqKey="Cenko F">F. Cenko</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leno, L" uniqKey="Leno L">L. Leno</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bebeci, D" uniqKey="Bebeci D">D. Bebeci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bino, S" uniqKey="Bino S">S. Bino</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dubey, J P" uniqKey="Dubey J">J.P. Dubey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dubey, J P" uniqKey="Dubey J">J.P. Dubey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beattie, C P" uniqKey="Beattie C">C.P. Beattie</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Enriquez, C E" uniqKey="Enriquez C">C.E. Enriquez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hurst, C J" uniqKey="Hurst C">C.J. Hurst</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gerba, C P" uniqKey="Gerba C">C.P. Gerba</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Erlandsen, S L" uniqKey="Erlandsen S">S.L. Erlandsen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Erlandsen, S" uniqKey="Erlandsen S">S. Erlandsen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sherlock, L" uniqKey="Sherlock L">L. Sherlock</name></author><author><name sortKey="Januschka, M" uniqKey="Januschka M">M. Januschka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schupp, D" uniqKey="Schupp D">D. Schupp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schaefer, F" uniqKey="Schaefer F">F. Schaefer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jakubowski, W" uniqKey="Jakubowski W">W. Jakubowski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bemrick, W J" uniqKey="Bemrick W">W.J. Bemrick</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Falcao, D P" uniqKey="Falcao D">D.P. Falcao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Valentini, S R" uniqKey="Valentini S">S.R. Valentini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leite, C Q F" uniqKey="Leite C">C.Q.F. Leite</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Falconer, I R" uniqKey="Falconer I">I.R. Falconer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Runnegar, M T C" uniqKey="Runnegar M">M.T.C. Runnegar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Buckley, T" uniqKey="Buckley T">T. Buckley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huyn, V L" uniqKey="Huyn V">V.L. Huyn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bradshaw, P" uniqKey="Bradshaw P">P. Bradshaw</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Feachem, R G" uniqKey="Feachem R">R.G. Feachem</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bradley, D J" uniqKey="Bradley D">D.J. Bradley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garelick, H" uniqKey="Garelick H">H. Garelick</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mara, D D" uniqKey="Mara D">D.D. Mara</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fields, B S" uniqKey="Fields B">B.S. Fields</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shotts, E B" uniqKey="Shotts E">E.B. Shotts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Feeley, J C" uniqKey="Feeley J">J.C. Feeley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gorman, G W" uniqKey="Gorman G">G.W. Gorman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, W T" uniqKey="Martin W">W.T. Martin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Frank, A L" uniqKey="Frank A">A.L. Frank</name></author><author><name sortKey="Taber, L H" uniqKey="Taber L">L.H. Taber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wells, C R" uniqKey="Wells C">C.R. Wells</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wells, J M" uniqKey="Wells J">J.M. Wells</name></author><author><name sortKey="Glezen, W P" uniqKey="Glezen W">W.P. Glezen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paredes, A" uniqKey="Paredes A">A. Paredes</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Freedman, D O" uniqKey="Freedman D">D.O. Freedman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Frenkel, J K" uniqKey="Frenkel J">J.K. Frenkel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ruiz, A" uniqKey="Ruiz A">A. Ruiz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chinchilla, M" uniqKey="Chinchilla M">M. Chinchilla</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gerba, C P" uniqKey="Gerba C">C.P. Gerba</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kayed, D" uniqKey="Kayed D">D. Kayed</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Giai Nobel Y Hoc" uniqKey="Giai Nobel Y Hoc">Giai Nobel Y hoc</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ginsberg, H S" uniqKey="Ginsberg H">H.S. Ginsberg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ginsberg, M" uniqKey="Ginsberg M">M. Ginsberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Keenan, K" uniqKey="Keenan K">K. Keenan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thompson, M" uniqKey="Thompson M">M. Thompson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anders, B" uniqKey="Anders B">B. Anders</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Goslee, S" uniqKey="Goslee S">S. Goslee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wolinsky, E" uniqKey="Wolinsky E">E. Wolinsky</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gupta, A" uniqKey="Gupta A">A. Gupta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Polyak, C S" uniqKey="Polyak C">C.S. Polyak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bishop, R D" uniqKey="Bishop R">R.D. Bishop</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sobel, J" uniqKey="Sobel J">J. Sobel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mintz, E D" uniqKey="Mintz E">E.D. Mintz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gwaltney, J M" uniqKey="Gwaltney J">J.M. Gwaltney</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hawley, H B" uniqKey="Hawley H">H.B. Hawley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morin, D