SARS-Like Coronavirus WIV1-CoV Does Not Replicate in Egyptian Fruit Bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus)
Identifieur interne : 000524 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000523; suivant : 000525SARS-Like Coronavirus WIV1-CoV Does Not Replicate in Egyptian Fruit Bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus)
Auteurs : Neeltje Van Doremalen ; Alexandra Sch Fer ; Vineet D. Menachery ; Michael Letko ; Trenton Bushmaker ; Robert J. Fischer ; Dania M. Figueroa ; Patrick W. Hanley ; Greg Saturday ; Ralph S. Baric ; Vincent J. MunsterSource :
- Viruses [ 1999-4915 ] ; 2018.
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like WIV1-coronavirus (CoV) was first isolated from
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/v10120727
PubMed: 30572566
PubMed Central: 6316779
Affiliations:
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">SARS-Like Coronavirus WIV1-CoV Does Not Replicate in Egyptian Fruit Bats (<italic>Rousettus aegyptiacus</italic>)</title><author><name sortKey="Van Doremalen, Neeltje" sort="Van Doremalen, Neeltje" uniqKey="Van Doremalen N" first="Neeltje" last="Van Doremalen">Neeltje Van Doremalen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-10-00727">Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;<email>neeltje.vandoremalen@nih.gov</email> (N.v.D.);<email>michael.letko@nih.gov</email> (M.L.);<email>bushmakertj@niaid.nih.gov</email> (T.B.);<email>fischerro@niaid.nih.gov</email> (R.J.F.);<email>dania.figueroa@nih.gov</email> (D.M.F.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sch Fer, Alexandra" sort="Sch Fer, Alexandra" uniqKey="Sch Fer A" first="Alexandra" last="Sch Fer">Alexandra Sch Fer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-viruses-10-00727">Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;<email>aschaefe@email.unc.edu</email> (A.S.);<email>vimenach@UTMB.EDU</email> (V.D.M.);<email>rbaric@email.unc.edu</email> (R.S.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Menachery, Vineet D" sort="Menachery, Vineet D" uniqKey="Menachery V" first="Vineet D." last="Menachery">Vineet D. Menachery</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-viruses-10-00727">Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;<email>aschaefe@email.unc.edu</email> (A.S.);<email>vimenach@UTMB.EDU</email> (V.D.M.);<email>rbaric@email.unc.edu</email> (R.S.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Letko, Michael" sort="Letko, Michael" uniqKey="Letko M" first="Michael" last="Letko">Michael Letko</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-10-00727">Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;<email>neeltje.vandoremalen@nih.gov</email> (N.v.D.);<email>michael.letko@nih.gov</email> (M.L.);<email>bushmakertj@niaid.nih.gov</email> (T.B.);<email>fischerro@niaid.nih.gov</email> (R.J.F.);<email>dania.figueroa@nih.gov</email> (D.M.F.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bushmaker, Trenton" sort="Bushmaker, Trenton" uniqKey="Bushmaker T" first="Trenton" last="Bushmaker">Trenton Bushmaker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-10-00727">Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;<email>neeltje.vandoremalen@nih.gov</email> (N.v.D.);<email>michael.letko@nih.gov</email> (M.L.);<email>bushmakertj@niaid.nih.gov</email> (T.B.);<email>fischerro@niaid.nih.gov</email> (R.J.F.);<email>dania.figueroa@nih.gov</email> (D.M.F.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fischer, Robert J" sort="Fischer, Robert J" uniqKey="Fischer R" first="Robert J." last="Fischer">Robert J. Fischer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-10-00727">Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;<email>neeltje.vandoremalen@nih.gov</email> (N.v.D.);<email>michael.letko@nih.gov</email> (M.L.);<email>bushmakertj@niaid.nih.gov</email> (T.B.);<email>fischerro@niaid.nih.gov</email> (R.J.F.);<email>dania.figueroa@nih.gov</email> (D.M.F.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Figueroa, Dania M" sort="Figueroa, Dania M" uniqKey="Figueroa D" first="Dania M." last="Figueroa">Dania M. Figueroa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-10-00727">Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;<email>neeltje.vandoremalen@nih.gov</email> (N.v.D.);<email>michael.letko@nih.gov</email> (M.L.);<email>bushmakertj@niaid.nih.gov</email> (T.B.);<email>fischerro@niaid.nih.gov</email> (R.J.F.);<email>dania.figueroa@nih.gov</email> (D.M.F.