Airborne Infectious Microorganisms
Identifieur interne : 000962 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000961; suivant : 000963Airborne Infectious Microorganisms
Auteurs : L. D. StetzenbachSource :
- Encyclopedia of Microbiology ; 2009.
Abstract
Inhalation exposes the upper and lower respiratory tracts of humans to a variety of airborne particles and vapors. Airborne transmission of pathogenic microorganisms to humans from the environment, animals, or other humans can result in disease. Inhalation is an important route of exposure as the lung is more susceptible to infection than the gastrointestinal tract. Ingested microorganisms must past through the acidic environment of the stomach before they can colonize tissue while inhaled microorganisms are deposited directly on the moist surfaces of the respiratory tract. Inhalation of microbial aerosols can elicit adverse human health effects including infection, allergic reaction, inflammation, and respiratory disease. Following inhalation, infectious viruses, bacteria, and fungi can establish in host cells of the respiratory tract. Some are translocated and infect the gastrointestinal tract and other tissues. This chapter discusses human viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases transmitted via aerosols. Viral diseases presented are influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) and hantavirus disease, measles, and varicella. Bacterial diseases are Legionnaires’ disease, tuberculosis, and nontubercule mycobacterial disease. Exposure to some Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, endotoxin, and actinomycetes when dispersed through the air can result in disease following inhalation. Fungal diseases included are histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcosis, and aspergillosis. The threat of bioterrorism with airborne infectious agents is also briefly presented.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012373944-5.00177-2
PubMed: NONE
PubMed Central: 7150350
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Inhalation exposes the upper and lower respiratory tracts of humans to a variety of airborne particles and vapors. Airborne transmission of pathogenic microorganisms to humans from the environment, animals, or other humans can result in disease. Inhalation is an important route of exposure as the lung is more susceptible to infection than the gastrointestinal tract. Ingested microorganisms must past through the acidic environment of the stomach before they can colonize tissue while inhaled microorganisms are deposited directly on the moist surfaces of the respiratory tract. Inhalation of microbial aerosols can elicit adverse human health effects including infection, allergic reaction, inflammation, and respiratory disease. Following inhalation, infectious viruses, bacteria, and fungi can establish in host cells of the respiratory tract. Some are translocated and infect the gastrointestinal tract and other tissues. This chapter discusses human viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases transmitted via aerosols. Viral diseases presented are influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) and hantavirus disease, measles, and varicella. Bacterial diseases are Legionnaires’ disease, tuberculosis, and nontubercule mycobacterial disease. Exposure to some Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, endotoxin, and actinomycetes when dispersed through the air can result in disease following inhalation. Fungal diseases included are histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcosis, and aspergillosis. The threat of bioterrorism with airborne infectious agents is also briefly presented.</p>
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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Encyclopedia of Microbiology</journal-id>
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<title-group><article-title>Airborne Infectious Microorganisms</article-title>
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<given-names>L.D.</given-names>
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<aff id="mc0415">University of Nevada, Las Vegas NV, USA</aff>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Schaechter</surname>
<given-names>Moselio</given-names>
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<aff>San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>17</day>
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<fpage>175</fpage>
<lpage>182</lpage>
<permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2009</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Elsevier Inc.</copyright-holder>
<license><license-p>Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.</license-p>
</license>
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<abstract><p>Inhalation exposes the upper and lower respiratory tracts of humans to a variety of airborne particles and vapors. Airborne transmission of pathogenic microorganisms to humans from the environment, animals, or other humans can result in disease. Inhalation is an important route of exposure as the lung is more susceptible to infection than the gastrointestinal tract. Ingested microorganisms must past through the acidic environment of the stomach before they can colonize tissue while inhaled microorganisms are deposited directly on the moist surfaces of the respiratory tract. Inhalation of microbial aerosols can elicit adverse human health effects including infection, allergic reaction, inflammation, and respiratory disease. Following inhalation, infectious viruses, bacteria, and fungi can establish in host cells of the respiratory tract. Some are translocated and infect the gastrointestinal tract and other tissues. This chapter discusses human viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases transmitted via aerosols. Viral diseases presented are influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) and hantavirus disease, measles, and varicella. Bacterial diseases are Legionnaires’ disease, tuberculosis, and nontubercule mycobacterial disease. Exposure to some Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, endotoxin, and actinomycetes when dispersed through the air can result in disease following inhalation. Fungal diseases included are histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcosis, and aspergillosis. The threat of bioterrorism with airborne infectious agents is also briefly presented.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>airborne infectious bacteria</kwd>
<kwd>airborne infectious fungi</kwd>
<kwd>airborne infectious viruses</kwd>
<kwd>aspergillosis</kwd>
<kwd>avian influenza</kwd>
<kwd>bioaerosol</kwd>
<kwd>bioterrorism</kwd>
<kwd>blastomycosis</kwd>
<kwd>coccidiomycosis</kwd>
<kwd>cryptococcosis</kwd>
<kwd>hantaviruses</kwd>
<kwd>histoplasmosis</kwd>
<kwd>infectious microorganisms</kwd>
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<kwd>legionnaires’ disease</kwd>
<kwd>measles</kwd>
<kwd><italic>Nocardia</italic>
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<kwd>Norwalk-like viruses</kwd>
<kwd>severe acute respiratory syndrome</kwd>
<kwd>smallpox</kwd>
<kwd>tuberculosis</kwd>
<kwd>varicella</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group><kwd>HPS, Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome</kwd>
<kwd>HVAC, Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</kwd>
<kwd>NLVs, Norwalk-like viruses</kwd>
<kwd>SARS, Severe acute respiratory syndrome</kwd>
<kwd>SARS-CoV, SARS-associated coronavirus</kwd>
<kwd>WMD, weapons of mass destruction</kwd>
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