P" uniqKey="Morin D">D.P. Morin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Geraghty, M E" uniqKey="Geraghty M">M.E. Geraghty</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tomkow, J" uniqKey="Tomkow J">J. Tomkow</name></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, A" uniqKey="Phillips A">A. Phillips</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hegarty, J P" uniqKey="Hegarty J">J.P. Hegarty</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dowd, M T" uniqKey="Dowd M">M.T. Dowd</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baker, K H" uniqKey="Baker K">K.H. Baker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hendley, J O" uniqKey="Hendley J">J.O. Hendley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wenzel, R P" uniqKey="Wenzel R">R.P. Wenzel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gwaltney, J M" uniqKey="Gwaltney J">J.M. Gwaltney</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Herwaldt, B L" uniqKey="Herwaldt B">B.L. Herwaldt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Craun, G F" uniqKey="Craun G">G.F. Craun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stokes, S L" uniqKey="Stokes S">S.L. Stokes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Juranek, D D" uniqKey="Juranek D">D.D. Juranek</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hibler, C" uniqKey="Hibler C">C. Hibler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hancock, C" uniqKey="Hancock C">C. Hancock</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hopkins, D R" uniqKey="Hopkins D">D.R. Hopkins</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Horwitz, M S" uniqKey="Horwitz M">M.S. Horwitz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huang, P" uniqKey="Huang P">P. Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wever, W" uniqKey="Wever W">W. Wever</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sosin, D" uniqKey="Sosin D">D. Sosin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Griffin, P" uniqKey="Griffin P">P. Griffin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Long, E" uniqKey="Long E">E. Long</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murphy, J" uniqKey="Murphy J">J. Murphy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kocka, F" uniqKey="Kocka F">F. Kocka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peters, C" uniqKey="Peters C">C. Peters</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kallick, C" uniqKey="Kallick C">C. Kallick</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hughes, H P A" uniqKey="Hughes H">H.P.A. Hughes</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hurst, C J" uniqKey="Hurst C">C.J. Hurst</name></author><author><name sortKey="Benton, W H" uniqKey="Benton W">W.H. Benton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcclellan, K A" uniqKey="Mcclellan K">K.A. McClellan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Isaac Renton, J" uniqKey="Isaac Renton J">J. Isaac-Renton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Corderio, C" uniqKey="Corderio C">C. Corderio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sarafis, K" uniqKey="Sarafis K">K. Sarafis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shahriar, H" uniqKey="Shahriar H">H. Shahriar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Izaguirre, G" uniqKey="Izaguirre G">G. Izaguirre</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jepsen, A" uniqKey="Jepsen A">A. Jepsen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roth, H" uniqKey="Roth H">H. Roth</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jiang, X" uniqKey="Jiang X">X. Jiang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Graham, D Y" uniqKey="Graham D">D.Y. Graham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, K" uniqKey="Wang K">K. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Estes, M K" uniqKey="Estes M">M.K. Estes</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="John, D T" uniqKey="John D">D.T. John</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Johnson, D C" uniqKey="Johnson D">D.C. Johnson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reynolds, K A" uniqKey="Reynolds K">K.A. Reynolds</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gerba, C P" uniqKey="Gerba C">C.P. Gerba</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pepper, I L" uniqKey="Pepper I">I.L. Pepper</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rose, J B" uniqKey="Rose J">J.B. Rose</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Johnson, D C" uniqKey="Johnson D">D.C. Johnson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Enriquez, C E" uniqKey="Enriquez C">C.E. Enriquez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pepper, I L" uniqKey="Pepper I">I.L. Pepper</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davis, T L" uniqKey="Davis T">T.L. Davis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gerba, C P" uniqKey="Gerba C">C.P. Gerba</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rose, J B" uniqKey="Rose J">J.B. Rose</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jones, A R" uniqKey="Jones A">A.R. Jones</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bartlett, J" uniqKey="Bartlett J">J. Bartlett</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mccormack, J G" uniqKey="Mccormack J">J.G. McCormack</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kapikian, A Z" uniqKey="Kapikian A">A.Z. Kapikian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wyatt, R G" uniqKey="Wyatt R">R.G. Wyatt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dolin, R" uniqKey="Dolin R">R. Dolin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thornhill, T S" uniqKey="Thornhill T">T.S. Thornhill</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kalica, A R" uniqKey="Kalica A">A.R. Kalica</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chanock, R