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hanley, Patrick W" sort="Hanley, Patrick W" uniqKey="Hanley P" first="Patrick W." last="Hanley">Patrick W. Hanley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-viruses-10-00727">Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;<email>patrick.hanley@nih.gov</email> (P.W.H.);<email>greg.saturday@nih.gov</email> (G.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saturday, Greg" sort="Saturday, Greg" uniqKey="Saturday G" first="Greg" last="Saturday">Greg Saturday</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-viruses-10-00727">Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;<email>patrick.hanley@nih.gov</email> (P.W.H.);<email>greg.saturday@nih.gov</email> (G.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baric, Ralph S" sort="Baric, Ralph S" uniqKey="Baric R" first="Ralph S." last="Baric">Ralph S. Baric</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-viruses-10-00727">Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;<email>aschaefe@email.unc.edu</email> (A.S.);<email>vimenach@UTMB.EDU</email> (V.D.M.);<email>rbaric@email.unc.edu</email> (R.S.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Munster, Vincent J" sort="Munster, Vincent J" uniqKey="Munster V" first="Vincent J." last="Munster">Vincent J. Munster</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-10-00727">Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;<email>neeltje.vandoremalen@nih.gov</email> (N.v.D.);<email>michael.letko@nih.gov</email> (M.L.);<email>bushmakertj@niaid.nih.gov</email> (T.B.);<email>fischerro@niaid.nih.gov</email> (R.J.F.);<email>dania.figueroa@nih.gov</email> (D.M.F.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">30572566</idno><idno type="pmc">6316779</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6316779</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:6316779</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/v10120727</idno><date when="2018">2018</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001615</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001615</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">001615</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">001615</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000524</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000524</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">SARS-Like Coronavirus WIV1-CoV Does Not Replicate in Egyptian Fruit Bats (<italic>Rousettus aegyptiacus</italic>)</title><author><name sortKey="Van Doremalen, Neeltje" sort="Van Doremalen, Neeltje" uniqKey="Van Doremalen N" first="Neeltje" last="Van Doremalen">Neeltje Van Doremalen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-10-00727">Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;<email>neeltje.vandoremalen@nih.gov</email> (N.v.D.);<email>michael.letko@nih.gov</email> (M.L.);<email>bushmakertj@niaid.nih.gov</email> (T.B.);<email>fischerro@niaid.nih.gov</email> (R.J.F.);<email>dania.figueroa@nih.gov</email> (D.M.F.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sch Fer, Alexandra" sort="Sch Fer, Alexandra" uniqKey="Sch Fer A" first="Alexandra" last="Sch Fer">Alexandra Sch Fer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-viruses-10-00727">Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;<email>aschaefe@email.unc.edu</email> (A.S.);<email>vimenach@UTMB.EDU</email> (V.D.M.);<email>rbaric@email.unc.edu</email> (R.S.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Menachery, Vineet D" sort="Menachery, Vineet D" uniqKey="Menachery V" first="Vineet D." last="Menachery">Vineet D. Menachery</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-viruses-10-00727">Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;<email>aschaefe@email.unc.edu</email> (A.S.);<email>vimenach@UTMB.EDU</email> (V.D.M.);<email>rbaric@email.unc.edu</email> (R.S.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Letko, Michael" sort="Letko, Michael" uniqKey="Letko M" first="Michael" last="Letko">Michael Letko</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-10-00727">Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;<email>neeltje.vandoremalen@nih.gov</email> (N.v.D.);<email>michael.letko@nih.gov</email> (M.L.);<email>bushmakertj@niaid.nih.gov</email> (T.B.);<email>fischerro@niaid.nih.gov</email> (R.J.F.);<email>dania.figueroa@nih.gov</email> (D.M.F.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bushmaker, Trenton" sort="Bushmaker, Trenton" uniqKey="Bushmaker T" first="Trenton" last="Bushmaker">Trenton Bushmaker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-10-00727">Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;<email>neeltje.vandoremalen@nih.gov</email> (N.v.D.);<email>michael.letko@nih.gov</email> (M.L.);<email>bushmakertj@niaid.nih.gov</email> (T.B.);<email>fischerro@niaid.nih.gov</email> (R.J.F.);<email>dania.figueroa@nih.gov</email> (D.M.F.