M" uniqKey="Chanock R">R.M. Chanock</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kappus, K D" uniqKey="Kappus K">K.D. Kappus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lundgren, R G" uniqKey="Lundgren R">R.G. Lundgren</name></author><author><name sortKey="Juranek, D D" uniqKey="Juranek D">D.D. Juranek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, J M" uniqKey="Roberts J">J.M. Roberts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spencer, H C" uniqKey="Spencer H">H.C. Spencer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kemp, J S" uniqKey="Kemp J">J.S. Kemp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wright, S E" uniqKey="Wright S">S.E. Wright</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bukhari, Z" uniqKey="Bukhari Z">Z. Bukhari</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Klein, P D" uniqKey="Klein P">P.D. Klein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Graham, D Y" uniqKey="Graham D">D.Y. Graham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gaillour, A" uniqKey="Gaillour A">A. Gaillour</name></author><author><name sortKey="Opekun, A R" uniqKey="Opekun A">A.R. Opekun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, E O" uniqKey="Smith E">E.O. Smith</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Knight, P" uniqKey="Knight P">P. Knight</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kurtz, J B" uniqKey="Kurtz J">J.B. Kurtz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, T W" uniqKey="Lee T">T.W. Lee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lechevallier, M W" uniqKey="Lechevallier M">M.W. LeChevallier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seidler, R J" uniqKey="Seidler R">R.J. Seidler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Evans, T M" uniqKey="Evans T">T.M. Evans</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lee, L A" uniqKey="Lee L">L.A. Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shapiro, C N" uniqKey="Shapiro C">C.N. Shapiro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hargrett Bean, N" uniqKey="Hargrett Bean N">N. Hargrett-Bean</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tauxe, R V" uniqKey="Tauxe R">R.V. Tauxe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lee, T W" uniqKey="Lee T">T.W. Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kurtz, J B" uniqKey="Kurtz J">J.B. Kurtz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lipp, E K" uniqKey="Lipp E">E.K. Lipp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hug, A" uniqKey="Hug A">A. Hug</name></author><author><name sortKey="Colwell, R R" uniqKey="Colwell R">R.R. Colwell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lucey, D R" uniqKey="Lucey D">D.R. Lucey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maguire, J H" uniqKey="Maguire J">J.H. Maguire</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mackenzie, W" uniqKey="Mackenzie W">W. MacKenzie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hoxie, N" uniqKey="Hoxie N">N. Hoxie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Proctor, M" uniqKey="Proctor M">M. Proctor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gradus, M" uniqKey="Gradus M">M. Gradus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blair, K" uniqKey="Blair K">K. Blair</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peterson, D" uniqKey="Peterson D">D. Peterson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kazmierczak, J" uniqKey="Kazmierczak J">J. Kazmierczak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Addiss, D" uniqKey="Addiss D">D. Addiss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fox, K" uniqKey="Fox K">K. Fox</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rose, J" uniqKey="Rose J">J. Rose</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davis, J" uniqKey="Davis J">J. Davis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mahl, M C" uniqKey="Mahl M">M.C. Mahl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sadler, C" uniqKey="Sadler C">C. Sadler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Margolis, H S" uniqKey="Margolis H">H.S. Margolis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alter, M J" uniqKey="Alter M">M.J. Alter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hadler, S C" uniqKey="Hadler S">S.C. Hadler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marrie, T J" uniqKey="Marrie T">T.J. Marrie</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mbithi, J N" uniqKey="Mbithi J">J.N. Mbithi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Springthorpe, V S" uniqKey="Springthorpe V">V.S. Springthorpe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sattar, S A" uniqKey="Sattar S">S.A. Sattar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mchenry, R" uniqKey="Mchenry R">R. McHenry</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bartlett, M S" uniqKey="Bartlett M">M.S. Bartlett</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lehman, G A" uniqKey="Lehman G">G.A. Lehman</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Conner, K W" uniqKey="O Conner K">K.W. O'Conner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mcinstosh, K" uniqKey="Mcinstosh K">K. McInstosh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mcorist, S" uniqKey="Mcorist S">S. McOrist</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boid, R" uniqKey="Boid R">R. Boid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, T" uniqKey="Jones T">T. Jones</name></author><author><name sortKey="Easterbee, N" uniqKey="Easterbee N">N. Easterbee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hubbard, A" uniqKey="Hubbard A">A. Hubbard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jarrett, O" uniqKey="Jarrett O">O. Jarrett</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Meenhorst, P L" uniqKey="Meenhorst P">P.L. Meenhorst</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reingold, A L" uniqKey="Reingold A">A.L. Reingold</name></author><author><name sortKey="Groothuis, D G" uniqKey="Groothuis D">D.G. Groothuis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gorman, G W" uniqKey="Gorman G">G.W. Gorman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wilkinson, H W" uniqKey="Wilkinson H">H.W. Wilkinson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mckinney, R M" uniqKey="Mckinney R">R.M. McKinney</name></author><author><name sortKey="Feeley, J C" uniqKey="Feeley J">J.C. Feeley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brenner, D J" uniqKey="Brenner D">D.J. Brenner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Furth, R V" uniqKey="Furth R">R.V. Furth</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Meng, Q S" uniqKey="Meng Q">Q.S. Meng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gerba, C P" uniqKey="Gerba C">C.P. Gerba</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Messner, M J" uniqKey="Messner M">M.J. Messner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chappell, C L" uniqKey="Chappell C">C.L. Chappell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Okhuysen, P C" uniqKey="Okhuysen P">P.C. Okhuysen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Miller, W S" uniqKey="Miller W">W.S. Miller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Artenstein, M S" uniqKey="Artenstein M">M.S. Artenstein</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mmwr" uniqKey="Mmwr">MMWR</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Moffat, J E" uniqKey="Moffat J">J.E. Moffat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tompkins, L S" uniqKey="Tompkins L">L.S. Tompkins</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Morens, D M" uniqKey="Morens D">D.M. Morens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pallansch, M A" uniqKey="Pallansch M">M.A. Pallansch</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Morgan, D R" uniqKey="Morgan D">D.R. Morgan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, P C" uniqKey="Johnson P">P.C. Johnson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dupont, H L" uniqKey="Dupont H">H.L. DuPont</name></author><author><name sortKey="Satterwhite, T K" uniqKey="Satterwhite T">T.K. Satterwhite</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wood, L V" uniqKey="Wood L">L.V. Wood</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mullens, A" uniqKey="Mullens A">A. Mullens</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Murphy, B R" uniqKey="Murphy B">B.R. Murphy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Webster, R G" uniqKey="Webster R">R.G. Webster</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Narayan, L V" uniqKey="Narayan L">L.V. Narayan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nunez, W J" uniqKey="Nunez W">W.J. Nunez</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nguyen, A M" uniqKey="Nguyen A">A.M. Nguyen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Engstrand, L" uniqKey="Engstrand L">L. Engstrand</name></author><author><name sortKey="Genta, R M" uniqKey="Genta R">R.M. Genta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Graham, D Y" uniqKey="Graham D">D.Y. Graham</name></author><author><name sortKey="El Zaatari, F A" uniqKey="El Zaatari F">F.A. el-Zaatari</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nuorti, J P" uniqKey="Nuorti J">J.P. Nuorti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Niskanen, T" uniqKey="Niskanen T">T. Niskanen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hallanvuo, S" uniqKey="Hallanvuo S">S. Hallanvuo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mikkola, J" uniqKey="Mikkola J">J. Mikkola</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kela, E" uniqKey="Kela E">E. Kela</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ataca, M" uniqKey="Ataca M">M. Ataca</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fredriksson Ahomaa, M" uniqKey="Fredriksson Ahomaa M">M. Fredriksson-Ahomaa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lyytikainen, O" uniqKey="Lyytikainen O">O. Lyytikainen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Siitonen, A" uniqKey="Siitonen A">A. Siitonen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Korkeala, H" uniqKey="Korkeala H">H. Korkeala</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ruutu, P" uniqKey="Ruutu P">P. Ruutu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ortega, Y" uniqKey="Ortega Y">Y. Ortega</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sterling, C" uniqKey="Sterling C">C. Sterling</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gilman, R" uniqKey="Gilman R">R. Gilman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cama, V" uniqKey="Cama V">V. Cama</name></author><author><name sortKey="Diaz, F" uniqKey="Diaz F">F. Diaz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Payment, P" uniqKey="Payment P">P. Payment</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gamache, F" uniqKey="Gamache F">F. Gamache</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paquette, G" uniqKey="Paquette G">G. Paquette</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pepper, I L" uniqKey="Pepper I">I.L. Pepper</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gerba, C P" uniqKey="Gerba C">C.P. Gerba</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brusseau, M L" uniqKey="Brusseau M">M.L. Brusseau</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Phillip, R" uniqKey="Phillip R">R. Phillip</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, M" uniqKey="Brown M">M. Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bell, R" uniqKey="Bell R">R. Bell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Francis, F" uniqKey="Francis F">F. Francis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rabenau, H F" uniqKey="Rabenau H">H.F. Rabenau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cinatl, J" uniqKey="Cinatl J">J. Cinatl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morgenstern, B" uniqKey="Morgenstern B">B. Morgenstern</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bauer, G" uniqKey="Bauer G">G. Bauer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Preiser, W" uniqKey="Preiser W">W. Preiser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Doerr, H W" uniqKey="Doerr H">H.W. Doerr</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Reavis, C" uniqKey="Reavis C">C. Reavis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rabold, J" uniqKey="Rabold J">J. Rabold</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hoge, C" uniqKey="Hoge C">C. Hoge</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shlim, D" uniqKey="Shlim D">D. Shlim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rolle Kampczyk, U E" uniqKey="Rolle Kampczyk U">U.E. Rolle-Kampczyk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fritz, G J" uniqKey="Fritz G">G.J. Fritz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Diez, U" uniqKey="Diez U">U. Diez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lehmann, I" uniqKey="Lehmann I">I. Lehmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Richter, M" uniqKey="Richter M">M. Richter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Herbarth, O" uniqKey="Herbarth O">O. Herbarth</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rollins, D M" uniqKey="Rollins D">D.M. Rollins</name></author><author><name sortKey="Colwell, R R" uniqKey="Colwell R">R.R. Colwell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Samuel, M C" uniqKey="Samuel M">M.C. Samuel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vugia, D J" uniqKey="Vugia D">D.J. Vugia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shallow, S" uniqKey="Shallow S">S. Shallow</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marcus, R" uniqKey="Marcus R">R. Marcus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seglar, S" uniqKey="Seglar S">S. Seglar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcgivern, T" uniqKey="Mcgivern T">T. McGivern</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kessenborg, H" uniqKey="Kessenborg H">H. Kessenborg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reilly, K" uniqKey="Reilly K">K. Reilly</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kennedy, M" uniqKey="Kennedy M">M. Kennedy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Angulo, F" uniqKey="Angulo F">F. Angulo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tauxe, R V" uniqKey="Tauxe R">R.V. Tauxe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Savioli, L" uniqKey="Savioli L">L. Savioli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Renganathan, E" uniqKey="Renganathan E">E. Renganathan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Montresor, A" uniqKey="Montresor A">A. Montresor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davis, A" uniqKey="Davis A">A. Davis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Behbehani, K" uniqKey="Behbehani K">K. Behbehani</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, G" uniqKey="Schmidt G">G. Schmidt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, L" uniqKey="Roberts L">L. Roberts</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schwartz, D R" uniqKey="Schwartz D">D.R. Schwartz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bryan, R T" uniqKey="Bryan R">R.T. Bryan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weber, R" uniqKey="Weber R">R. Weber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Visvesvara, G" uniqKey="Visvesvara G">G. Visvesvara</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Skeels, M R" uniqKey="Skeels M">M.R. Skeels</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sokolow, R" uniqKey="Sokolow R">R. Sokolow</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hubbard, C V" uniqKey="Hubbard C">C.V. Hubbard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Foster, L R" uniqKey="Foster L">L.R. Foster</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Soave, R N" uniqKey="Soave R">R.N. Soave</name></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, W" uniqKey="Johnson W">W. Johnson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="States, S J" uniqKey="States S">S.J. States</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kuchta, J M" uniqKey="Kuchta J">J.M. Kuchta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Conley, L F" uniqKey="Conley L">L.F. Conley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wolford, R S" uniqKey="Wolford R">R.S. Wolford</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wadowsky, R M" uniqKey="Wadowsky R">R.M. Wadowsky</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yee, R B" uniqKey="Yee R">R.B. Yee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stephen, C" uniqKey="Stephen C">C. Stephen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Naines, D" uniqKey="Naines D">D. Naines</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bellinger, T" uniqKey="Bellinger T">T. Bellinger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Atkinson, K" uniqKey="Atkinson K">K. Atkinson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schwantje, H" uniqKey="Schwantje H">H. Schwantje</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tacket, C O" uniqKey="Tacket C">C.O. Tacket</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brenner, F" uniqKey="Brenner F">F. Brenner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blake, P A" uniqKey="Blake P">P.A. Blake</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tamada, Y" uniqKey="Tamada Y">Y. Tamada</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yano, K" uniqKey="Yano K">K. Yano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yatsuhashi, H" uniqKey="Yatsuhashi