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fischer, Robert J" sort="Fischer, Robert J" uniqKey="Fischer R" first="Robert J." last="Fischer">Robert J. Fischer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-10-00727">Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;<email>neeltje.vandoremalen@nih.gov</email> (N.v.D.);<email>michael.letko@nih.gov</email> (M.L.);<email>bushmakertj@niaid.nih.gov</email> (T.B.);<email>fischerro@niaid.nih.gov</email> (R.J.F.);<email>dania.figueroa@nih.gov</email> (D.M.F.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Figueroa, Dania M" sort="Figueroa, Dania M" uniqKey="Figueroa D" first="Dania M." last="Figueroa">Dania M. Figueroa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-10-00727">Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;<email>neeltje.vandoremalen@nih.gov</email> (N.v.D.);<email>michael.letko@nih.gov</email> (M.L.);<email>bushmakertj@niaid.nih.gov</email> (T.B.);<email>fischerro@niaid.nih.gov</email> (R.J.F.);<email>dania.figueroa@nih.gov</email> (D.M.F.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hanley, Patrick W" sort="Hanley, Patrick W" uniqKey="Hanley P" first="Patrick W." last="Hanley">Patrick W. Hanley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-viruses-10-00727">Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;<email>patrick.hanley@nih.gov</email> (P.W.H.);<email>greg.saturday@nih.gov</email> (G.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saturday, Greg" sort="Saturday, Greg" uniqKey="Saturday G" first="Greg" last="Saturday">Greg Saturday</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-viruses-10-00727">Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;<email>patrick.hanley@nih.gov</email> (P.W.H.);<email>greg.saturday@nih.gov</email> (G.S.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baric, Ralph S" sort="Baric, Ralph S" uniqKey="Baric R" first="Ralph S." last="Baric">Ralph S. Baric</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-viruses-10-00727">Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;<email>aschaefe@email.unc.edu</email> (A.S.);<email>vimenach@UTMB.EDU</email> (V.D.M.);<email>rbaric@email.unc.edu</email> (R.S.B.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Munster, Vincent J" sort="Munster, Vincent J" uniqKey="Munster V" first="Vincent J." last="Munster">Vincent J. Munster</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-10-00727">Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;<email>neeltje.vandoremalen@nih.gov</email> (N.v.D.);<email>michael.letko@nih.gov</email> (M.L.);<email>bushmakertj@niaid.nih.gov</email> (T.B.);<email>fischerro@niaid.nih.gov</email> (R.J.F.);<email>dania.figueroa@nih.gov</email> (D.M.F.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Viruses</title><idno type="eISSN">1999-4915</idno><imprint><date when="2018">2018</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like WIV1-coronavirus (CoV) was first isolated from <italic>Rhinolophus sinicus</italic> bats and can use the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. In the current study, we investigate the ability of WIV1-CoV to infect <italic>Rousettus aegyptiacus</italic> bats. No clinical signs were observed throughout the experiment. Furthermore, only four oropharyngeal swabs and two respiratory tissues, isolated on day 3 post inoculation, were found positive for viral RNA. Two out of twelve bats showed a modest increase in coronavirus specific antibodies post challenge. In conclusion, WIV1-CoV was unable to cause a robust infection in <italic>Rousettus aegyptiacus</italic> bats.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Wit, E" uniqKey="De Wit E">E. De Wit</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Doremalen, N" uniqKey="Van Doremalen N">N. van Doremalen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Falzarano, D" uniqKey="Falzarano D">D. Falzarano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Munster, V J" uniqKey="Munster V">V.J. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Viruses</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Viruses</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">viruses</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Viruses</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1999-4915</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">30572566</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">6316779</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/v10120727</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">viruses-10-00727</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>SARS-Like Coronavirus WIV1-CoV Does Not Replicate in Egyptian Fruit Bats (<italic>Rousettus aegyptiacus</italic>)</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van Doremalen</surname><given-names>Neeltje</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-viruses-10-00727">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schäfer</surname><given-names>Alexandra</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-viruses-10-00727">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Menachery</surname><given-names>Vineet D.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-viruses-10-00727">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Letko</surname><given-names>Michael</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-viruses-10-00727">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bushmaker</surname><given-names>Trenton</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-viruses-10-00727">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fischer</surname><given-names>Robert J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-viruses-10-00727">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Figueroa</surname><given-names>Dania M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-viruses-10-00727">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hanley</surname><given-names>Patrick W.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-viruses-10-00727">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Saturday</surname><given-names>Greg</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-viruses-10-00727">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Baric</surname><given-names>Ralph S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-viruses-10-00727">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Munster</surname><given-names>Vincent J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-viruses-10-00727">1</xref><xref rid="c1-viruses-10-00727" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-viruses-10-00727"><label>1</label>Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;<email>neeltje.vandoremalen@nih.gov</email> (N.v.D.);<email>michael.letko@nih.gov</email> (M.L.);<email>bushmakertj@niaid.nih.gov</email> (T.B.);<email>fischerro@niaid.nih.gov</email> (R.J.F.);<email>dania.figueroa@nih.gov</email> (D.M.F.)</aff><aff id="af2-viruses-10-00727"><label>2</label>Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;<email>aschaefe@email.unc.edu</email> (A.S.);<email>vimenach@UTMB.EDU</email> (V.D.M.);<email>rbaric@email.unc.edu</email> (R.S.B.)</aff><aff id="af3-viruses-10-00727"><label>3</label>Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;<email>patrick.hanley@nih.gov</email> (P.W.H.);<email>greg.saturday@nih.gov</email> (G.S.)</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-viruses-10-00727"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>Vincent.munster@nih.gov</email>; Tel.: +1-406-375-7489</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>12</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>12</issue><elocation-id>727</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>04</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>17</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2018 by the author.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like WIV1-coronavirus (CoV) was first isolated from <italic>Rhinolophus sinicus</italic> bats and can use the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. In the current study, we investigate the ability of WIV1-CoV to infect <italic>Rousettus aegyptiacus</italic> bats. No clinical signs were observed throughout the experiment. Furthermore, only four oropharyngeal swabs and two respiratory tissues, isolated on day 3 post inoculation, were found positive for viral RNA. Two out of twelve bats showed a modest increase in coronavirus specific antibodies post challenge. In conclusion, WIV1-CoV was unable to cause a robust infection in <italic>Rousettus aegyptiacus</italic> bats.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>WIV1-CoV</kwd><kwd>coronavirus</kwd><kwd>emerging infectious diseases</kwd><kwd>animal model</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="viruses-10-00727-f001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Egyptian fruit bat ACE2 is a suitable receptor for WIV1-CoV. (<bold>A</bold>) Schematic overview of coronavirus spike proteins. (<bold>B</bold>) VSV particles pseudotyped with coronavirus spike proteins were concentrated and analyzed for spike incorporation by Western blot. (<bold>C</bold>) BHK cells were transfected with coronavirus receptors and infected with pseudotyped particles in triplicate. (<bold>D</bold>) BHK cells were transfected with ACE2 plasmids and inoculated with WIV1-CoV at a MOI of 0.01, 24 h after transfection. Supernatants were harvested at 0, and 48 hpi and viral titers were determined by endpoint titration in quadruplicate in VeroE6 cells.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-10-00727-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="viruses-10-00727-f002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>ACE2 immunohistochemistry of (<bold>A</bold>) nasal turbinate—400×, multifocal apical immunoreactivity in ciliated epithelial cells (arrows); (<bold>B</bold>) trachea—400×, negative immunostaining; (<bold>C</bold>) lung—400×, multifocal cytoplasmic endothelial cell immunoreactivity (arrowheads): (<bold>D</bold>) kidney—200×, multifocal cytoplasmic endothelial cell immunoreactivity (arrowheads); (<bold>E</bold>) stomach—400×, multifocal cytoplasmic endothelial cell immunoreactivity (arrowheads): (<bold>F</bold>) intestine—100×, diffuse immunoreactivity of brush border.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-10-00727-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="viruses-10-00727-f003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Disease symptoms, shedding and tissue tropism after inoculation with WIV1-CoV. (<bold>A</bold>) Relative weight change and (<bold>B</bold>) body temperature change in Egyptian fruit bats following inoculation with WIV1-CoV. (<bold>C</bold>) Viral RNA in oropharyngeal, rectal, and urogenital swabs obtained daily. (<bold>D</bold>) Lung:body weight ratio of Egyptian fruit bats at 3, 7, and 28 dpi. (<bold>E</bold>) Viral RNA load in tissues obtained 3 dpi (<italic>N</italic> = 4 bats).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-10-00727-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="viruses-10-00727-f004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Hematology of Egyptian fruit bats inoculated with WIV1-CoV. Pre-challenge values (black) were obtained at D-95 (<italic>N</italic> = 12) and D-2 (<italic>N</italic> = 11). Post-challenge values were obtained at 3 dpi (red), 7 dpi (blue), and 28 dpi (green). All values were measured using the IDEXX ProCyte DX Analyzer. Dotted line = average of pre-challenge values.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-10-00727-g004"></graphic></fig><fig id="viruses-10-00727-f005" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Serology titers in sera obtained pre- and post-challenge. ELISA assays were performed using SARS-CoV proteins N and S. Bats with an increase in serology titer are shown in bold.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-10-00727-g005"></graphic></fig></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Baric, Ralph S" sort="Baric, Ralph S" uniqKey="Baric R" first="Ralph S." last="Baric">Ralph S. Baric</name><name sortKey="Bushmaker, Trenton" sort="Bushmaker, Trenton" uniqKey="Bushmaker T" first="Trenton" last="Bushmaker">Trenton Bushmaker</name><name sortKey="Figueroa, Dania M" sort="Figueroa, Dania M" uniqKey="Figueroa D" first="Dania M." last="Figueroa">Dania M. Figueroa</name><name sortKey="Fischer, Robert J" sort="Fischer, Robert J" uniqKey="Fischer R" first="Robert J." last="Fischer">Robert J. Fischer</name><name sortKey="Hanley, Patrick W" sort="Hanley, Patrick W" uniqKey="Hanley P" first="Patrick W." last="Hanley">Patrick W. Hanley</name><name sortKey="Letko, Michael" sort="Letko, Michael" uniqKey="Letko M" first="Michael" last="Letko">Michael Letko</name><name sortKey="Menachery, Vineet D" sort="Menachery, Vineet D" uniqKey="Menachery V" first="Vineet D." last="Menachery">Vineet D. Menachery</name><name sortKey="Munster, Vincent J" sort="Munster, Vincent J" uniqKey="Munster V" first="Vincent J." last="Munster">Vincent J. Munster</name><name sortKey="Saturday, Greg" sort="Saturday, Greg" uniqKey="Saturday G" first="Greg" last="Saturday">Greg Saturday</name><name sortKey="Sch Fer, Alexandra" sort="Sch Fer, Alexandra" uniqKey="Sch Fer A" first="Alexandra" last="Sch Fer">Alexandra Sch Fer</name><name sortKey="Van Doremalen, Neeltje" sort="Van Doremalen, Neeltje" uniqKey="Van Doremalen N" first="Neeltje" last="Van Doremalen">Neeltje Van Doremalen</name></noCountry></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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