H">H. Yatsuhashi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Inoue, O" uniqKey="Inoue O">O. Inoue</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mawatari, F" uniqKey="Mawatari F">F. Mawatari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ishibashi, H" uniqKey="Ishibashi H">H. Ishibashi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Thomas, J E" uniqKey="Thomas J">J.E. Thomas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gibson, G R" uniqKey="Gibson G">G.R. Gibson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Darboe, M K" uniqKey="Darboe M">M.K. Darboe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dale, A" uniqKey="Dale A">A. Dale</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weaver, L T" uniqKey="Weaver L">L.T. Weaver</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tison, D L" uniqKey="Tison D">D.L. Tison</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seidler, J" uniqKey="Seidler J">J. Seidler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Turner, P C" uniqKey="Turner P">P.C. Turner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gammie, A J" uniqKey="Gammie A">A.J. Gammie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hollinrake, K" uniqKey="Hollinrake K">K. Hollinrake</name></author><author><name sortKey="Codd, G A" uniqKey="Codd G">G.A. Codd</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ungar, B L P" uniqKey="Ungar B">B.L.P. Ungar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Voetsch, A C" uniqKey="Voetsch A">A.C. Voetsch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Gilder, T J" uniqKey="Van Gilder T">T.J. Van Gilder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Angulo, F J" uniqKey="Angulo F">F.J. Angulo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Farley, M M" uniqKey="Farley M">M.M. Farley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shallow, S" uniqKey="Shallow S">S. Shallow</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marcus, R" uniqKey="Marcus R">R. Marcus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cieslak, P R" uniqKey="Cieslak P">P.R. Cieslak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Deneen, V C" uniqKey="Deneen V">V.C. Deneen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tauxe, R V" uniqKey="Tauxe R">R.V. Tauxe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Von Reyn, C F" uniqKey="Von Reyn C">C.F. von Reyn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barber, T W" uniqKey="Barber T">T.W. Barber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arbeit, R D" uniqKey="Arbeit R">R.D. Arbeit</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sox, C H" uniqKey="Sox C">C.H. Sox</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Connor, G T" uniqKey="O Connor G">G.T. O'Connor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brindle, R J" uniqKey="Brindle R">R.J. Brindle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gilks, C F" uniqKey="Gilks C">C.F. Gilks</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hakkarainen, K" uniqKey="Hakkarainen K">K. Hakkarainen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ranki, A" uniqKey="Ranki A">A. Ranki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bartholomew, C" uniqKey="Bartholomew C">C. Bartholomew</name></author><author><name sortKey="Edwards, J" uniqKey="Edwards J">J. Edwards</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tosteson, A N A" uniqKey="Tosteson A">A.N.A. Tosteson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Magnusson, M" uniqKey="Magnusson M">M. Magnusson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Von Reyn, C F" uniqKey="Von Reyn C">C.F. von Reyn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Waddell, R D" uniqKey="Waddell R">R.D. Waddell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eaton, T" uniqKey="Eaton T">T. Eaton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arbeit, R D" uniqKey="Arbeit R">R.D. Arbeit</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maslow, J N" uniqKey="Maslow J">J.N. Maslow</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barber, T W" uniqKey="Barber T">T.W. Barber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brindle, R J" uniqKey="Brindle R">R.J. Brindle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gilks, C F" uniqKey="Gilks C">C.F. Gilks</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lumio, J" uniqKey="Lumio J">J. Lumio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lahdevirta, J" uniqKey="Lahdevirta J">J. Lahdevirta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ranke, A" uniqKey="Ranke A">A. Ranke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dawson, D" uniqKey="Dawson D">D. Dawson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Falkinham, J O" uniqKey="Falkinham J">J.O. Falkinham</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Von Reyn, C F" uniqKey="Von Reyn C">C.F. von Reyn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maslow, J N" uniqKey="Maslow J">J.N. Maslow</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barber, T W" uniqKey="Barber T">T.W. Barber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Falkinham, J O" uniqKey="Falkinham J">J.O. Falkinham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arbeit, R D" uniqKey="Arbeit R">R.D. Arbeit</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Waller, T" uniqKey="Waller T">T. Waller</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Weber, R" uniqKey="Weber R">R. Weber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bryan, R" uniqKey="Bryan R">R. Bryan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Weber, R" uniqKey="Weber R">R. Weber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bryan, R" uniqKey="Bryan R">R. Bryan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schwartz, D" uniqKey="Schwartz D">D. Schwartz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Owen, R" uniqKey="Owen R">R. Owen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="West, P M" uniqKey="West P">P.M. West</name></author><author><name sortKey="Olds, F R" uniqKey="Olds F">F.R. Olds</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="White, D O" uniqKey="White D">D.O. White</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fenner, F J" uniqKey="Fenner F">F.J. Fenner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wu, J T" uniqKey="Wu J">J.T. Wu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Juttner, F" uniqKey="Juttner F">F. Juttner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yilmaz, S M" uniqKey="Yilmaz S">S.M. Yilmaz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hopkins, S H" uniqKey="Hopkins S">S.H. Hopkins</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Young, W E" uniqKey="Young W">W.E. Young</name></author><author><name sortKey="Horth, H" uniqKey="Horth H">H. Horth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Crane, R" uniqKey="Crane R">R. Crane</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ogden, T" uniqKey="Ogden T">T. Ogden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arnott, M" uniqKey="Arnott M">M. Arnott</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zacheus, O M" uniqKey="Zacheus O">O.M. Zacheus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martikainen, P J" uniqKey="Martikainen P">P.J. Martikainen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zeman, D" uniqKey="Zeman D">D. Zeman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baskin, G" uniqKey="Baskin G">G. Baskin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="chapter-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Environmental Microbiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Environmental Microbiology</journal-title></journal-title-group></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7173582</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">B978-0-12-370519-8.00022-5</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/B978-0-12-370519-8.00022-5</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Environmentally Transmitted Pathogens</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au1"><name><surname>Gerba</surname><given-names>Charles P.</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Maier</surname><given-names>Raina M.</given-names></name></contrib><aff>Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona</aff></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Pepper</surname><given-names>Ian L.</given-names></name></contrib><aff>Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizonam, Tucson, Arizona</aff></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Gerba</surname><given-names>Charles P.</given-names></name></contrib><aff>Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>29</day><month>2</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2009</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>2</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><fpage>445</fpage><lpage>484</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2009</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Elsevier Inc.</copyright-holder><license><license-p>Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><title>Publisher Summary</title><p>Pathogenic microorganisms usually originate from an infected host or directly from the environment; however, only a small proportion of these microbes cause infection. This chapter discusses the pathogens that are transmitted through the environment such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Many human pathogens can be transmitted only by direct or close contact with an infected person or animal such as herpesvirus. Virus transmission by the airborne route may be both direct and indirect inhalation of infectious droplets or through contact with contaminated fomites. Water-borne diseases—such as yellow fever, dengue, filariasis, malaria, onchocerciasis, and sleeping sicknessare transmitted by insects that breed in water or live near water. The common bacterial pathogens transmitted through water include <italic>Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Shigella, Campylobacter, Yersinia, Vibrio, Helicobacter,</italic> and <italic>Legionella</italic>. Opportunistic pathogens are also numerous in the environment, and the most important opportunistic pathogen is <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>. Viruses are a leading cause of gastroenteritis and water-borne outbreaks may be caused by norovirus, hepatitis A virus, Coxsackie virus, echovirus, and adenoviruses. Respiratory diseases are also associated with a large number of viruses such as rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus, and adenovirus. Generally, viral and protozoan pathogens survive longer in the environment than enteric bacterial pathogens.</p></abstract></article-meta></front></pmc><affiliations><list></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Gerba, Charles P" sort="Gerba, Charles P" uniqKey="Gerba C" first="Charles P." last="Gerba">Charles P. Gerba</name></noCountry></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Sante/explor/StressCovidV1/Data/Ncbi/Merge
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 001307 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Ncbi/Merge/biblio.hfd -nk 001307 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Sante
|area= StressCovidV1
|flux= Ncbi
|étape= Merge
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:7173582
|texte= Environmentally Transmitted Pathogens
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Ncbi/Merge/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:NONE" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Ncbi/Merge/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a StressCovidV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |